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Zheng H, Wu H, Wang D, Wang S, Ji D, Liu X, Gao G, Su X, Zhang Y, Ling Y. Research progress of prodrugs for the treatment of cerebral ischemia. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 272:116457. [PMID: 38704941 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
It is well-known that pharmacotherapy plays a pivotal role in the treatment and prevention of cerebral ischemia. Nevertheless, existing drugs, including numerous natural products, encounter various challenges when applied in cerebral ischemia treatment. These challenges comprise poor brain absorption due to low blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, limited water solubility, inadequate bioavailability, poor stability, and rapid metabolism. To address these issues, researchers have turned to prodrug strategies, aiming to mitigate or eliminate the adverse properties of parent drug molecules. In vivo metabolism or enzymatic reactions convert prodrugs into active parent drugs, thereby augmenting BBB permeability, improving bioavailability and stability, and reducing toxicity to normal tissues, ultimately aiming to enhance treatment efficacy and safety. This comprehensive review delves into multiple effective prodrug strategies, providing a detailed description of representative prodrugs developed over the past two decades. It underscores the potential of prodrug approaches to improve the therapeutic outcomes of currently available drugs for cerebral ischemia. The publication of this review serves to enrich current research progress on prodrug strategies for the treatment and prevention of cerebral ischemia. Furthermore, it seeks to offer valuable insights for pharmaceutical chemists in this field, offer guidance for the development of drugs for cerebral ischemia, and provide patients with safer and more effective drug treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong Key Laboratory of Small Molecular Drug Innovation, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Hongmei Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong Key Laboratory of Small Molecular Drug Innovation, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China; Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Dezhi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong Key Laboratory of Small Molecular Drug Innovation, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China; Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Sijia Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong Key Laboratory of Small Molecular Drug Innovation, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China; Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Dongliang Ji
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong Key Laboratory of Small Molecular Drug Innovation, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China; Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xiao Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong Key Laboratory of Small Molecular Drug Innovation, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ge Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong Key Laboratory of Small Molecular Drug Innovation, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xing Su
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Yanan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong Key Laboratory of Small Molecular Drug Innovation, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Yong Ling
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong Key Laboratory of Small Molecular Drug Innovation, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China.
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Sobetirome prodrug esters with enhanced blood-brain barrier permeability. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:5842-5854. [PMID: 27707627 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There is currently great interest in developing drugs that stimulate myelin repair for use in demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Thyroid hormone plays a key role in stimulating myelination during development and also controls the expression of important genes involved in myelin repair in adults. Because endogenous thyroid hormone in excess lacks a generally useful therapeutic index, it is not used clinically for indications other than hormone replacement; however, selective thyromimetics such as sobetirome offer a therapeutic alternative. Sobetirome is the only clinical-stage thyromimetic that is known to cross the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) and we endeavored to increase the BBB permeability of sobetirome using a prodrug strategy. Ester prodrugs of sobetirome were prepared based on literature reports of improved BBB permeability with other carboxylic acid containing drugs and BBB permeability was assessed in vivo. One sobetirome prodrug, ethanolamine ester 11, was found to distribute more sobetirome to the brain compared to an equimolar peripheral dose of unmodified sobetirome. In addition to enhanced brain levels, prodrug 11 displayed lower sobetirome blood levels and a brain/serum ratio that was larger than that of unmodified sobetirome. Thus, these data indicate that an ester prodrug strategy applied to sobetirome can deliver increased concentrations of the active drug to the central nervous system (CNS), which may prove useful in the treatment of CNS disorders.
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Courvoisier C, Paret MJ, Chantepie J, Goré J, Fournet G, Quash G. Synthesis and effects of 3-methylthiopropanoyl thiolesters of lipoic acid, methional metabolite mimics. Bioorg Chem 2006; 34:49-58. [PMID: 16387348 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2005.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2005] [Revised: 11/15/2005] [Accepted: 11/18/2005] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
6S,8S-Bis(3-methylthiopropanoyl) thiolesters of lipoic acid were synthesized with the carboxyl moiety of lipoate modified as methyl or water soluble choline esters. Evaluation on different cell lines in culture showed that they possessed modest antiproliferative activity. However, the 6-fold decrease in IC50 (from 270 to 45 microM) observed with the water soluble 6S,8S-bis(3-methylthiopropenoyl) thiolester dehydro derivative on a human epithelial prostate cancer cell line (DU145) argues in favor of 3-methylthiopropanoyl metabolites as endogenous growth regulatory (apoptogenic) compounds derived from methionine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Courvoisier
- LCO1, UMR 5181 (cpe) UCB Lyon 1, 43 bd du 11 nov 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France
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