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Tang S, Sun LJ, Pan AQ, Huang J, Wang H, Lin YW. Application of engineered myoglobins for biosynthesis of clofazimine by integration with chemical synthesis. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:9603-9609. [PMID: 38014756 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01687k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Significant efforts have been made in the design of artificial metalloenzymes. Myoglobin (Mb), an O2 carrier, has been engineered to exhibit different functions. Herein, we applied a series of engineered Mb mutants with peroxidase activity for biosynthesis of clofazimine (CFZ), a potential drug with a broad-spectrum antiviral activity, by integration with chemical synthesis. Two of those mutants, F43Y Mb and F43Y/T67R Mb, have been shown to efficiently catalyze the oxidative coupling of 2-N-(4-chlorophenyl) benzene-1,2-diamine (N-4-CPBDA) in the presence of H2O2, with 97% yields. The overall catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) is 46-fold and 82-fold higher than that of WT Mb, respectively. By further combination of this reaction with chemical synthesis, the production of CFZ was accomplished with an isolated yield of 72%. These results showed that engineered Mbs containing the Tyr-heme cross-link (F43Y Mb and F43Y/T67R Mb) exhibit enhanced activity in the oxidative coupling reaction. This study also indicates that the combination of biocatalysis and chemical synthesis avoids the need for the separation of intermediate products, which offers a convenient approach for the total synthesis of the biological compound CFZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China.
| | - Li-Juan Sun
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Ai-Qun Pan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China.
| | - Jun Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China.
| | - Huamin Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China.
| | - Ying-Wu Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China.
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
- Key Lab of Protein Structure and Function of Universities in Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
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2
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Stadler JAM, Maartens G, Meintjes G, Wasserman S. Clofazimine for the treatment of tuberculosis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1100488. [PMID: 36817137 PMCID: PMC9932205 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1100488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Shorter (6-9 months), fully oral regimens containing new and repurposed drugs are now the first-choice option for the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB). Clofazimine, long used in the treatment of leprosy, is one such repurposed drug that has become a cornerstone of DR-TB treatment and ongoing trials are exploring novel, shorter clofazimine-containing regimens for drug-resistant as well as drug-susceptible tuberculosis. Clofazimine's repurposing was informed by evidence of potent activity against DR-TB strains in vitro and in mice and a treatment-shortening effect in DR-TB patients as part of a multidrug regimen. Clofazimine entered clinical use in the 1950s without the rigorous safety and pharmacokinetic evaluation which is part of modern drug development and current dosing is not evidence-based. Recent studies have begun to characterize clofazimine's exposure-response relationship for safety and efficacy in populations with TB. Despite being better tolerated than some other second-line TB drugs, the extent and impact of adverse effects including skin discolouration and cardiotoxicity are not well understood and together with emergent resistance, may undermine clofazimine use in DR-TB programmes. Furthermore, clofazimine's precise mechanism of action is not well established, as is the genetic basis of clofazimine resistance. In this narrative review, we present an overview of the evidence base underpinning the use and limitations of clofazimine as an antituberculosis drug and discuss advances in the understanding of clofazimine pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and resistance. The unusual pharmacokinetic properties of clofazimine and how these relate to its putative mechanism of action, antituberculosis activity, dosing considerations and adverse effects are highlighted. Finally, we discuss the development of novel riminophenazine analogues as antituberculosis drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A. M. Stadler
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa,Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa,*Correspondence: Jacob A. M. Stadler,
| | - Gary Maartens
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa,Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Graeme Meintjes
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa,Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sean Wasserman
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa,Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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3
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Bvumbi MV. Activity of Riminophenazines against Mycobacterium tuberculosis: A Review of Studies that Might be Contenders for Use as Antituberculosis Agents. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:2207-2219. [PMID: 32844566 PMCID: PMC7756396 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is one of the leading cause of death in the world, mainly due to the increasing number of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) strains. Factors such as the HIV pandemic contribute further. Also, the ineffectiveness of the chemotherapy in current use increases the mortality rate. Therefore, new and repurposed antituberculosis drugs are urgently needed for the treatment of MDR-TB, and riminophenazines are among those drugs that are being reinvestigated for their potential in the treatment of TB. This review delivers a brief historical account of riminophenazines, their general synthesis, mechanisms of action, and their physicochemical properties. The discussion is limited to those studies that investigated the activity of these compounds as antituberculosis agents. Given their unique properties, this review will be of great significance in giving direction towards the design and development of new riminophenazine analogues.
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Girase PS, Dhawan S, Kumar V, Shinde SR, Palkar MB, Karpoormath R. An appraisal of anti-mycobacterial activity with structure-activity relationship of piperazine and its analogues: A review. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 210:112967. [PMID: 33190957 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Piperazine, is privileged six membered nitrogen containing heterocyclic ring also known as 1,4-Diazacyclohexane. Consequently, piperazine is a versatile medicinally important scaffold and is an essential core in numerous marketed drugs with diverse pharmacological activities. In recent years several potent molecules containing piperazine as an essential subunit of the structural frame have been reported, especially against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Remarkably, a good number of these reported molecules also displayed potential activity against multidrug-resistant (MDR), and extremely drug-resistant (XDR) strains of MTB. In this review, we have made a concerted effort to retrace anti-mycobacterial compounds for the past five decades (1971-2019) specifically where piperazine has been used as a vital building block. This review will benefit medicinal chemists as it elaborates on the design, rationale and structure-activity relationship (SAR) of the reported potent piperazine based anti-TB molecules, which in turn will assist them in addressing the gaps, exploiting the reported strategies and developing safer, selective, and cost-effective anti-mycobacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj S Girase
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Sanjeev Dhawan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Vishal Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Suraj R Shinde
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Mahesh B Palkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban, 4000, South Africa; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, K.L.E. College of Pharmacy (Constituent Unit of KAHER), Vidyanagar, Hubballi, 580031, Karnataka, India
| | - Rajshekhar Karpoormath
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban, 4000, South Africa.
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Zhang T, Yin W, Jin B, Li T, Ma C. A reliable HPLC-DAD method for simultaneous determination of related substances in TBI-166 active pharmaceutical ingredient. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2020. [DOI: 10.1556/1326.2019.00517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive, stability-indicating reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC–DAD) method has been developed for the determination of TBI-166 and its 10 kinds of related impurities. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a Kromasil ODS column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm), with a gradient elution of the mobile phase system consisting of acetonitrile and 1% ammonium formate solution (with 0.2% formic acid). The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min, and the detection wavelength was set at 251 nm. The method was validated according to the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines with respect to selectivity, linearity, limits, accuracy, precision, and robustness. The calibration curves were linear from LOQ to 150% of the specification limit of impurity with correlation coefficients not less than 0.999. The limits of quantitation were between 0.123 and 0.257 μg/mL. Accuracy for the related substances was estimated by the recovery ranged from 94.6% to 111.2%. The method was proved to be reliable for the determination of related substances in TBI-166 bulk drug, which is essential and important in the quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wanting Yin
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100050, China
| | - Bo Jin
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100050, China
| | - Tong Li
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100050, China
| | - Chen Ma
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100050, China
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6
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Zhong CS, Cui JL, Yu SY, Wang X, Wang N. A green and practical reduction of N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-nitroaniline and its derivatives to corresponding N-substituted-benzene-1,2-diamines using thiourea dioxide. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.151599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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7
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Bera S, Mondal D. Insights of synthetic analogues of anti-leprosy agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:2689-2717. [PMID: 31103404 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Today, the emergence of the phenomenon of drug or multidrug-resistance for community-associated diseases represents a major concern in the world. In these contexts, the chronic infectious disease, leprosy, grounded by a slow-growing bacterium called Mycobacterium leprae or Mycobacterium lepromatosis is a leadingcause of severe disfiguring skin sores and nerve damage in the arms, legs, and skin areas around the body. Even, over 200,000 new leprosy cases are being accounted every year along with the relapsed leprosy cases. Nonetheless, this has been considered a curable disease with a higher dose of multidrug therapy (MDT) for a long period of time. The prolonged action of a high dose of combination drugs administration may cause an adverse reaction that can significantly affect patient compliance, particularly the outbreak of multidrug-resistance in the infected person. To overcome these shortfalls or prevent the resistance-associated problems, researchers are diligently involved in the structural modifications of the clinically used anti-leprosy drugs or the allied compounds for the structure-antimycobacterial activity relationship study. This review article described the detailed synthesis and biological assays of different anti-leprosy compounds reported by several research groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smritilekha Bera
- School of Chemical Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382030, India.
| | - Dhananjoy Mondal
- School of Chemical Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382030, India
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8
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Rani A, Viljoen A, Johansen MD, Kremer L, Kumar V. Synthesis, anti-mycobacterial and cytotoxic evaluation of substituted isoindoline-1,3-dione-4-aminoquinolines coupled via alkyl/amide linkers. RSC Adv 2019; 9:8515-8528. [PMID: 35518673 PMCID: PMC9061829 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra10532d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of secondary amine-substituted isoindoline-1,3-dione-4-aminoquinolines were prepared via microwave heating and assayed for their anti-mycobacterial activities. The compound with a butyl chain as a spacer between the two pharmacophores and piperidine as the secondary amine component on the isoindoline ring was the most potent and non-cytotoxic among the synthesized compounds, exhibiting a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC99) of 6.25 μg mL−1 against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A series of secondary amine-substituted isoindoline-1,3-dione-4-aminoquinolines were prepared via microwave heating and assayed for their anti-mycobacterial activities.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Rani
- Department of Chemistry
- Guru Nanak Dev University
- Amritsar-143005
- India
| | - Albertus Viljoen
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie (IRIM) de Montpellier
- CNRS
- UMR 9004 Université de Montpellier
- France
| | - Matt D. Johansen
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie (IRIM) de Montpellier
- CNRS
- UMR 9004 Université de Montpellier
- France
| | - Laurent Kremer
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie (IRIM) de Montpellier
- CNRS
- UMR 9004 Université de Montpellier
- France
- INSERM
| | - Vipan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry
- Guru Nanak Dev University
- Amritsar-143005
- India
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9
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Rani A, Viljoen A, Sumanjit, Kremer L, Kumar V. Microwave-Assisted Highly Efficient Route to 4-Aminoquinoline-Phthalimide Conjugates: Synthesis and Anti-Tubercular Evaluation. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201702220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anu Rani
- Department of Chemistry; Guru Nanak Dev University; Amritsar- 143005 India
| | - Albertus Viljoen
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie (IRIM); CNRS, UMR 9004; Université de Montpellier; France
| | - Sumanjit
- Department of Chemistry; Guru Nanak Dev University; Amritsar- 143005 India
| | - Laurent Kremer
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie (IRIM); CNRS, UMR 9004; Université de Montpellier; France
- INSERM, IRIM; 34293 Montpellier France
| | - Vipan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry; Guru Nanak Dev University; Amritsar- 143005 India
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10
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Silveira N, Longuinho MM, Leitão SG, Silva RS, Lourenço MC, Silva PE, Pinto MDCF, Abraçado LG, Finotelli PV. Synthesis and characterization of the antitubercular phenazine lapazine and development of PLGA and PCL nanoparticles for its entrapment. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 58:458-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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11
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Piperazine scaffold: A remarkable tool in generation of diverse pharmacological agents. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 102:487-529. [PMID: 26310894 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Piperazine is one of the most sought heterocyclics for the development of new drug candidates. This ring can be traced in a number of well established, commercially available drugs. Wide array of pharmacological activities exhibited by piperazine derivatives have made them indispensable anchors for the development of novel therapeutic agents. The review herein highlights the therapeutic significance of piperazine derivatives. Various therapeutically active piperazine derivatives developed by several chemists are reported here.
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12
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Zhang D, Lu Y, Liu K, Liu B, Wang J, Zhang G, Zhang H, Liu Y, Wang B, Zheng M, Fu L, Hou Y, Gong N, Lv Y, Li C, Cooper CB, Upton AM, Yin D, Ma Z, Huang H. Identification of less lipophilic riminophenazine derivatives for the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis. J Med Chem 2012; 55:8409-17. [PMID: 22931472 DOI: 10.1021/jm300828h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Clofazimine (CFZ), a member of the riminophenazine class, has been studied in clinical trials for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). CFZ has several side effects which can be attributed to its extremely high lipophilicity. A series of novel riminophenazine analogues bearing a C-2 pyridyl substituent was designed and synthesized with the goal of maintaining potent activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) while improving upon its safety profile by lowering the lipophilicity. All compounds were evaluated for their in vitro activity and cytotoxicity. The results demonstrated that many new compounds had potent activity against M. tuberculosis with MICs of less than 0.03 μg/mL and low cytotoxicity with IC(50) values greater than 64 μg/mL. Some compounds were tested for in vivo efficacy against MDR-TB in an experimental mouse infection model. Two compounds demonstrated equivalent or better efficacy than CFZ in this model with significantly reduced skin discoloration potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine & Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, PR China
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13
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Recent advances in the design and synthesis of heterocycles as anti-tubercular agents. Future Med Chem 2011; 2:1469-500. [PMID: 21426140 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.10.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the unusual structure and chemical composition of the mycobacterial cell wall, effective tuberculosis (TB) treatment is difficult, making many antibiotics ineffective and hindering the entry of drugs. With approximately 33% of infection, TB is still the second most deadly infectious disease worldwide. The reasons for this are drug-resistant TB (multidrug resistant and extensively drug resistant), persistent infection (latent TB) and synergism of TB with HIV; furthermore no new chemical entity has emerged in last 40 years. New data available from the recently sequenced genome of the mycobacterium and the application of methods of modern drug design promise much for the fight against this disease. In this review, we present an introduction to TB, followed by an overview of new heterocyclic anti-tubercular moieties published during the last decade.
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14
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Activity of β-lapachone derivatives against rifampicin-susceptible and -resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2010; 90:293-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2010] [Revised: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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15
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Siddiqi MI, Kumar A. Review of knowledge for rational design and identification of anti-tubercular compounds. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2009; 4:1005-15. [PMID: 23480394 DOI: 10.1517/17460440903253876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The synergy between tuberculosis and the AIDS epidemic, along with the surge of multi-drug resistant isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, has reaffirmed tuberculosis as a primary public health threat. Discovery of novel anti-tubercular entities is a highly complex and, therefore, more rational design strategies based on our increasing understanding of the fundamental principles of protein-ligand interactions are required. The combination of available knowledge of several 3D protein structures with thousands of anti-tubercular small-molecules have attracted the attention of scientists from all over the world for the application of structure- and ligand-based drug design approaches. OBJECTIVE In this review, an outline of the recent knowledge concerning rational design that chemists and biomedical scientists are currently using to rapidly identify and design novel anti-tubercular agents is presented. The recent successes in rational design of anti-tubercular agents mentioned in the review could give insights into the wide range of possibilities of using rational drug design methodologies. CONCLUSION The key conclusion is that future research through the aid of combined ligand and receptor-based design and chemo-bioinformatics will bring not only new hope, but also create a new class of anti-tubercular drugs that will help millions of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Imran Siddiqi
- Central Drug Research Institute, Molecular and Structural Biology Division, Lucknow, 226001, India +91 522 2612411 ; +91 522 2623938 ; ,
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16
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Kamal A, Reddy KS, Ahmed SK, Khan MNA, Sinha RK, Yadav JS, Arora SK. Anti-tubercular agents. Part 3. Benzothiadiazine as a novel scaffold for anti-Mycobacterium activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 14:650-8. [PMID: 16203154 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2005] [Revised: 08/22/2005] [Accepted: 08/23/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In an effort to develop new and more effective therapies to treat tuberculosis, a series of benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide derivatives were synthesized and their in vitro activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare was evaluated. One of the compounds, 8c, exhibited potent anti-tubercular activity, particularly for the resistant strains and thus prompted us to investigate its in vivo profile. However, the in vivo testing in a mouse model of tuberculosis infection did not show significant anti-tubercular activity, probably because of its poor bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Kamal
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India.
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