Novel 2-aminothiazonaphthalimides as visible light activatable photonucleases: effects of intercalation, heterocyclic-fused area and side chains

Synthesis, Docking Study, Cytotoxicity, Antioxidant, and Anti-microbial Activities of Novel 2,4-Disubstituted Thiazoles Based on Phenothiazine

A series of novel 1,3-thiazole derivatives (5a-i) with a modified phenothiazine moiety were synthesized and tested against cancer cell line MCF-7 for their cytotoxicity. Most of them (5a-i) were less cytotoxic or had no activity against MCF-7 cancer cell line.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The IC50 value of compound (4) was 33.84 μM. The compounds (5a-i) were also evaluated for antimicrobial activities, but no significant activity was observed. The antioxidant activity was conducted for target compounds (5a-i). The IC50 value of compound (5b) was 0.151mM.

RESULTS

The total amount of energy, ACE (atomic contact energy), energy of receptor (PDB: 5G5J), and ligand interaction of structure (4) were found to be 22.448 Kcal.mol-1 , -247.68, and -91.91 Kcal.mol-1, respectively. The structure (4) is well binded with the receptor because the values of binding energy, steric energy, and the number of hydrogen bondings are -91.91, 22.448 kcal.mol-1, and 2, respectively. It shows that structure (4) has good cytotoxicity with MCF-7 in vitro.

CONCLUSION

The increasing of docking ability of structures (5a-i) with the receptor is presented in increasing order as (5f)>(5e)>(5g)>(5a)>(5b)>(5d)>(5c)>(5i)>(5h). The structure bearing substitution as thiosemicarbazone (4), nitrogen heterocyclic (5f), halogen (5e), and azide (5g) showed good cytotoxicity activity in vitro.

A Comprehensive Review on Fused Heterocyclic as DNA Intercalators: Promising Anticancer Agents

Since the discovery of DNA intercalating agents (by Lerman, 1961), a growing number of organic, inorganic, and metallic compounds have been developed to treat life-threatening microbial infections and cancers. Fused-heterocycles are amongst the most important group of compounds that have the ability to interact with DNA. DNA intercalators possess a planar aromatic ring structure that inserts itself between the base pairs of nucleic acids. Once inserted, the aromatic structure makes van der Waals interactions and hydrogen-bonding interactions with the base pairs. The DNA intercalator may also contain an ionizable group that can form ionic interactions with the negatively charged phosphate backbone. After the intercalation, other cellular processes could take place, leading ultimately to cell death. The heterocyclic nucleus present in the DNA intercalators can be considered as a pharmacophore that plays an instrumental role in dictating the affinity and selectivity exhibited by these compounds. In this work, we have carried out a revision of small organic molecules that bind to the DNA molecule via intercalation and cleaving and exert their antitumor activity. A general overview of the most recent results in this area, paying particular attention to compounds that are currently under clinical trials, is provided. Advancement in spectroscopic techniques studying DNA interaction can be examined in-depth, yielding important information on structure-activity relationships. In this comprehensive review, we have focused on the introduction to fused heterocyclic agents with DNA interacting features, from medicinal point of view. The structure-activity relationships points, cytotoxicity data, and binding data and future perspectives of medicinal compounds have been discussed in detail.

Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 3-nitro-1,8-naphthalimides as potential antitumor agents

A series of 3-nitro-naphthalimides 1(1a-1h) were designed and synthesized as antitumor agents. MTT assay results showed that all these compounds exhibited obvious antiproliferative activity against SKOV3, HepG2, A549, T-24 and SMMC-7721 cancer cell lines, while compound 1a displayed the best antiproliferative activity against HepG2 and T-24 cell lines in comparison with mitonafide, with IC₅₀ of 9.2 ± 1.8 and 4.133 ± 0.9 μM, respectively. In vivo antiproliferative activity assay results showed that compound 1a exhibited good antiproliferative activity in the HepG2 and T-24 models, compared with mitonafide. Action mechanism results showed that compound 1a could induced the damage of DNA and the inhibition topo I, accompanying by inducing the G2-stage arresting and the apoptosis of T-24 cancer cells through up-regulating expression levels of cyclin B1, cdc 2-pTy, Wee1, γH2AX, p21, Bax and cytochrome c and down-regulating expression of Bcl-2.

l,8-Naphthalimide based DNA intercalators and anticancer agents. A systematic review from 2007 to 2017

In this review, we describe a detailed investigation about the structural variations and relative activity of 1,8-naphthalimide based intercalators and anticancer agents. The 1,8-naphthalimides binds to the DNA via intercalation, and exert their antitumor activities through Topoisomerase I/II inhibition, photoinduced DNA damage or related mechanism. Here, our discussion focused on works published over the last ten years (2007-2017) related to therapeutic applications, in the order of cancer treatment followed by other properties of 1,8-naphthalimides. In preparing for this review, we considered that several seminal reviews have appeared over the last fifteen years and focused on closely related subjects, however, none of them is exhaustive.

Novel Naphthalimide Derivatives as Selective G-Quadruplex DNA Binders

A new derivate of 4-bromo-1,8-naphthalic anhydride and its quaternized analogue have been prepared and characterized. The interactions of both derivatives with human telomere quadruplex-DNA and ds-DNA have been comparatively studied by UV-visible (UV-Vis), fluorescent intercalator displacement assays, competition dialysis, circular dichroism (CD), agarose gel electrophoresis, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The results show that both derivatives can stabilize G-quadruplexes DNA, and they show different binding affinities for G-quadruplexes-DNA and ds-DNA. All spectroscopic studies have shown that the derivatives have a modest selectivity for G-quadruplex versus ds-DNA.

Design, Synthesis and Evaluation of Naphthalimide Derivatives as Potential Anticancer Agents for Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Two kinds of naphthalimide derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for in vitro their anti-hepatocellular carcinoma properties. Compound 3a with a fused thiazole fragment to naphthalimide skeleton inhibited cell migration of SMMC-7721 and HepG2, and further in vivo trials with two animal models confirmed that compound 3a moderately inhibited primary H22 tumor growth (52.6%) and potently interrupted lung metastasis (75.7%) without obvious systemic toxicity at the therapeutic dose. Mechanistic research revealed that compound 3a inhibited cancerous liver cell growth mostly by inducing G2/M phase arrest. Western blotting experiments corroborated that 3a could up-regulate the cell cycle related protein expression of cyclin B1, CDK1 and p21, and inhibit cell migration by elevating the E-cadherin and attenuating integrin α6 expression. Our study showed that compound 3a is a valuable lead compound worthy of further investigation.

New role of aminothiazonaphthalimide derivatives: outstanding photoinitiators for cationic and radical photopolymerizations under visible LEDs

Aminothiazonaphthalimide derivatives can act as photoinitiators (when combined with additives) to start the cationic polymerization or the radical polymerization upon exposure to visible LEDs or a polychromatic visible light.

Highly efficient antitumor agents of heterocycles containing sulfur atom: Linear and angular thiazonaphthalimides against human lung cancer cell in vitro

A novel series of aminothiazonaphthalimides, A(1-2) and B(1-2), has been regioselectively synthesized. The linear compounds B(1-2) were evaluated to be far more active than their angular isomers A(1-2) in antitumor evaluation. The linear compounds C-F, derived from compound B(1), all showed highly efficient antitumor activities against A549 and P388 cell lines. Also, cytotoxicities of these four analogues against two tumor cells were highly dependent on the length of the side chains. The compound A(1) or B(1), with two methylene units in the side chain, was more cytotoxic than its corresponding homologue A(2) or B(2), with one more methylene unit.

Design, syntheses, and antitumor activity of novel chromone and aurone derivatives

A series of new chromone analogues bearing heterocyclic thioether moiety and aurone analogues bearing cyclic tertiary amine moiety were designed and synthesized under microwave irradiation. The synthetic protocol was found to present many advantages, such as higher yields, shorter reaction time (10-20 min), mild condition, and readily isolation of the products. The synthesized compounds were assayed for their antitumor activity against four kinds of human solid tumor cell lines including HCCLM-7, Hep-2, MDA-MB-435S, and SW-480. Two compounds, (Z)-2-((4-benzyl-piperazin-1-yl)methylene)benzofuran-3(2H)-one 5e and (Z)-2-((4-(bis(4-fluorophenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)methylene)benzofuran-3(2H)-one 5f, were identified as the most promising candidates with the IC(50) values in the range of 4.1-13.1 microM. Further cell cycle studies revealed that compounds 5e and 5f arrest the cell cycle in G(0)/G(1) phase and displayed apoptosis-inducing effect on Hep-2 cells.

Design, synthesis, and antitumor evaluation of novel acenaphtho[1,2-b]pyrrole-carboxylic acid esters with amino chain substitution

8-Oxo-8H-acenaphtho[1,2-b]pyrrole-9-carboxylic acid esters and derivatives were prepared and evaluated for cytotoxicity against A549 and P388 cell lines. Based on a novel chromophore precursor 8-oxo-8H-acenaphtho[1,2-b]pyrrol-9-carbonitrile 1, the very insoluble 1 was converted to more soluble esters 5 and a series of 3-amino derivatives from 5 were obtained by mild S(N)Ar(H) reaction between 5 and various amines. The biological evaluation indicated that methyl esters 5a are the most cytotoxic with IC(50) values of 0.45 and 0.80 microM (against A549 and P388, respectively) among the parent esters 5a-5f, but 3-amino derivatives 4b and 4c of 5f with bromine showed the highest activity (with IC(50) values of 0.019-0.60 microM) among the 3-amino derivatives.

Novel thiazonaphthalimides as efficient antitumor and DNA photocleaving agents: Effects of intercalation, side chains, and substituent groups

A series of novel antitumor and DNA photocleaving agents was designed and synthesized by fusing a (substituted) thiazole ring to the naphthalimide skeletons. C1, the most active compound against A549, was about 30-fold more cytotoxic than the compound amonafide. A1, the most active compound against P388, was about 6-fold more cytotoxic than amonafide. C2, the most efficient DNA intercalator, showed the strongest DNA photocleaving activity via superoxide anion produced under UV light at 360 nm.

Synthesis, antitumor evaluation and DNA photocleaving activity of novel methylthiazonaphthalimides with aminoalkyl side chains

A series of methylthiazonaphthalimides was synthesized and quantitatively evaluated as efficient DNA intercalators, antitumor agents and DNA photocleavers. A(1) showed both efficient antitumor activities against cell lines of A549 and P388 with IC50 of 82.8 and 31 nM, respectively. A(3) was the strongest antitumor agent against A549 with the IC50 of 20.8 nM. A(2), the most efficient DNA intercalator, was found to be the strongest DNA photocleaver via superoxide anion. An explanation was given for the disaccord between antitumor and DNA photocleaving activities.