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Erfani A, Zarrintaj P, Seaberg J, Ramsey JD, Aichele CP. Zwitterionic poly(carboxybetaine) microgels for enzyme (chymotrypsin) covalent immobilization with extended stability and activity. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Erfani
- School of Chemical Engineering Oklahoma State University Stillwater Oklahoma USA
| | - Payam Zarrintaj
- School of Chemical Engineering Oklahoma State University Stillwater Oklahoma USA
| | - Joshua Seaberg
- School of Chemical Engineering Oklahoma State University Stillwater Oklahoma USA
| | - Joshua D. Ramsey
- School of Chemical Engineering Oklahoma State University Stillwater Oklahoma USA
| | - Clint P. Aichele
- School of Chemical Engineering Oklahoma State University Stillwater Oklahoma USA
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2
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Zhao H. What do we learn from enzyme behaviors in organic solvents? - Structural functionalization of ionic liquids for enzyme activation and stabilization. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 45:107638. [PMID: 33002582 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme activity in nonaqueous media (e.g. conventional organic solvents) is typically lower than in water by several orders of magnitude. There is a rising interest of developing new nonaqueous solvent systems that are more "water-like" and more biocompatible. Therefore, we need to learn from the current state of nonaqueous biocatalysis to overcome its bottleneck and provide guidance for new solvent design. This review firstly focuses on the discussion of how organic solvent properties (such as polarity and hydrophobicity) influence the enzyme activity and stability, and how these properties impact the enzyme's conformation and dynamics. While hydrophobic organic solvents usually lead to the maintenance of enzyme activity, solvents carrying functional groups like hydroxys and ethers (including crown ethers and cyclodextrins) can lead to enzyme activation. Ionic liquids (ILs) are designable solvents that can conveniently incorporate these functional groups. Therefore, we systematically survey these ether- and/or hydroxy-functionalized ILs, and find most of them are highly compatible with enzymes leading to high activity and stability. In particular, ILs carrying both ether and tert-alcohol groups are among the most enzyme-activating solvents. Future direction is to learn from enzyme behaviors in both water and nonaqueous media to design biocompatible "water-like" solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639, United States.
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3
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Mohanty A, Roy S. Nickel(II)-Catalysed C-H Functionalization and Tandem Coupling of Terminal Alkynes with 1,3-Dicarbonyls: Expedient Route to Functionalized Furans. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Mohanty
- School of Basic Sciences; Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar; Argul, Khurda 752050 Odisha India
| | - Sujit Roy
- School of Basic Sciences; Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar; Argul, Khurda 752050 Odisha India
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4
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Gautam S, Gupta MN. Solid state fluorescence of proteins in high throughput mode and its applications. F1000Res 2019; 2:82. [PMID: 30997030 PMCID: PMC6441877 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.2-82.v2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct comparison between fluorescence spectra of a sample in solution and solid state form is valuable to monitor the changes in protein structure when it is “dried” or immobilized on a solid surface (for biocatalysis or sensor applications). We describe here a simple method for recording fluorescence emission spectra of protein powders without using any dedicated accessory for solid samples in a high-throughput format. The 96-well plate used in our studies, was coated black from all the sides and the excitation and emission paths are identical and are from the top of the well. These two features minimize scatter and provide fairly noise free spectra. Even then the fluorescence intensity may be dependent upon many factors such as the extent of protein aggregation, morphology and sizes of the protein particles. Hence, (changes in) λ
max emission may be a more reliable metric in the case of fluorescence spectra of proteins in the solid state. However, any large changes in the intensity could indicate changes in the microenvironment of the fluorophore. The fluorescence emission spectra were blue-shifted (4 to 9 nm), showed an increase in the intensity for different proteins studied upon lyophilization, and were similar to what has been reported by others using available commercial accessories for solid state samples. After validating that our method worked just as well as the dedicated accessories, we applied the method to compare the fluorescence emission spectra of α-chymotrypsin in solution, precipitated form, and the lyophilized powder form. We further examined the fluorescence emission spectra of green fluorescent protein (GFP) in solution and solid form. We also analyzed fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between tryptophan (Trp57) and the cyclic chromophore of GFP. These findings pointed towards the change in the microenvironment around the cyclic chromophore in GFP upon lyophilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Gautam
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Munishwar N Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
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Mukherjee J, Gupta MN. Protein aggregates: Forms, functions and applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 97:778-789. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Roy I, Mukherjee J, Gupta MN. Cross-Linked Enzyme Aggregates for Applications in Aqueous and Nonaqueous Media. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1504:109-123. [PMID: 27770417 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6499-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Extensive cross-linking of a precipitate of a protein by a cross-linking reagent (glutaraldehyde has been most commonly used) creates an insoluble enzyme preparation called cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs). CLEAs show high stability and performance in conventional aqueous as well as nonaqueous media. These are also stable at fairly high temperatures. CLEAs with more than one kind of enzyme activity can be prepared, and such CLEAs are called combi-CLEAs or multipurpose CLEAs. Extent of cross-linking often influences their morphology, stability, activity, and enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipsita Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Joyeeta Mukherjee
- Chemistry Department, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110 016, India
| | - Munishwar N Gupta
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110 016, India.
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Mukherjee J, Gupta MN. Protein-Coated Microcrystals, Combi-Protein-Coated Microcrystals, and Cross-Linked Protein-Coated Microcrystals of Enzymes for Use in Low-Water Media. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1504:125-137. [PMID: 27770418 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6499-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein-coated microcrystals (PCMC) are a high-activity preparation of enzymes for use in low-water media. The protocols for the preparation of PCMCs of Subtilisin Carlsberg and Candida antarctica lipase B (CAL B) are described. The combi-PCMC concept is useful both for cascade and non-cascade reactions. It can also be beneficial to combine two different specificities of a lipase when the substrate requires it. Combi-PCMC of CALB and Palatase used for the conversion of coffee oil present in spent coffee grounds to biodiesel is described. Cross-linked protein-coated microcrystals (CL-PCMC) in some cases can give better results than PCMC. Protocols for the CLPCMC of Subtilisin Carlsberg and Candida antarctica lipase B (CAL B) are described. A discussion of their applications is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyeeta Mukherjee
- Chemistry Department, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110 016, India
| | - Munishwar N Gupta
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110 016, India.
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Mukherjee J, Gupta MN. Lipase coated clusters of iron oxide nanoparticles for biodiesel synthesis in a solvent free medium. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 209:166-171. [PMID: 26967340 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.02.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Methyl or ethyl esters of long chain fatty acids are called biodiesel. Biodiesel is synthesized by the alcoholysis of oils/fats. In this work, lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus was precipitated over the clusters of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. This biocatalyst preparation was used for obtaining biodiesel from soybean oil. After optimization of both immobilization conditions and process parameters, complete conversion to biodiesel was obtained in 3h and on lowering the enzyme amount, as little as 1.7U of lipase gave 96% conversion in 7h. The solvent free media with oil:ethanol (w/w) of 1:4 and 40°C with 2% (w/w) water along with 20% (w/w) silica (for facilitating acyl migration) were employed for reaching this high % of conversion. The biocatalyst design enables one to use a rather small amount of lipase. This should help in switching over to a biobased production of biodiesel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyeeta Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Munishwar Nath Gupta
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India.
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Dual bioimprinting of Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase for synthesis of biodiesel. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 10:38-43. [PMID: 28352522 PMCID: PMC5040861 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
High activity TLL is made by dually bioimprinting with substrate alcohol and a surfactant. TLL (28 U/g of oil) bioimprinted with only the surfactants could yield 99% biodiesel from soybean oil in about 4 h. Dually bioimprinted TLL (only 1.4 U/g of oil) was able to yield 99% biodiesel within 48 h
Use of biodiesel as an alternative to non-renewable sources of energy has become an attractive option in recent years. The enzymatic synthesis of biodiesel by transesterification of fats/oils with an alcohol is a much more sustainable route than the chemical method. However, cost effectiveness of the enzymatic route is a major barrier in its commercialization. In this work, a high activity biocatalyst design of Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase is made by dually bioimprinting it with substrate and a surfactant (which is believed to open up the lid covering the active site of the lipase) during precipitation of the lipase in organic solvent. When the lipase was bioimprinted with only the surfactants, 28 U of the enzyme/g of oil could yield 99% biodiesel from soybean oil in about 4 h. However, when dually bioimprinted even very low enzyme load 1.4 U/g of oil, yielded 99% biodiesel within 48 h.
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Mukherjee J, Gupta MN. Molecular bioimprinting of lipases with surfactants and its functional consequences in low water media. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 81:544-51. [PMID: 26306412 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lipases from Thermomyces lanuginosa (TLL), Candida rugosa (CRL) and Burkholderia cepacia (BCL) were obtained in the 'open lid' form by adding surfactant molecules like n-octyl-β-d-glucopyranoside (OG), hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), Bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate sodium salt (AOT) and triton X-100 for this purpose. The enzymes were 'dried' by precipitating with 4× (v/v) excess of organic solvents. The imprint surfactant molecules were removed by extensive washing with organic solvents. TLL imprinted with 0.05% CTAB showed 11-fold increase in the transesterification activity and was a better preparation to kinetically resolve (±)-1-phenylethanol. Fluorescence emission spectra confirmed that Trp89 of the lid was indeed affected during bioimprinting. With CRL, bioimprinting with OG gave 7-fold increase in the transesterification rates and resulted in reversal of enantioselectivity of CRL and gave R-phenylethyl acetate instead of the S-product as with the unimprinted precipitate. Bioimprinted BCL was also a 7-fold better catalyst for transesterification as well as enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyeeta Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Munishwar Nath Gupta
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India.
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11
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Mukherjee J, Gupta MN. Enhancing the catalytic efficiency of subtilisin for transesterification by dual bioimprinting. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.05.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Toplak A, Nuijens T, Quaedflieg PJ, Wu B, Janssen DB. Peptide synthesis in neat organic solvents with novel thermostable proteases. Enzyme Microb Technol 2015; 73-74:20-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Enzymes require some flexibility for catalysis. Biotechnologists prefer stable enzymes but often this stabilization comes at the cost of reduced efficiency. Enzymes from thermophiles have low flexibility but poor catalytic rates. Enzymes from psychrophiles are less stable but show good catalytic rates at low temperature. In organic solvents enzymes perform poorly as the prior drying makes the enzyme molecules very rigid. Adding water or increasing reaction temperature improves flexibility and catalytic rates. In case of hydrolases, flexibility and enantioselectivity have interdependence. Understanding the complex role of protein flexibility in biocatalysis can help in designing biotechnological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyeeta Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Munishwar Nath Gupta
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
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Stepankova V, Bidmanova S, Koudelakova T, Prokop Z, Chaloupkova R, Damborsky J. Strategies for Stabilization of Enzymes in Organic Solvents. ACS Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/cs400684x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 415] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Stepankova
- Loschmidt
Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and Research Centre
for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- International
Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
- Enantis,
Ltd., Palackeho trida
1802/129, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sarka Bidmanova
- Loschmidt
Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and Research Centre
for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tana Koudelakova
- Loschmidt
Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and Research Centre
for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Prokop
- Loschmidt
Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and Research Centre
for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Enantis,
Ltd., Palackeho trida
1802/129, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Radka Chaloupkova
- Loschmidt
Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and Research Centre
for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Damborsky
- Loschmidt
Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and Research Centre
for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- International
Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
- Enantis,
Ltd., Palackeho trida
1802/129, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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Aguiar-Oliveira E, Maugeri F. Effects of lyophilization on catalytic properties of immobilized fructosyltransferase from Rhodotorula sp. LEB-V10. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Gupta MN, Mukherjee J, Malhotra D. Use of high activity enzyme preparations in neat organic solvents for organic synthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.7243/2053-7670-1-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Roy I, Mukherjee J, Gupta MN. High activity preparations of lipases and proteases for catalysis in low water containing organic solvents and ionic liquids. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1051:275-284. [PMID: 23934811 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-550-7_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Simple precipitation of enzymes has shown impressive catalytic efficiencies in organic solvents. In asmuch as these can be recovered after the reaction, these can be viewed as immobilized preparations just like more extensively used cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs). This chapter describes three protocols which use these enzyme precipitated and rinsed with propanol/some other appropriate organic solvent. The first two protocols show their applications in ionic liquids for a transesterification reaction and a kinetic resolution. The third protocol presumably incorporates an "imprinting" effect so that the precipitates are now able to efficiently catalyze transesterification of tributyrin with tertiary alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipsita Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Punjab, India
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Mukherjee J, Gupta MN. Alpha chymotrypsin coated clusters of Fe3O4 nanoparticles for biocatalysis in low water media. Chem Cent J 2012; 6:133. [PMID: 23137100 PMCID: PMC3505189 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-6-133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enzymes in low water containing non aqueous media are useful for organic synthesis. For example, hydrolases in such media can be used for synthetic purposes. Initial work in this area was carried out with lyophilized powders of enzymes. These were found to have poor activity. Drying (removing bulk water) by precipitation turned out to be a better approach. As enzymes in such media are heterogeneous catalysts, spreading these precipitates over a large surface gave even better results. In this context, nanoparticles with their better surface to volume ratio provide obvious advantage. Magnetic nanoparticles have an added advantage of easy separation after the reaction. Keeping this in view, alpha chymotrypsin solution in water was precipitated over a stirred population of Fe3O4 nanoparticles in n-propanol. This led to alpha chymotrypsin activity coated over clusters of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. These preparations were found to have quite high transesterification activity in low water containing n-octane. Results Precipitation of alpha chymotrypsin over a stirred suspension of Fe3O4 nanoparticles (3.6 nm diameter) led to the formation of enzyme coated clusters of nanoparticles (ECCNs). These clusters were also magnetic and their hydrodynamic diameter ranged from 1.2- 2.6 microns (as measured by dynamic light scattering). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), showed that these clusters had highly irregular shapes. Transesterification assay of various clusters in anhydrous n-octane led to optimization of concentration of nanoparticles in suspension during precipitation. Optimized design of enzyme coated magnetic clusters of nanoparticles (ECCN 3) showed the highest initial rate of 465 nmol min-1 mg-1protein which was about 9 times higher as compared to the simple precipitates with an initial rate of 52 nmol min-1 mg-1 protein. Circular Dichroism (CD)(with a spinning cell accessory) showed that secondary structure content of the alpha Chymotrypsin in ECCN 3 [15% α-helix, 37% β-sheet and 48% random coil] was identical to the simple precipitates of alpha chymotrypsin. Conclusion A strategy for obtaining a high activity preparation of alpha chymotrypsin for application in low water media is described. Such high activity biocatalysts are useful in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyeeta Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
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Solanki K, Gupta MN, Halling PJ. Examining structure-activity correlations of some high activity enzyme preparations for low water media. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 115:147-151. [PMID: 22248800 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.12.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A first study of the comparison of structures of enzymes (by FT-IR and CD) in different high activity (in low water media) preparations is reported. Using chymotrypsin and subtilisin as models, we have studied various factors that distinguish enzyme precipitated and rinsed with propanol (EPRP), crosslinked enzyme aggregates (CLEA), protein coated microcrystals (PCMC) and crosslinked protein coated microcrystals (CLPCMC). The suspensions in organic media were assayed for catalytic activity, and structures were probed by FT-IR and CD measurements. CD studies of enzyme suspensions were possible by using a rotating cell accessory. There was a generally good correlation between higher catalytic activity and retention of native structures. Activity and retention of native structure was always higher if aqueous enzyme solution was added to propanol rather than vice versa in the precipitation step of these preparations. The work identifies factors which may lead to better biocatalyst designs for low water media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kusum Solanki
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
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21
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Obtaining monoglycerides by esterification of glycerol with palmitic acid using some high activity preparations of Candida antarctica lipase B. Process Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2011.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Majumder AB, Gupta MN. Increasing the catalytic efficiency ofCandida rugosalipase for the synthesis oftert-alkyl butyrates in low-water media. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2011. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2011.615392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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23
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Solanki K, Gupta MN. A chemically modified lipase preparation for catalyzing the transesterification reaction in even highly polar organic solvents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:2934-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Shah S, Sharma A, Gupta MN. Cross-linked protein-coated microcrystals as biocatalysts in non-aqueous solvents. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10242420801897429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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25
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Solanki K, Shah S, Nath Gupta M. Chemical modification of alpha-chymotrypsin for obtaining high transesterification activity in low water organic media. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10242420801897361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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26
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Solanki K, Gupta MN. Optimising biocatalyst design for obtaining high transesterification activity by alpha-chymotrypsin in non-aqueous media. Chem Cent J 2008; 2:2. [PMID: 18269743 PMCID: PMC2262082 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2007] [Accepted: 02/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enzymes are often used in organic solvents for catalyzing organic synthesis. Two enzyme preparations, EPRP (enzyme precipitated and rinsed with n-propanol) and PCMC (protein coated microcrystals) show much higher activities than lyophilized powders in such systems. Both preparations involve precipitation by an organic solvent. The clear understanding of why these preparations show higher catalytic activity than lyophilized powders in organic solvents is not available. Results It was found that EPRPs of α-chymotrypsin prepared by precipitation with n-propanol in the presence of trehalose contained substantial amount of trehalose (even though trehalose alone at these lower concentrations was not precipitated by n-propanol). The presence of trehalose in these EPRPs resulted in much higher transesterification rates (45.2 nmoles mg-1min-1) as compared with EPRPs prepared in the absence of trehalose (16.6 nmoles mg-1min-1) in octane. Both kinds of EPRPs gave similar initial transesterification rates in acetonitrile. Use of higher concentrations of trehalose (when trehalose alone also precipitates out), resulted in the formation of PCMCs, which showed higher transesterification rates in both octane and acetonitrile. SEM analysis showed the relative sizes of various preparations. Presence of trehalose resulted in EPRPs of smaller sizes. Conclusion The two different forms of enzymes (EPRP and PCMC) known to show higher activity in organic solvents were found to be different only in the way the low molecular weight additive was present along with the protein. Therefore, the enhancement in the transesterification activity in EPRPs prepared in the presence of trehalose was due to: (a) better retention of essential water layer for catalysis due to the presence of the sugar. This effect disappeared where the reaction media was polar as the polar solvent (acetonitrile) is more effective in stripping off the water from the enzyme; (b) reduction in particle size as revealed by SEM. In the case of PCMC, the enhancement in the initial rates was due to an increase in the surface area of the biocatalyst since protein is coated over the core material (trehalose or salt). It is hoped that the insight gained in this work would help in a better understanding for designing high activity biocatalyst preparation of non-aqueous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kusum Solanki
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India.
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Shah S, Gupta MN. The effect of ultrasonic pre-treatment on the catalytic activity of lipases in aqueous and non-aqueous media. Chem Cent J 2008; 2:1. [PMID: 18234100 PMCID: PMC2253539 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2007] [Accepted: 01/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ultrasound has been used to accelerate the rates of numerous chemical reactions, however its effects on enzymatic reactions have been less extensively studied. While known to result in the acceleration of enzyme-catalysed reactions, ultrasonication has also been shown to induce enzyme inactivation. In this study we investigated the effects of ultrasonic pretreatment on lipases in both aqueous and non-aqueous media. Results Our results show that the ultrasonic pre-irradiation of lipases (from Burkholderia cepacia and Pseudomonas fluorescens) in aqueous buffer and organic solvents enhanced enzymic activities. In addition, we report the enhancement of hydrolytic (esterase) and transesterification activities. On using pre-irradiated enzyme, we found that the conversion rate for the transesterification of ethyl butyrate to butyl butyrate, increased from 66% to 82%. Similarly, a 79% conversion of Jatropha oil to biodiesel was observed upon employing pre-irradiated enzyme, in contrast to a 34% conversion with untreated enzyme. CD spectra showed that while the enzyme's secondary structure remained largely unaffected, the microenvironments of aromatic amino acids were altered, with perturbation of the tertiary structure having also occurred. SEM analysis demonstrated significant morphological changes in the enzyme preparation as a result of ultrasonication. Conclusion In contrast to the effects of ultrasonic irradiation on other enzymes, for the lipases focused upon in this study, we report an enhancement of biocatalytic activity, which is thought to originate from morphological changes on the macro and molecular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Shah
- Chemistry Department, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India.
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Majumder AB, Singh B, Gupta MN. Diastereoselective synthesis of (R)-(alkyl)-beta-D-galactopyranoside by using beta-galactosidase (Aspergillus oryzae) in low-water media. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 18:124-8. [PMID: 18024031 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2007] [Revised: 10/13/2007] [Accepted: 11/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A beta-galactosidase (from Aspergillus oryzae) preparation viz. EPRP (enzyme precipitated and rinsed with propanol), obtained by the removal of bulk water by precipitation with n-propanol, showed higher biological activity than the lyophilized powder. FT-IR study confirmed that EPRP had retained the alpha-helical content of the native structure better than the lyophilized form. Use of this formulation of beta-galactosidase under low water conditions (temperature 55 degrees C, reaction time of 4 h) gave enantioselectivity, E > 1000 for the stereoselective synthesis of (R)-(1-phenylethyl)-beta-D-galactopyranoside, starting from racemic 1-phenylethanol and D-galactose. For racemic 2-octanol also, EPRP worked better. Under similar conditions, (R)-(2-octyl)-beta-D-galactopyranoside was formed with an enantioselectivity, E = 38.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abir B Majumder
- Chemistry Department, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110 016, India
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29
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Shah S, Gupta MN. Kinetic resolution of (±)-1-phenylethanol in [Bmim][PF6] using high activity preparations of lipases. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:921-4. [PMID: 17157018 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2006] [Revised: 11/16/2006] [Accepted: 11/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Lipases from two different sources Candida rugosa (CRL) and Burkholderia cepacia (BCL) were formulated as enzyme precipitated and rinsed with organic solvents, organic solvent rinsed enzyme preparation, cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) and protein coated micro-crystals (PCMCs). These various enzyme formulates were evaluated for the kinetic resolution of (+/-)-1-phenylethanol in ionic liquid [Bmim][PF(6)] by transesterification with vinyl acetate. Of all the enzyme forms evaluated EPRP and PCMC in the case of CRL showed the best results with 26 % (E value=153) and 53% (E value=79) conversion, respectively, at 35 degrees C in 24h. Carrying out this conversion with PCMC at lower temperature of 25 degrees C further improved the E value to 453 (with 44% conversion in 12h). For BCL the acetone-rinsed enzyme preparation (AREP), CLEA and PCMC performed equally well with % conversion of 50 and 99 ee(p) (%) (E value >1000) in just 2h, whereas, the free lipase gave only 8% conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Shah
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
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Shah S, Gupta MN. Obtaining high transesterification activity for subtilisin in ionic liquids. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2007; 1770:94-8. [PMID: 17113715 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2006.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2006] [Revised: 10/06/2006] [Accepted: 10/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It is known that subtilisin shows poor transesterification activity in ionic liquids (ILs). The present work, taking subtilisin as the system, explores approaches for biocatalyst preparations, which are capable of yielding higher/adequate transesterification activity in these solvents. Of all the approaches tried, enzyme precipitated and rinsed with n-propanol (EPRP) gave the best results (about 10,000 times increase in initial rates in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([Bmim][PF(6)]) over what is obtained with pH tuned lyophilized powders). In case of water soluble ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([Bmim][BF(4)]), pH tuned lyophilized subtilisin did not show any transesterification activity. EPRP, however, gave an initial rate (for transesterification) of 2.78 mmol mg(-1) h(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Shah
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
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Shah S, Sharma A, Gupta MN. Preparation of cross-linked enzyme aggregates by using bovine serum albumin as a proteic feeder. Anal Biochem 2006; 351:207-13. [PMID: 16500610 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2006.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2005] [Revised: 01/13/2006] [Accepted: 01/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Addition of bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a proteic feeder facilitates obtaining cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) in cases where the protein concentration in the enzyme preparation is low and/or the enzyme activity is vulnerable to the high concentration of glutaraldehyde required to obtain aggregates. CLEAs of Pseudomonas cepacia lipase and penicillin acylase were prepared. CLEA of lipase prepared in the presence of BSA retained 100% activity whereas CLEA prepared without BSA retained only 0.4% activity of the starting enzyme preparation. Lipase CLEA showed 12-fold increase in activity over free enzyme powder when the CLEA was used in transesterification of tributyrin. For the transesterification of Jatropha oil, while free enzyme powder required 8 h and 50 mg lipase to obtain 77% conversion, CLEA required only 6 h and 6.25 mg lipase to obtain 90% conversion. In the case of penicillin acylase, 86% activity could be retained in CLEA prepared with BSA whereas CLEA made without BSA retained only 50% activity. CLEA prepared without BSA lost 20% activity after 8 h at 45 degrees C whereas CLEA with BSA retained full activity. CLEA prepared with BSA showed Vmax/Km of 36.3 min-1 whereas CLEA prepared without BSA had Vmax/Km of 17.4 min-1 only. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that CLEAs prepared in the presence of BSA were less amorphous and closer in morphology to CLEAs of other enzymes described in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Shah
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
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Abstract
Enzyme catalysis in low water containing organic solvents is finding an increasing number of applications in diverse areas. This review focuses on some aspects which have not been reviewed elsewhere. Different strategies for obtaining higher activity and stability in such media are described. In this context, the damaging role of lyophilization and the means of overcoming such effects are discussed. Ultrasonication and microwave assistance are two emerging approaches for enhancing reaction rates in low water media. Control of water activity and medium engineering are two crucial approaches in optimization of catalytic behaviour in nonaqueous enzymology. Organometallics and synthesis/modification of polymers are two areas where nonaqueous enzymology can play a greater role in the coming years. The greater understanding of enzyme behaviour in nonaqueous media is expected to lead to larger and even more diverse kinds of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munishwar N Gupta
- Chemistry Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India.
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