1
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One-pot three-component tandem annulation of 4-hydroxycoumarine with aldehyde and aromatic amines using graphene oxide as an efficient catalyst. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19891. [PMID: 34615951 PMCID: PMC8494800 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99360-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A convenient and efficient solvent-free, facile, one-pot three-component graphene oxide catalysed approach has been described for the synthesis of chromeno-[4,3-b]quinolin-6-one derivatives from 4-hydroxycoumarin with aldehydes and aromatic amines. Graphene oxide (GO) has proved to be a new class of heterogeneous carbocatalyst which could be easily recovered and reused up to 5th run without significant loss of its catalytic activity. A broad scope of substrate applicability is offered and a plausible mechanism is also suggested for this developed protocol.
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2
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Jarrige L, Gandon V, Masson G. Enantioselective Synthesis of Complex Fused Heterocycles through Chiral Phosphoric Acid Catalyzed Intramolecular Inverse‐Electron‐Demand Aza‐Diels–Alder Reactions. Chemistry 2020; 26:1406-1413. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Jarrige
- Institut de Chimie des Substances NaturellesCNRS, UPR2301Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay 1 Avenue de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex France
| | - Vincent Gandon
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, CNRS UMR8182Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Bâtiment 420 91405 Orsay cedex France
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire (LCM), CNRS UMR9168Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris Route de Saclay 91128 Palaiseau cedex France
| | - Géraldine Masson
- Institut de Chimie des Substances NaturellesCNRS, UPR2301Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay 1 Avenue de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex France
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3
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Ataee-Kachouei T, Nasr-Esfahani M, Baltork I, Mirkhani V, Moghadam M, Tangestaninejad S, Kia R. Facile and Green One-Pot Synthesis of Fluorophore Chromeno[4,3- b
]quinolin-6-one Derivatives Catalyzed by Halloysite Nanoclay under Solvent-free Conditions. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201803707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Ataee-Kachouei
- Department of Chemistry; Catalysis Division; University of Isfahan; Isfahan 81746-73441 Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Nasr-Esfahani
- Department of Chemistry; Catalysis Division; University of Isfahan; Isfahan 81746-73441 Iran
| | | | - Valiollah Mirkhani
- Department of Chemistry; Catalysis Division; University of Isfahan; Isfahan 81746-73441 Iran
| | - Majid Moghadam
- Department of Chemistry; Catalysis Division; University of Isfahan; Isfahan 81746-73441 Iran
| | - Shahram Tangestaninejad
- Department of Chemistry; Catalysis Division; University of Isfahan; Isfahan 81746-73441 Iran
| | - Reza Kia
- Chemistry Department; Sharif University of Technology; P.O. Box 11155-3516 Tehran Iran
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4
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Riaz MT, Pohorilets I, Hernandez JJ, Rios J, Totah NI. Preparation of 2-(trimethylsilyl)methyl-2-propen-1-ol derivatives by cobalt catalyzed sp2-sp3 coupling. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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5
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Mehrabi H, Azizian-Broojeni A. One-Pot, Three-Component Condensation Reaction for the Synthesis of Novel Chromeno[3,2-f]Quinoline Derivatives. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.3184/174751917x15122516000131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A one-potsynthesis of novel chromeno[3,2- f]quinoline derivatives has been achieved with good yields through Michael Initiated Ring Closure by employing a three-component condensation of an aromatic aldehyde, 5,5-dimethylcyclohexane-1,3-dione and 6-hydroxyquinoline in the presence of a catalytic amount of Et3N in ethanol under reflux conditions. The salient features of this protocol are a simple reaction procedure, good yields, avoidance of an aqueous work-up and simple purification by recrystallisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Mehrabi
- Department of Chemistry, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, 77176 Rafsanjan, Iran
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6
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Ardjani ATE, Mekelleche SM. Theoretical study of the structure, spectroscopic properties and anti-cancer activity of tetrahydrochromeno[4,3-b]quinolines. JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL & COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219633615500522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, a theoretical study of the geometrical structures and spectroscopic (IR, 1H and [Formula: see text]C NMR, UV-visible) properties, and anti-cancer activity of cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[4,3-b]quinolines have been performed. The equilibrium geometries have been optimized at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) computational level and the present study puts in evidence the stability preference of the cis stereoisomers in comparison with the trans ones as expected experimentally. The vibrational frequencies and IR spectra were calculated at the same level of theory and compared to experimental FT-IR spectra and the spectral peaks have been assigned on the basis of potential energy distribution results. UV-visible absorption bands were calculated using the TD-DFT/B3LYP/6-31G(d) method. The [Formula: see text]C nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shifts and the coupling constants were calculated at the B3LYP level using the gauge independent atomic orbital (GIAO) method in chloroform solvent. The 1H chemical shifts were calculated using the recently proposed WP04/6-31G(d) DFT functional. The visualization of the molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) surfaces and the docking simulation show that the absence of the methyl group at 2-position of tetrahydrochromeno[4,3-b]quinoline moiety is responsible of the potential anti-cancer activity of this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Taki Eddine Ardjani
- Laboratory of Applied Thermodynamics and Molecular Modelling, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tlemcen, PB 119, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria
| | - Sidi Mohamed Mekelleche
- Laboratory of Applied Thermodynamics and Molecular Modelling, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tlemcen, PB 119, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria
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7
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Kumar BN, Venkatesham A, Nagaiah K, Babu NJ. Synthesis of New Pyrano[2′,3′: 5,6]chromeno[4,3-b]quinolin-4-onesviaAza-DielsAlderReaction. Helv Chim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201400286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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8
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Xu D, Dai L, Catellani M, Motti E, Della Ca’ N, Zhou Z. A novel enantioselective synthesis of 6H-dibenzopyran derivatives by combined palladium/norbornene and cinchona alkaloid catalysis. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:2260-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob02551b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chiral dibenzopyran derivatives were obtained by cinchona alkaloid, as organocatalyst, in combination, for the first time, with palladium/norbornene catalytic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering and the Environment
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- PR China
| | - Li Dai
- School of Chemical Engineering and the Environment
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- PR China
| | - Marta Catellani
- Dipartimento di Chimica and CIRCC
- Università di Parma
- Parco Area delle Scienze
- 43124 Parma
- Italy
| | - Elena Motti
- Dipartimento di Chimica and CIRCC
- Università di Parma
- Parco Area delle Scienze
- 43124 Parma
- Italy
| | - Nicola Della Ca’
- Dipartimento di Chimica and CIRCC
- Università di Parma
- Parco Area delle Scienze
- 43124 Parma
- Italy
| | - Zhiming Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering and the Environment
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- PR China
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9
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Parmar NJ, Labana BM, Barad HA, Kant R, Gupta VK. An efficient domino Knoevenagel/hetero-Diels–Alder route to some novel thiochromenoquinoline-fused polyheterocycles. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-014-1187-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Tanaka H, Yoshikawa N, Shimizu N, Morimoto C. Selective modulation of glucocorticoid receptor function toward development of novel antiinflammation: lessons from a phenylpyrazolosteroid cortivazol. Mod Rheumatol 2014. [DOI: 10.3109/s10165-004-0322-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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11
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Parmar NJ, Barad HA, Labana BM, Kant R, Gupta VK. A glycerol mediated domino reaction: an efficient, green synthesis of polyheterocycles incorporating a new thiochromeno[2,3-b]quinoline unit. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra43205j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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12
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RAZAVI HOSSEIN, HARCKEN CHRISTIAN. Non-steroidal Dissociated Glucocorticoid Receptor Agonists. ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUG DISCOVERY 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849735346-00481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic glucocorticoids, such as dexamethasone and prednisolone, are amongst the most commonly used drugs due to their potent and efficacious anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. However, their long-term and/or high-dose administration is limited by a number of deleterious side-effects, including glucocorticoid-induced diabetes and osteoporosis. Glucocorticoids exert their effects through binding to the glucocorticoid receptor. Since the discovery of multiple differentiated down-stream functions of the glucocorticoid-bound receptor, such as gene transrepression and transactivation, researchers in academia and industry have been on a quest to discover novel glucocorticoids that achieve functional selectivity, hence dissociating the desired anti-inflammatory from the undesired side-effects. This review describes the current state of discovery and development of non-steroidal glucocorticoid receptor agonists. Several small-molecule drug candidates have advanced into clinical trials, and have shown promising early biomarker data, as well as beneficial effects in topical applications. However, a clinically efficacious and systemically available glucocorticoid with significantly reduced side-effects as compared to current steroidal drugs, the “Holy Grail” in immunology, is still elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- HOSSEIN RAZAVI
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, CT 06877 USA
| | - CHRISTIAN HARCKEN
- Department of Research Networking & Strategic Planning Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, CT 06877 USA
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13
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An efficient ultrasound promoted catalyst-free protocol for the synthesis of chromeno[4,3-b]quinolin-6-ones. J CHEM SCI 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-011-0134-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Coutinho AE, Chapman KE. The anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects of glucocorticoids, recent developments and mechanistic insights. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 335:2-13. [PMID: 20398732 PMCID: PMC3047790 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1070] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 04/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of glucocorticoids in the 1940s and the recognition of their anti-inflammatory effects, they have been amongst the most widely used and effective treatments to control inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. However, their clinical efficacy is compromised by the metabolic effects of long-term treatment, which include osteoporosis, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance/type 2 diabetes mellitus. In recent years, a great deal of effort has been invested in identifying compounds that separate the beneficial anti-inflammatory effects from the adverse metabolic effects of glucocorticoids, with limited effect. It is clear that for these efforts to be effective, a greater understanding is required of the mechanisms by which glucocorticoids exert their anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive actions. Recent research is shedding new light on some of these mechanisms and has produced some surprising new findings. Some of these recent developments are reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen E. Chapman
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +44 131 242 6736; fax: +44 131 242 6779.
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15
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Nonsteroidal 2,3-dihydroquinoline glucocorticoid receptor agonists with reduced PEPCK activation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:1654-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.01.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Discovery of orally available tetrahydroquinoline-based glucocorticoid receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:1697-700. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.01.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Revised: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Tetrahydroquinolin-3-yl carbamate glucocorticoid receptor agonists with reduced PEPCK activation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:1658-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.01.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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18
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Tetrahydroquinoline glucocorticoid receptor agonists: Discovery of a 3-hydroxyl for improving receptor selectivity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:168-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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19
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Discovery of quinolines as selective glucocorticoid receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:5835-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.07.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Revised: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Yates CM, Brown PJ, Stewart EL, Patten C, Austin RJH, Holt JA, Maglich JM, Angell DC, Sasse RZ, Taylor SJ, Uings IJ, Trump RP. Structure guided design of 5-arylindazole glucocorticoid receptor agonists and antagonists. J Med Chem 2010; 53:4531-44. [PMID: 20469868 DOI: 10.1021/jm100447c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) agonists have been used for more than half a century as the most effective treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions despite serious side effects that accompany their extended use that include glucose intolerance, muscle wasting, skin thinning, and osteoporosis. As a starting point for the identification of GR ligands with an improved therapeutic index, we wished to discover selective nonsteroidal GR agonists and antagonists with simplified structure compared to known GR ligands to serve as starting points for the optimization of dissociated GR modulators. To do so, we selected multiple chemical series by structure guided docking studies and evaluated GR agonist activity. From these efforts we identified 5-arylindazole compounds that showed moderate binding to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) with clear opportunities for further development. Structure guided optimization was used to design arrays that led to potent GR agonists and antagonists. Several in vitro and in vivo experiments were utilized to demonstrate that GR agonist 23a (GSK9027) had a profile similar to that of a classical steroidal GR agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Yates
- Molecular Discovery Research, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-3398, USA
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21
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Mohler ML, He Y, Wu Z, Hong SS, Miller DD. Dissociated non-steroidal glucocorticoids: tuning out untoward effects. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2010; 17:37-58. [PMID: 20144062 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.17.1.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The endogenous glucocorticoid (GC), cortisol, is involved in maintaining homeostatic balance in glucose regulation and immune response while allowing stress adaptation. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is required to maintain life and is the target of numerous FDA-approved drugs. Synthetic steroidal GCs are useful in a plethora of conditions characterized by excessive inflammatory or immune responses. Unfortunately, the GCs used at present have potentially dose-limiting and debilitating side effects, some of which derive from the glucose regulatory role of GCs. Consequently, there is a great need to find agents which preserve the potent immune effects without the side effects. This manuscript reviews the existing patent literature on these intensely sought non-steroidal agents that dissociate the therapeutic from metabolic effects, or specifically retain certain GR target effects with attenuated untoward effects. The chemical classes and underlying mechanisms (when known) for these non-steroidal GCs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Mohler
- GTx, Inc. - The Men's Health Biotech, 3 North Dunlap Street, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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22
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Nagaiah K, Venkatesham A, Srinivasa Rao R, Saddanapu V, Yadav J, Basha S, Sarma A, Sridhar B, Addlagatta A. Synthesis of new cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[4,3-b]quinolines and their antiproliferative activity studies against MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:3259-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Bai M, Carr G, DeOrazio RJ, Friedrich TD, Dobritsa S, Fitzpatrick K, Guzzo PR, Kitchen DB, Lynch MA, Peace D, Sajad M, Usyatinsky A, Wolf MA. 5-Functionalized indazoles as glucocorticoid receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:3017-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Revised: 04/05/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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24
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Li RJ, Pi SF, Liang Y, Wang ZQ, Song RJ, Chen GX, Li JH. Palladium-catalyzed annulations of arynes with 2-(2-iodophenoxy)-1-substituted ethanones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:8183-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc02720k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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25
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Newton R, Leigh R, Giembycz MA. Pharmacological strategies for improving the efficacy and therapeutic ratio of glucocorticoids in inflammatory lung diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2009; 125:286-327. [PMID: 19932713 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are widely used to treat various inflammatory lung diseases. Acting via the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), they exert clinical effects predominantly by modulating gene transcription. This may be to either induce (transactivate) or repress (transrepress) gene transcription. However, certain individuals, including those who smoke, have certain asthma phenotypes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or some interstitial diseases may respond poorly to the beneficial effects of glucocorticoids. In these cases, high dose, often oral or parental, glucocorticoids are typically prescribed. This generally leads to adverse effects that compromise clinical utility. There is, therefore, a need to enhance the clinical efficacy of glucocorticoids while minimizing adverse effects. In this context, a long-acting beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonist (LABA) can enhance the clinical efficacy of an inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) in asthma and COPD. Furthermore, LABAs can augment glucocorticoid-dependent gene expression and this action may account for some of the benefits of LABA/ICS combination therapies when compared to ICS given as a monotherapy. In addition to metabolic genes and other adverse effects that are induced by glucocorticoids, there are many other glucocorticoid-inducible genes that have significant anti-inflammatory potential. We therefore advocate a move away from the search for ligands of GR that dissociate transactivation from transrepression. Instead, we submit that ligands should be functionally screened by virtue of their ability to induce or repress biologically-relevant genes in target tissues. In this review, we discuss pharmacological methods by which selective GR modulators and "add-on" therapies may be exploited to improve the clinical efficacy of glucocorticoids while reducing potential adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Newton
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Airway Inflammation Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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26
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Xu Y, Zhang T, Chen M. Combining 3D-QSAR, docking, molecular dynamics and MM/PBSA methods to predict binding modes for nonsteroidal selective modulator to glucocorticoid receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:393-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.11.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2008] [Revised: 10/11/2008] [Accepted: 11/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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27
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Ottow E, Weinmann H. Nuclear Receptors as Drug Targets: A Historical Perspective of Modern Drug Discovery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527623297.ch1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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28
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Schäcke H, Asadullah K, Berger M, Rehwinkel H. Novel Glucocorticoid Receptor Ligands. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527623297.ch9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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29
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Roach SL, Higuchi RI, Adams ME, Liu Y, Karanewsky DS, Marschke KB, Mais DE, Miner JN, Zhi L. Discovery of nonsteroidal glucocorticoid receptor ligands based on 6-indole-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:3504-8. [PMID: 18513967 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2008] [Revised: 05/05/2008] [Accepted: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of nonsteroidal glucocorticoid receptor (GR) ligands based on a 6-indole-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline scaffold are reported. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) of the pendent indole group identified compound 20 exhibiting good GR binding affinity (K(i)=1.5nM) and 100- to 1000-fold selectivity over MR, PR, and AR while showing activity in an E-selectin repression assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Roach
- Discovery Research, Ligand Pharmaceuticals, 10275 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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30
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Advances Toward Dissociated Non-Steroidal Glucocorticoid Receptor Agonists. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(08)00009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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31
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Biggadike K, Boudjelal M, Clackers M, Coe DM, Demaine DA, Hardy GW, Humphreys D, Inglis GGA, Johnston MJ, Jones HT, House D, Loiseau R, Needham D, Skone PA, Uings I, Veitch G, Weingarten GG, McLay IM, Macdonald SJF. Nonsteroidal Glucocorticoid Agonists: Tetrahydronaphthalenes with Alternative Steroidal A-Ring Mimetics Possessing Dissociated (Transrepression/Transactivation) Efficacy Selectivity. J Med Chem 2007; 50:6519-34. [DOI: 10.1021/jm070778w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keith Biggadike
- ri CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Mohamed Boudjelal
- ri CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Margaret Clackers
- ri CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Diane M. Coe
- ri CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Derek A. Demaine
- ri CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - George W. Hardy
- ri CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Davina Humphreys
- ri CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Graham G. A. Inglis
- ri CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Michael J. Johnston
- ri CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Haydn T. Jones
- ri CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - David House
- ri CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Richard Loiseau
- ri CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Deborah Needham
- ri CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Philip A. Skone
- ri CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Iain Uings
- ri CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Gemma Veitch
- ri CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Gordon G. Weingarten
- ri CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Iain M. McLay
- ri CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Simon J. F. Macdonald
- ri CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
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32
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Schäcke H, Berger M, Rehwinkel H, Asadullah K. Selective glucocorticoid receptor agonists (SEGRAs): novel ligands with an improved therapeutic index. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2007; 275:109-17. [PMID: 17630119 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2007.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2007] [Revised: 05/22/2007] [Accepted: 05/23/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are among the most successful therapies in the treatment of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Their efficacy seems to be caused by the interference of the ligand-activated glucocorticoid receptor with many pro-inflammatory pathways via different mechanisms. The ubiquitous expression of the glucocorticoid receptor is a prerequisite for efficacy. Their main drawback, however, is due to their potential to induce adverse effects, in particular upon high dosage and prolonged usage. For the purpose reducing systemic side effects, topical glucocorticoids that act locally have been developed. Nevertheless, undesirable cutaneous effects such as skin atrophy persist from the use of topical glucocorticoids. Therefore a high medical need exists for drugs as effective as glucocorticoids but with a reduced side effect profile. Glucocorticoids function by binding to and activating the glucocorticoid receptor which positively or negatively regulates the expression of specific genes. Several experiments suggest that negative regulation of gene expression by the glucocorticoid receptor accounts for its anti-inflammatory action. This occurs through direct or indirect binding of the receptor to pro-inflammatory transcription factors that are already bound to their regulatory sites. The positive action of the receptor occurs through homodimer binding of the ligand receptor complex to discrete nucleotide sequences and this contributes to some of the adverse effects of the hormone. Glucocorticoid receptor ligands that promote the negative regulatory action of the receptor with reduced positive regulatory function should therefore show an improved therapeutic index. A complete separation of the positive from the negative regulatory activities of the receptor has so far not been possible because of the interdependent nature of the two regulatory processes. Nevertheless, recent understanding of the molecular mechanisms of the GR has triggered several drug discovery programs and these have led to the identification of dissociated GR-ligands. Such selective GR agonists (SEGRAs) are likely to enter clinical testing soon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Schäcke
- Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Global Drug Discovery, TRG Inflammation/Immunology, Müllerstr. 178, 13342 Berlin, Germany.
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33
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Cole TJ. Glucocorticoid action and the development of selective glucocorticoid receptor ligands. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 12:269-300. [PMID: 17045197 DOI: 10.1016/s1387-2656(06)12008-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are important endocrine regulators of a wide range of physiological systems ranging from respiratory development, immune function to responses to stress. Glucocorticoids in cells activate the cytoplasmic glucocorticoid receptor (GR) that dimerizes, translocates to the nucleus and functions as a ligand-dependent transcriptional regulator. Synthetic glucocorticoids such as dexamethasone and prednisolone have for decades been the cornerstone for the clinical treatment of inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and asthma, and in some lymphoid cancers, yet its prolonged use has undesirable side effects such as obesity, diabetes, immune suppression and osteoporosis. Detailed knowledge on the mechanism of GR action has led to the development of novel selective glucocorticoid receptor modulators (SGRMs) that show promise of being efficacious for specific treatments of disease but with fewer side effects. SGRMs promote specific recruitment of transcriptional co-regulators that elicit specific gene responses and show promise of greater efficacy and specificity in treatment of inflammatory diseases and type-2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Cole
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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34
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Ardecky RJ, Hudson AR, Phillips DP, Tyhonas JS, Deckhut C, Lau TL, Li Y, Martinborough EA, Roach SL, Higuchi RI, Lopez FJ, Marschke KB, Miner JN, Karanewsky DS, Negro-Vilar A, Zhi L. 5(Z)-Benzylidene-1,2-dihydro-9-hydroxy-10-methoxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-5H-1-aza-6-oxa-chrysenes as non-steroidal glucocorticoid receptor modulators. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:4158-62. [PMID: 17553679 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2007] [Revised: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 05/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of 5-benzylidene-1,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethyl-5H-1-aza-6-oxa-chrysenes was synthesized and profiled for their ability to act as selective glucocorticoid receptor modulators (SGRMs). The synthesis and structure-activity relationships for this series of compounds are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Ardecky
- Discovery Research, Ligand Pharmaceuticals, 10275 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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35
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Kuzmich D, Kirrane T, Proudfoot J, Bekkali Y, Zindell R, Beck L, Nelson R, Shih CK, Kukulka AJ, Paw Z, Reilly P, Deleon R, Cardozo M, Nabozny G, Thomson D. Identification of dissociated non-steroidal glucocorticoid receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:5025-31. [PMID: 17692519 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2007] [Revised: 07/06/2007] [Accepted: 07/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A new series of ligands for the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is described. SAR development was guided by docking 3 into the GR active site and optimizing an unsubstituted phenyl ring for key interactions found in the steroid A-ring binding pocket. To identify compounds with an improved side effect profile over marketed steroids the functional activity of compounds was evaluated in cell based assays for transactivation (aromatase) and transrepression (IL-6). Through this effort, 36 has been identified as a partial agonist with a dissociated profile in these cell based assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kuzmich
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, PO Box 368, Ridgefield, CT 06877-0368, USA.
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36
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Newton R, Holden NS. Separating transrepression and transactivation: a distressing divorce for the glucocorticoid receptor? Mol Pharmacol 2007; 72:799-809. [PMID: 17622575 DOI: 10.1124/mol.107.038794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (corticosteroids) are highly effective in combating inflammation in the context of a variety of diseases. However, clinical utility can be compromised by the development of side effects, many of which are attributed to the ability of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) to induce the transcription of, or transactivate, certain genes. By contrast, the anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids are due largely to their ability to reduce the expression of pro-inflammatory genes. This effect has been predominantly attributed to the repression of key inflammatory transcription factors, including AP-1 and NF-kappaB, and is termed transrepression. The ability to functionally separate these transcriptional functions of GR has prompted a search for dissociated GR ligands that can differentially induce transrepression but not transactivation. In this review, we present evidence that post-transcriptional mechanisms of action are highly important to the anti-inflammatory actions of glucocorticoids. Furthermore, we present the case that mechanistically distinct forms of glucocorticoid-inducible gene expression are critical to the development of anti-inflammatory effects by repressing inflammatory signaling pathways and inflammatory gene expression at multiple levels. Considerable care is therefore required to avoid loss of anti-inflammatory effectiveness in the development of novel transactivation-defective ligands of GR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Newton
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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37
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Clackers M, Coe DM, Demaine DA, Hardy GW, Humphreys D, Inglis GGA, Johnston MJ, Jones HT, House D, Loiseau R, Minick DJ, Skone PA, Uings I, McLay IM, Macdonald SJF. Non-steroidal glucocorticoid agonists: the discovery of aryl pyrazoles as A-ring mimetics. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:4737-45. [PMID: 17616395 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2007] [Revised: 06/20/2007] [Accepted: 06/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Starting from an established series of non-steroidal glucocorticoid receptor (GR) agonists, a large array was designed where a metabolically labile benzoxazinone moiety was replaced. Initial hits bound to GR but lacked agonist activity. Following two further iterations, potent GR agonists were discovered with 20D1E1 having NFkappaB agonism pIC(50) 8.8 (103%). Other analogues such as 23D1E1 display a dissociated profile (NFkappaB pIC(50) 8.1 (103%), MMTV pEC(50) 7.02 (36%)). The tetrahydronaphthalene moiety can also be replaced with substituted aryls such as 24E1 and 25E1.
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38
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Thompson CF, Quraishi N, Ali A, Mosley RT, Tata JR, Hammond ML, Balkovec JM, Einstein M, Ge L, Harris G, Kelly TM, Mazur P, Pandit S, Santoro J, Sitlani A, Wang C, Williamson J, Miller DK, Yamin TTD, Thompson CM, O'Neill EA, Zaller D, Forrest MJ, Carballo-Jane E, Luell S. Novel glucocorticoids containing a 6,5-bicyclic core fused to a pyrazole ring: Synthesis, in vitro profile, molecular modeling studies, and in vivo experiments. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:3354-61. [PMID: 17467988 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.03.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Revised: 03/28/2007] [Accepted: 03/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Chemistry was developed to synthesize the title series of compounds. The ability of these novel ligands to bind to the glucocorticoid receptor was investigated. These compounds were also tested in a series of functional assays and some were found to display the profile of a dissociated glucocorticoid. The SAR of the 6,5-bicyclic series differed markedly from the previously reported 6,6-series. Molecular modeling studies were employed to understand the conformational differences between the two series of compounds, which may explain their divergent activity. Two compounds were profiled in vivo and shown to reduce inflammation in a mouse model. An active metabolite is suspected in one case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher F Thompson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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39
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Abstract
Abstract8-Amino-1-methoxy-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-6-one was synthesized in a one-pot reaction of 2′,6′-dimethoxy-4-nitro-1,1′-biphenyl-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester using hydroiodic acid as a reagent to effect O-demethylation, lactonization, and nitro reduction to amine. This new reaction represents an improved alternative to the previously reported three-step reactions for this transformation.
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40
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Motti E, Faccini F, Ferrari I, Catellani M, Ferraccioli R. Sequential Unsymmetrical Aryl Coupling of o-Substituted Aryl Iodides with o-Bromophenols and Reaction with Olefins: Palladium-Catalyzed Synthesis of 6H-Dibenzopyran Derivatives. Org Lett 2006; 8:3967-70. [PMID: 16928050 DOI: 10.1021/ol061443w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dibenzopyran derivatives are prepared by palladium- and norbornene-catalyzed reaction of aryl iodides, o-substituted with electron-releasing substituents, o-bromophenols, and activated alkenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Motti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale dell'Università, Viale G. P. Usberti 17/A, I-43100 Parma, Italy
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41
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Abstract
The therapeutic and prophylactic use of glucocorticoids is widespread due to their powerful anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative and immunomodulatory activity. However, long-term use of these drugs can result in severe dose-limiting side effects. One of the most critical and debilitating side effects is osteoporosis, which leads to increased risk of fractures. Glucocorticoids damage bone through several different mechanisms. The search for novel glucocorticoids that have reduced side effects in bone and other tissues is being driven by the identification of new mechanisms of action of the glucocorticoid receptor. This may facilitate the detection of new, safer therapies with efficacies equivalent to currently prescribed steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey N Miner
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Ligand Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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42
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Moore
- Department of High Throughput Biology, , GlaxoSmithKline Discovery Research, Five Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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43
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Betageri R, Zhang Y, Zindell RM, Kuzmich D, Kirrane TM, Bentzien J, Cardozo M, Capolino AJ, Fadra TN, Nelson RM, Paw Z, Shih DT, Shih CK, Zuvela-Jelaska L, Nabozny G, Thomson DS. Trifluoromethyl group as a pharmacophore: Effect of replacing a CF3 group on binding and agonist activity of a glucocorticoid receptor ligand. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:4761-9. [PMID: 16112571 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2005] [Revised: 07/20/2005] [Accepted: 07/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Compound 1, a potent glucocorticoid receptor ligand, contains a quaternary carbon bearing trifluoromethyl and hydroxyl groups. This paper describes the effect of replacing the trifluoromethyl group on binding and agonist activity of the GR ligand 1. The results illustrate that replacing the CF3 group with a cyclohexylmethyl or benzyl group maintains the GR binding potency. These substitutions alter the functional behavior of the GR ligands from agonists to antagonists. Docking studies suggest that the benzyl analog 19 binds in a similar fashion as the GR antagonist, RU486. The central benzyl group of 19 and the C-11 dimethylaniline moiety of RU486 overlay. Binding of compound 19 is believed to force helix 12 to adopt an open conformation and this leads to the antagonist properties of the non-CF3 ligands carrying a large group at the center of the molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Betageri
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, P.O. Box 368, Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA.
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44
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Smith CJ, Ali A, Balkovec JM, Graham DW, Hammond ML, Patel GF, Rouen GP, Smith SK, Tata JR, Einstein M, Ge L, Harris GS, Kelly TM, Mazur P, Thompson CM, Wang CF, Williamson JM, Miller DK, Pandit S, Santoro JC, Sitlani A, Yamin TTD, O'Neill EA, Zaller DM, Carballo-Jane E, Forrest MJ, Luell S. Novel ketal ligands for the glucocorticoid receptor: in vitro and in vivo activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:2926-31. [PMID: 15911283 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2005] [Revised: 03/04/2005] [Accepted: 03/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of selective ligands for the human glucocorticoid receptor is described. Structure-activity studies focused on variation of B-ring size, ketal ring size, and ketal substitution. These analogs were found to be potent and selective ligands for GR and have partial agonist profiles in functional assays for transactivation (TAT, GS) and transrepression (IL-6). Of these compounds, 27, 28, and 35 were evaluated further in a mouse LPS-induced TNF-alpha secretion model. Compound 28 had an ED(50) of 14.1 mg/kg compared with 0.5 mg/kg for prednisolone in the same assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron J Smith
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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45
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Wang XS, Zhang MM, Zeng ZS, Shi DQ, Tu SJ, Wei XY, Zong ZM. A Clean Procedure for the Synthesis of Chromeno[4,3-b]benzo[f]quinoline and Quinolino[4,3-b]benzo[f]quinoline Derivatives in Aqueous Media. CHEM LETT 2005. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2005.1316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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46
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Novel heterocyclic glucocorticoids: in vitro profile and in vivo efficacy. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:2163-7. [PMID: 15808489 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2004] [Revised: 02/02/2005] [Accepted: 02/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel ligands for the glucocorticoid receptor containing two heterocycles were synthesized. These compounds were investigated for a dissociative profile using transrepression and transactivation assays. Several compounds were tested in vivo and showed the ability to reduce inflammation in a mouse.
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