1
|
Virtual Screening and Molecular Docking Studies for Discovery of Potential RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase Inhibitors. CRYSTALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst11050471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The current COVID-19 pandemic is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Globally, this pandemic has affected over 111 million individuals and posed many health and economic challenges. Much research effort is dedicated to discovering new treatments to address the associated challenges and restrict the spread of SARS-CoV-2. Since SARS-CoV-2 is a positive-strand RNA virus, its replication requires the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) enzyme. In this study, we report the discovery of new potential RdRp enzyme inhibitors based on computer modeling and simulation methodologies. The antiviral ZINC database was utilized for covalent docking virtual screening followed by molecular inter-action analyses based on reported hot spots within the RdRp binding pocket (PDB: 7BV2). Eleven molecules, ZINC000014944915, ZINC000027556215, ZINC000013556344, ZINC000003589958, ZINC000003833965, ZINC000001642252, ZINC000028525778, ZINC000027557701, ZINC000013781295, ZINC000001651128 and ZINC000013473324, were shown to have the highest binding interactions. These molecules were further assessed by molecular dynamics (MD) simu-lations and absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) studies. The results showed that all 11 molecules except ZINC000027557701 formed stable complexes with the viral RdRp and fell within the accepted ADMET parameters. The identified molecules can be used to design future potential RdRp inhibitors.
Collapse
|
2
|
Xu Z, Chen Q, Zhang Y, Liang C. Coumarin-based derivatives with potential anti-HIV activity. Fitoterapia 2021; 150:104863. [PMID: 33582266 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2021.104863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), as a result of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection which leads to severe suppression of immune functions, is an enormous world-wide health threat. The anti-HIV agents are critical for the HIV/AIDS therapy, but the generation of viral mutants and the severe side effects of the anti-HIV agents pose serious hurdles in the treatment of HIV infection, and creat an urgent need to develop novel anti-HIV agents. The plant-derived compounds possess structural and mechanistic diversity, and among them, coumarin-based derivatives have the potential to inhibit different stages in the HIV replication cycle, inclusive of virus-host cell attachment, cell membrane fusion, integration, assembly besides the conventional target like inhibition of the reverse transcriptase, protease, and integrase. Moreover, (+)-calanolide A, a coumarin-based natural product, is a potential anti-HIV agent. Thus, coumarin-based derivatives are useful scaffolds for the development of anti-HIV agents. This review article describes the recent progress in the discovery, structural modification, and structure-activity relationship studies of potent anti-HIV coumarin-based derivatives including natural coumarin compounds, synthetic hybrids, dimers, and other synthetic derivatives covering articles published between 2000 and 2020.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Xu
- Huanghuai University Industry Innovation & Research and Development Institute of Zhumadian, Zhumadian, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qingtai Chen
- Huanghuai University Industry Innovation & Research and Development Institute of Zhumadian, Zhumadian, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Huanghuai University Industry Innovation & Research and Development Institute of Zhumadian, Zhumadian, People's Republic of China
| | - Changli Liang
- Huanghuai University Industry Innovation & Research and Development Institute of Zhumadian, Zhumadian, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Iida Y, Kinoshita SN, Kenjo S, Muramatsu S, Inokuchi Y, Zhu C, Ebata T. Electronic States and Nonradiative Decay of Cold Gas-Phase Cinnamic Acid Derivatives Studied by Laser Spectroscopy with a Laser-Ablation Technique. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:5580-5589. [PMID: 32551660 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c03646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We performed UV spectroscopy for p-coumaric acid (pCA), ferulic acid (FA), and caffeic acid (CafA) under jet-cooled gas-phase conditions by using a laser-ablation source. These molecules showed the S1(1ππ*)-S0 absorption in the 31 500-33 500 cm-1 region. Both pCA and FA exhibited sharp vibronic bands, while CafA showed only a broad feature. The decay time profile of the 1ππ* state was measured by picosecond pump-probe spectroscopy, and the transient state produced through the nonradiative decay (NRD) from 1ππ* and its time profile were measured by nanosecond UV-deep UV pump-probe spectroscopy. The transient state was observed for pCA and FA and assigned to the T1 state, and we concluded that the NRD process of 1ππ* is S1(1ππ*) → 1nπ* → T1(3ππ*), similar to those of methyl cinnamate and para-substituted cinnamates such as p-hydroxy and p-methoxy methyl cinnamate. On the other hand, the transient T1 state was not detected in CafA, and its NRD route is suggested to be S1(1ππ*) → 1πσ* → H atom elimination, similar to those of phenol and catechol. The effect of a hydrogen bond on the electronic state and NRD process was investigated, and it was found that the H-bonding lowers the 1ππ* energy and suppresses the NRD process for all the species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Iida
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Shin-Nosuke Kinoshita
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Seiya Kenjo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Satoru Muramatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Inokuchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Chaoyuan Zhu
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute for Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan.,Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Takayuki Ebata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan.,Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute for Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Channar PA, Irum H, Mahmood A, Shabir G, Zaib S, Saeed A, Ashraf Z, Larik FA, Lecka J, Sévigny J, Iqbal J. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of trinary benzocoumarin-thiazoles-azomethines derivatives as effective and selective inhibitors of alkaline phosphatase. Bioorg Chem 2019; 91:103137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
5
|
Salehi B, Kumar NVA, Şener B, Sharifi-Rad M, Kılıç M, Mahady GB, Vlaisavljevic S, Iriti M, Kobarfard F, Setzer WN, Ayatollahi SA, Ata A, Sharifi-Rad J. Medicinal Plants Used in the Treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1459. [PMID: 29757986 PMCID: PMC5983620 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the beginning of the epidemic, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has infected around 70 million people worldwide, most of whom reside is sub-Saharan Africa. There have been very promising developments in the treatment of HIV with anti-retroviral drug cocktails. However, drug resistance to anti-HIV drugs is emerging, and many people infected with HIV have adverse reactions or do not have ready access to currently available HIV chemotherapies. Thus, there is a need to discover new anti-HIV agents to supplement our current arsenal of anti-HIV drugs and to provide therapeutic options for populations with limited resources or access to currently efficacious chemotherapies. Plant-derived natural products continue to serve as a reservoir for the discovery of new medicines, including anti-HIV agents. This review presents a survey of plants that have shown anti-HIV activity, both in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bahare Salehi
- Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 88777539 Tehran, Iran.
- Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 22439789 Tehran, Iran.
| | - Nanjangud V Anil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal University, Manipal 576104, India.
| | - Bilge Şener
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, 06330 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Mehdi Sharifi-Rad
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, 61663-335 Zabol, Iran.
| | - Mehtap Kılıç
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, 06330 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Gail B Mahady
- PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centre for Traditional Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Sanja Vlaisavljevic
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Marcello Iriti
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Milan State University, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Farzad Kobarfard
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 11369 Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 11369 Tehran, Iran.
| | - William N Setzer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA.
| | - Seyed Abdulmajid Ayatollahi
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 11369 Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 11369 Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Chemistry, Richardson College for the Environmental Science Complex, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2G3, Canada.
| | - Athar Ata
- Department of Chemistry, Richardson College for the Environmental Science Complex, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2G3, Canada.
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 11369 Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Chemistry, Richardson College for the Environmental Science Complex, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2G3, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bekut M, Brkić S, Kladar N, Dragović G, Gavarić N, Božin B. Potential of selected Lamiaceae plants in anti(retro)viral therapy. Pharmacol Res 2017; 133:301-314. [PMID: 29258916 PMCID: PMC7129285 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Constant search for new drugs with antiviral properties often extends to products of natural origin. Lamiaceae is one of the most important herbal families, well known for various biological and medicinal effects of a variety of aromatic spices, including thyme, mint, oregano, basil, sage, savory, rosemary, self-heal, hyssop, lemon balm and many others. The paper provides a review of antiviral potential of previously mentioned plants which has been demonstrated so far, with special emphasis on anti-HIV properties. Relevant articles were compiled by searching plant names combined with keywords describing antiviral activity. The antiviral effect is direct, with prominent activity against enveloped viral species. Initial stages of the viral life cycle are the most affected, as these plants appear to be targeting mainly viral structures responsible for attachment to target cells. In case of HIV, there is some activity against key enzymes in the viral life cycle. Even in the case of drug resistance, there is an equal susceptibility to applied herbal preparations. Some in vivo experiments suggest that use of Lamiaceae representatives could help in prevention and treatment of some viral diseases. A possible reduction of side effects of diseases and conventional drug therapy are also some aspects worth further investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maja Bekut
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Snežana Brkić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; Clinical Centre of Vojvodina, Clinic for Infectious Diseases, Hajduk Veljkova 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nebojša Kladar
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Gordana Dragović
- University of Belgrade, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dr Subotica 1/III, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Neda Gavarić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Biljana Božin
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Angelova VT, Valcheva V, Pencheva T, Voynikov Y, Vassilev N, Mihaylova R, Momekov G, Shivachev B. Synthesis, antimycobacterial activity and docking study of 2-aroyl-[1]benzopyrano[4,3-c]pyrazol-4(1H)-one derivatives and related hydrazide-hydrazones. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:2996-3002. [PMID: 28512022 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A new convenient method for preparation of 2-aroyl-[1]benzopyrano[4,3-c]pyrazol-4(1H)-one derivatives 5b-g and coumarin containing hydrazide-hydrazone analogues 4a-e was presented. The antimycobacterial activity against reference strain Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv and cytotoxicity against the human embryonic kidney cell line HEK-293 were tested in vitro. All compounds demonstrated significant minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) ranging 0.28-1.69μM, which were comparable to those of isoniazid. The cytotoxicity (IC50>200µM) to the "normal cell" model HEK-293T exhibited by 2-aroyl-[1]benzopyrano[4,3-c]pyrazol-4(1H)-one derivatives 5b-e, was noticeably milder compared to that of their hydrazone analogues 4a-e (IC50 33-403µM). Molecular docking studies on compounds 4a-e and 5b-g were also carried out to investigate their binding to the 2-trans-enoyl-ACP reductase (InhA) enzyme involved in M. tuberculosis cell wall biogenesis. The binding model suggested one or more hydrogen bonding and/or arene-H or arene-arene interactions between hydrazones or pyrazole-fused coumarin derivatives and InhA enzyme for all synthesized compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Violina T Angelova
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 2 Dunav Str., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Violeta Valcheva
- "Stefan Angelov" Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 26 Acad. G. Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Tania Pencheva
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 105 Acad. G. Bonchev Str, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Yulian Voynikov
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 2 Dunav Str., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Nikolay Vassilev
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Rositsa Mihaylova
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 2 Dunav Str., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Georgi Momekov
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 2 Dunav Str., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Boris Shivachev
- Institute of Mineralogy and Crystallography, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 107 Acad. G. Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sharma M, Sandhir R, Singh A, Kumar P, Mishra A, Jachak S, Singh SP, Singh J, Roy J. Comparative Analysis of Phenolic Compound Characterization and Their Biosynthesis Genes between Two Diverse Bread Wheat ( Triticum aestivum) Varieties Differing for Chapatti (Unleavened Flat Bread) Quality. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1870. [PMID: 28018403 PMCID: PMC5156688 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds (PCs) affect the bread quality and can also affect the other types of end-use food products such as chapatti (unleavened flat bread), now globally recognized wheat-based food product. The detailed analysis of PCs and their biosynthesis genes in diverse bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) varieties differing for chapatti quality have not been studied. In this study, the identification and quantification of PCs using UPLC-QTOF-MS and/or MS/MS and functional genomics techniques such as microarrays and qRT-PCR of their biosynthesis genes have been studied in a good chapatti variety, "C 306" and a poor chapatti variety, "Sonalika." About 80% (69/87) of plant phenolic compounds were tentatively identified in these varieties. Nine PCs (hinokinin, coutaric acid, fertaric acid, p-coumaroylqunic acid, kaempferide, isorhamnetin, epigallocatechin gallate, methyl isoorientin-2'-O-rhamnoside, and cyanidin-3-rutinoside) were identified only in the good chapatti variety and four PCs (tricin, apigenindin, quercetin-3-O-glucuronide, and myricetin-3-glucoside) in the poor chapatti variety. Therefore, about 20% of the identified PCs are unique to each other and may be "variety or genotype" specific PCs. Fourteen PCs used for quantification showed high variation between the varieties. The microarray data of 44 phenolic compound biosynthesis genes and 17 of them on qRT-PCR showed variation in expression level during seed development and majority of them showed low expression in the good chapatti variety. The expression pattern in the good chapatti variety was largely in agreement with that of phenolic compounds. The level of variation of 12 genes was high between the good and poor chapatti quality varieties and has potential in development of markers. The information generated in this study can be extended onto a larger germplasm set for development of molecular markers using QTL and/or association mapping approaches for their application in wheat breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Sharma
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology InstituteMohali, India
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab UniversityChandigarh, India
| | - Rajat Sandhir
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab UniversityChandigarh, India
- *Correspondence: Rajat Sandhir
| | | | - Pankaj Kumar
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology InstituteMohali, India
| | - Ankita Mishra
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology InstituteMohali, India
| | - Sanjay Jachak
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and ResearchMohali, India
| | | | - Jagdeep Singh
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology InstituteMohali, India
| | - Joy Roy
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology InstituteMohali, India
- Joy Roy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
|
10
|
Sherif MH, Yossef AM. Synthesis and anticancer evaluation of some fused coumarino-[4,3-d]-pyrimidine derivatives. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-013-1199-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
11
|
Momin MIK, Koorbanally N, Ramjugernath D, Bala MD. 6-Hydroxy-2 H-1,3-benzodioxole-5-carbaldehyde. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2011; 67:o2681. [PMID: 22064802 PMCID: PMC3201492 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536811037019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
12
|
Hwang KJ, Cho KJ, Jung NG, Song CH, O KJ, Kim BT. Synthesis of Cinnamic Acid-Derived Phenethyl Carbamates and Their Radical Scavenging Ability toward DPPH Free Radicals. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY-DAEHAN HWAHAK HOE JEE 2011. [DOI: 10.5012/jkcs.2011.55.1.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
13
|
Zhang H, Liao YH, Yuan WC, Zhang XM. Organocatalytic Enantioselective Friedel-Crafts Alkylation of Sesamol with Nitro Olefins. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201000271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
14
|
Marchand C, Maddali K, Métifiot M, Pommier Y. HIV-1 IN inhibitors: 2010 update and perspectives. Curr Top Med Chem 2010; 9:1016-37. [PMID: 19747122 DOI: 10.2174/156802609789630910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2009] [Accepted: 06/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Integrase (IN) is the newest validated target against AIDS and retroviral infections. The remarkable activity of raltegravir (Isentress((R))) led to its rapid approval by the FDA in 2007 as the first IN inhibitor. Several other IN strand transfer inhibitors (STIs) are in development with the primary goal to overcome resistance due to the rapid occurrence of IN mutations in raltegravir-treated patients. Thus, many scientists and drug companies are actively pursuing clinically useful IN inhibitors. The objective of this review is to provide an update on the IN inhibitors reported in the last two years, including second generation STI, recently developed hydroxylated aromatics, natural products, peptide, antibody and oligonucleotide inhibitors. Additionally, the targeting of IN cofactors such as LEDGF and Vpr will be discussed as novel strategies for the treatment of AIDS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Marchand
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Most of the studies investigating inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus integration have focused on blocking the enzymatic functions of HIV integrase, with the predominant judgment that integration inhibitors need to block at least one of the integrase-catalyzed reactions. Recent studies, however, have highlighted the importance of other proteins and their contacts with integrase in the preintegration complex, and their involvement in chromosomal integration of the viral DNA. RECENT FINDINGS Promising results of clinical trials for two new integrase inhibitors were announced recently, providing the proof of the concept for using HIV-1 integrase inhibitors as antiretroviral therapy. Two strategies are currently employed for the development of novel inhibitors of HIV integrase: synthesis of hybrid molecules comprising core structures of two or more known inhibitors, and three-dimensional pharmacophore searches based on previously discovered compounds. By highlighting the role of the cellular cofactor LEDGF/p75 in HIV integration, novel approaches are indicated that aim to develop compounds altering contact between HIV integrase and integration cofactors. SUMMARY By the discovery of novel inhibitors and targets for HIV integration, coupled with recent studies in characterizing preintegration complex formation, new insight is provided for the rational design of anti-HIV integration inhibitors.
Collapse
|
16
|
Grygierczyk G, Sajewicz M, Staszek D, Wojtal Ł, Waksmundzka-Hajnos M, Kowalska T. TLC-Based Start-to-End Method of Analysis of Selected Biologically Active Compounds Contained in Common Sage (Salvia officinalis L.). J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070902854607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dorota Staszek
- a Institute of Chemistry , Silesian University , Katowice, Poland
| | - Łukasz Wojtal
- a Institute of Chemistry , Silesian University , Katowice, Poland
| | | | - Teresa Kowalska
- a Institute of Chemistry , Silesian University , Katowice, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Synthesis and antiviral properties of some polyphenols related to Salvia genus. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:4736-40. [PMID: 18674899 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2008] [Revised: 06/17/2008] [Accepted: 06/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
An efficient synthesis of the acid part of salvianolic acid E 2 is described. Compound 2 was obtained from vanillin in 10 steps and 21% overall yield. During the synthesis of 2 an unexpected 5-oxo-4b,9b-dihydroindano[1,2-b]benzofuran rac-12 was isolated. Both compounds together with the acid part of salvianolic acid D were active as HIV-1 integrase inhibitors at the submicromolar level. But they did not inhibit the replication of the virus on MT-4 cells.
Collapse
|
18
|
Dayam R, Gundla R, Al-Mawsawi LQ, Neamati N. HIV-1 integrase inhibitors: 2005-2006 update. Med Res Rev 2008; 28:118-54. [PMID: 17979144 DOI: 10.1002/med.20116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 integrase (IN) catalyzes the integration of proviral DNA into the host genome, an essential step for viral replication. Inhibition of IN catalytic activity provides an attractive strategy for antiretroviral drug design. Currently two IN inhibitors, MK-0518 and GS-9137, are in advanced stages of human clinical trials. The IN inhibitors in clinical evaluation demonstrate excellent antiretroviral efficacy alone or in combination regimens as compared to previously used clinical antiretroviral agents in naive and treatment-experienced HIV-1 infected patients. However, the emergence of viral strains resistant to clinically studied IN inhibitors and the dynamic nature of the HIV-1 genome demand a continued effort toward the discovery of novel inhibitors to keep a therapeutic advantage over the virus. Continued efforts in the field have resulted in the discovery of compounds from diverse chemical classes. In this review, we provide a comprehensive report of all IN inhibitors discovered in the years 2005 and 2006.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raveendra Dayam
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Schnitzler P, Nolkemper S, Stintzing FC, Reichling J. Comparative in vitro study on the anti-herpetic effect of phytochemically characterized aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Salvia officinalis grown at two different locations. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 15:62-70. [PMID: 18068963 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2007.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Salvia officinalis (Lamiaceae) from two different locations (Garden and Swabian Mountains) were examined in vitro on RC-37 cells for their antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) using a plaque reduction assay. The 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of the extracts for HSV plaque formation were determined in dose-response studies. All extracts tested revealed a high virucidal activity against free HSV-1 and HSV-2. The experimental data exhibited a significant higher sensitivity of HSV against the extracts derived from Garden in comparison with those from Swabian Mountains. The most active one was the Garden 20% ethanol extract with IC50 values of 0.18 microg/ml for HSV-1 and 0.04 microg/ml for HSV-2. In order to identify the mode of antiviral action, the extracts were added to the host cells (RC-37) or viruses at different stages of infection. Independently of the location, both types of herpes viruses were considerably inactivated after treatment with the extracts prior to cell infection. Plaque formation was significantly reduced by >90% for HSV-1 and by >99% for HSV-2. Pretreatment of the host cells with both Garden and Swabian Mountains 20% and 40% ethanolic extracts prior to virus infection revealed a strong reduction of HSV-2 plaque formation by 94% and 70% (Garden) and 99% and 45% (Swabian Mountains), respectively. In time-activity studies with free HSV-1 over a period of 2h, a clearly time-dependent activity was demonstrated whereby the ethanolic extracts of both locations revealed a much higher activity than the aqueous ones. The 20% ethanolic extracts of both locations are of special interest and were effective when added to host cells and free virus. A topical application with a dual mode of action would be ideal against recurrent herpes infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Schnitzler
- Department of Virology, Hygiene Institute, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ben Hameda A, Gajdoová D, Havel J. Analysis ofSalvia officinalis plant extracts by capillary electrophoresis. J Sep Sci 2006; 29:1188-92. [PMID: 16830735 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200500401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Salvia officinalis (commonly called Sage) and similar plants contain many compounds of pharmaceutical interest and are used as a tea or in various pharmaceutical products. In this work, the use of CE for analysis of aqueous or ethanolic extracts from various Salvia plants has been studied. Especially, several buffers like borate, phosphate, acetate, etc., were examined under different concentrations, pH, separation voltage, injection time, and other parameters to find the optimal separation conditions. The optimization was also performed using experimental design and artificial neural networks. The optimal conditions were: separation voltage +20 kV, 40 mM buffer borate, pH 9.2, injection time 5 s, and UV detection at 280 nm. A new CE method has been developed, validated, and applied to analyze samples of S. officinalis from various countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azdeen Ben Hameda
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|