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Yang WS, Yeo SG, Yang S, Kim KH, Yoo BC, Cho JY. Isoprenyl carboxyl methyltransferase inhibitors: a brief review including recent patents. Amino Acids 2017. [PMID: 28631011 PMCID: PMC5561173 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2454-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Among the enzymes involved in the post-translational modification of Ras, isoprenyl carboxyl methyltransferase (ICMT) has been explored by a number of researchers as a significant enzyme controlling the activation of Ras. Indeed, inhibition of ICMT exhibited promising anti-cancer activity against various cancer cell lines. This paper reviews patents and research articles published between 2009 and 2016 that reported inhibitors of ICMT as potential chemotherapeutic agents targeting Ras-induced growth factor signaling. Since ICMT inhibitors can modulate Ras signaling pathway, it might be possible to develop a new class of anti-cancer drugs targeting Ras-related cancers. Researchers have discovered indole-based small-molecular ICMT inhibitors through high-throughput screening. Researchers at Duke University identified a prototypical inhibitor, cysmethynil. At Singapore University, Ramanujulu and his colleagues patented more potent compounds by optimizing cysmethynil. In addition, Rodriguez and Stevenson at Universidad Complutense De Madrid and Cancer Therapeutics CRC PTY Ltd., respectively, have developed inhibitors based on formulas other than the indole base. However, further optimization of chemicals targeted to functional groups is needed to improve the characteristics of ICMT inhibitors related to their application as drugs, such as solubility, effectiveness, and safety, to facilitate clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Seok Yang
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jang-gu, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Gu Yeo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Cheonan, 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjae Yang
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jang-gu, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hee Kim
- Biomarker Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Byong Chul Yoo
- Biomarker Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jang-gu, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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Temple KJ, Wright EN, Fierke CA, Gibbs RA. Synthesis of Non-natural, Frame-Shifted Isoprenoid Diphosphate Analogues. Org Lett 2016; 18:6038-6041. [PMID: 27934359 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b02977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A set of synthetic approaches was developed and applied to the synthesis of eight frame-shifted isoprenoid diphosphate analogues. These analogues were designed to increase or decrease the methylene units between the double bonds and/or the pyrophosphate moieties of the isoprenoid structure. Evaluation of mammalian GGTase-I and FTase revealed that small structural changes can result in substantial changes in substrate activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla J Temple
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Elia N Wright
- Departments of Biological Chemistry and Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Carol A Fierke
- Departments of Biological Chemistry and Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Richard A Gibbs
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Kazmierski WM, Maynard A, Duan M, Baskaran S, Botyanszki J, Crosby R, Dickerson S, Tallant M, Grimes R, Hamatake R, Leivers M, Roberts CD, Walker J. Novel spiroketal pyrrolidine GSK2336805 potently inhibits key hepatitis C virus genotype 1b mutants: from lead to clinical compound. J Med Chem 2014; 57:2058-73. [PMID: 24568313 DOI: 10.1021/jm4013104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Rapid clinical progress of hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication inhibitors, including these selecting for resistance in the NS5A region (NS5A inhibitors), promises to revolutionize HCV treatment. Herein, we describe our explorations of diverse spiropyrrolidine motifs in novel NS5A inhibitors and a proposed interaction model. We discovered that the 1,4-dioxa-7-azaspiro[4.4]nonane motif in inhibitor 41H (GSK2236805) supported high potency against genotypes 1a and 1b as well as in genotype 1b L31V and Y93H mutants. Consistent with this, 41H potently suppressed HCV RNA in the 20-day RNA reduction assay. Pharmacokinetic and safety data supported further progression of 41H to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wieslaw M Kazmierski
- GlaxoSmithKline , 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-3398, United States
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Bergman JA, Hahne K, Song J, Hrycyna CA, Gibbs RA. S-Farnesyl-Thiopropionic Acid (FTPA) Triazoles as Potent Inhibitors of Isoprenylcysteine Carboxyl Methyltransferase. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:15-19. [PMID: 22754607 DOI: 10.1021/ml200106d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the design and synthesis of novel FTPA-triazole compounds as potent inhibitors of isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase (Icmt), through a focus on thioether and isoprenoid mimetics. These mimetics were coupled utilizing a copper-assisted cycloaddition to assemble the potential inhibitors. Using the resulting triazole from the coupling as an isoprenyl mimetic resulted in the biphenyl substituted FTPA triazole 10n. This lipid-modified analog is a potent inhibitor of Icmt (IC(50) = 0.8 ± 0.1 μM; calculated K(i) = 0.4 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel A. Bergman
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and the Center for
Cancer Research, and ‡Department of Chemistry and the Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
47907, United States
| | - Kalub Hahne
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and the Center for
Cancer Research, and ‡Department of Chemistry and the Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
47907, United States
| | - Jiao Song
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and the Center for
Cancer Research, and ‡Department of Chemistry and the Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
47907, United States
| | - Christine A. Hrycyna
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and the Center for
Cancer Research, and ‡Department of Chemistry and the Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
47907, United States
| | - Richard A. Gibbs
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and the Center for
Cancer Research, and ‡Department of Chemistry and the Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
47907, United States
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Majmudar JD, Morrison-Logue A, Song J, Hrycyna CA, Gibbs RA. Identification of a novel nanomolar inhibitor of hIcmt via a carboxylate replacement approach. MEDCHEMCOMM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md20108a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Amide-modified prenylcysteine based Icmt inhibitors: Structure-activity relationships, kinetic analysis and cellular characterization. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 20:283-95. [PMID: 22142613 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.10.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Human protein isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase (hIcmt) is the enzyme responsible for the α-carboxyl methylation of the C-terminal isoprenylated cysteine of CaaX proteins, including Ras proteins. This specific posttranslational methylation event has been shown to be important for cellular transformation by oncogenic Ras isoforms. This finding led to interest in hIcmt inhibitors as potential anti-cancer agents. Previous analog studies based on N-acetyl-S-farnesylcysteine identified two prenylcysteine-based low micromolar inhibitors (1a and 1b) of hIcmt, each bearing a phenoxyphenyl amide modification. In this study, a focused library of analogs of 1a and 1b was synthesized and screened versus hIcmt, delineating structural features important for inhibition. Kinetic characterization of the most potent analogs 1a and 1b established that both inhibitors exhibited mixed-mode inhibition and that the competitive component predominated. Using the Cheng-Prusoff method, the K(i) values were determined from the IC(50) values. Analog 1a has a K(IC) of 1.4±0.2μM and a K(IU) of 4.8±0.5μM while 1b has a K(IC) of 0.5±0.07μM and a K(IU) of 1.9±0.2μM. Cellular evaluation of 1b revealed that it alters the subcellular localization of GFP-KRas, and also inhibits both Ras activation and Erk phosphorylation in Jurkat cells.
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Bergman JA, Hahne K, Hrycyna CA, Gibbs RA. Lipid and sulfur substituted prenylcysteine analogs as human Icmt inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:5616-9. [PMID: 21782433 PMCID: PMC4037158 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase (Icmt) offers a promising strategy for K-Ras driven cancers. We describe the synthesis and inhibitory activity of substrate-based analogs derived from several novel scaffolds. Modifications of both the prenyl group and thioether of N-acetyl-S-farnesyl-L-cysteine (AFC), a substrate for human Icmt (hIcmt), have resulted in low micromolar inhibitors of Icmt and have given insights into the nature of the prenyl binding site of hIcmt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel A. Bergman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Kalub Hahne
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Christine A. Hrycyna
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Richard A. Gibbs
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Inhibitors of Postprenylation CAAX Processing Enzymes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415922-8.00009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Abstract
The electrophilic enantioselective sulfenylation of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds with phenylsulfenyl chloride is effectively catalyzed by [Ti(TADDOLato)] complexes. The corresponding products are obtained in moderate to high yields. The highest ee values (up to 97 %) are obtained in toluene at room temperature and with a typical catalyst loading of 5 mol %. Bulky ester groups and sterically undemanding substituents at the alpha-position were found to be crucial structural features of the starting materials in order to assure high enantioselectivity. The absolute configuration of one of the chiral products has been determined. The stereochemical course of the reaction is similar to that of analogous [Ti(TADDOLato)]-catalyzed atom-transfer reactions. A common side-reaction the sulfenylated products undergo is a deacylation leading to racemic alpha-sulfenylated esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Jereb
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Askerceva 5, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Leow JL, Baron R, Casey PJ, Go ML. Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) of indoloacetamides as inhibitors of human isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 17:1025-32. [PMID: 17157012 PMCID: PMC1941685 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2006] [Revised: 10/26/2006] [Accepted: 11/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A QSAR is developed for the isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase (ICMT) inhibitory activities of a series of indoloacetamides (n=72) that are structurally related to cysmethynil, a selective ICMT inhibitor. Multivariate analytical tools (principal component analysis (PCA) and projection to latent structures (PLS)), multi-linear regression (MLR) and comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) are used to develop a suitably predictive model for the purpose of optimizing and identifying members with more potent inhibitory activity. The resulting model shows that good activity is determined largely by the characteristics of the substituent attached to the indole nitrogen, which should be a lipophilic residue with fairly wide dimensions. In contrast, the substituted phenyl ring attached to the indole ring must be of limited dimensions and lipophilicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo-Lene Leow
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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