1
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Singh S, Gleason CE, Fang M, Laimon YN, Khivansara V, Xie S, Durmaz YT, Sarkar A, Ngo K, Savla V, Li Y, Abu-Remaileh M, Li X, Tuladhar B, Odeh R, Hamkins-Indik F, He D, Membreno MW, Nosrati M, Gushwa NN, Leung SSF, Fraga-Walton B, Hernandez L, Baldomero MP, Lent BM, Spellmeyer D, Luna JF, Hoang D, Gritsenko Y, Chand M, DeMart MK, Metobo S, Bhatt C, Shapiro JA, Yang K, Dupper NJ, Bockus AT, Doench JG, Aggen JB, Liu LF, Levin B, Wang EW, Vendrell I, Fischer R, Kessler B, Gokhale PC, Signoretti S, Spektor A, Kreatsoulas C, Singh R, Earp DJ, Garcia PD, Nijhawan D, Oser MG. Cyclin A/B RxL Macrocyclic Inhibitors to Treat Cancers with High E2F Activity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.08.01.605889. [PMID: 39211113 PMCID: PMC11360997 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.01.605889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Cancer cell proliferation requires precise control of E2F1 activity; excess activity promotes apoptosis. Here, we developed cell-permeable and bioavailable macrocycles that selectively kill small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells with inherent high E2F1 activity by blocking RxL-mediated interactions of cyclin A and cyclin B with select substrates. Genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 knockout and random mutagenesis screens found that cyclin A/B RxL macrocyclic inhibitors (cyclin A/Bi) induced apoptosis paradoxically by cyclin B- and Cdk2-dependent spindle assembly checkpoint activation (SAC). Mechanistically, cyclin A/Bi hyperactivate E2F1 and cyclin B by blocking their RxL-interactions with cyclin A and Myt1, respectively, ultimately leading to SAC activation and mitotic cell death. Base editor screens identified cyclin B variants that confer cyclin A/Bi resistance including several variants that disrupted cyclin B:Cdk interactions. Unexpectedly but consistent with our base editor and knockout screens, cyclin A/Bi induced the formation of neo-morphic Cdk2-cyclin B complexes that promote SAC activation and apoptosis. Finally, orally-bioavailable cyclin A/Bi robustly inhibited tumor growth in chemotherapy-resistant patient-derived xenograft models of SCLC. This work uncovers gain-of-function mechanisms by which cyclin A/Bi induce apoptosis in cancers with high E2F activity, and suggests cyclin A/Bi as a therapeutic strategy for SCLC and other cancers driven by high E2F activity.
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2
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Hayward D, Beekman AM. Strategies for converting turn-motif and cyclic peptides to small molecules for targeting protein-protein interactions. RSC Chem Biol 2024; 5:198-208. [PMID: 38456035 PMCID: PMC10915966 DOI: 10.1039/d3cb00222e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of small molecules that interact with protein-protein interactions is an ongoing challenge. Peptides offer a starting point in the drug discovery process for targeting protein-interactions due to their larger, more flexible structure and the structurally diverse properties that allow for a greater interaction with the protein. The techniques for rapidly identifying potent cyclic peptides and turn-motif peptides are highly effective, but this potential has not yet transferred to approved drug candidates. By applying the properties of the peptide-protein interaction the development of small molecules for drug discovery has the potential to be more efficient. In this review, we discuss the methods that allow for the unique binding properties of peptides to proteins, and the methods deployed to transfer these qualities to potent small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanne Hayward
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park Norwich Norfolk NR47TJ UK
| | - Andrew M Beekman
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park Norwich Norfolk NR47TJ UK
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3
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Zeng P, Wang BY, He R, Liang J, Yang ZY, Xia ZX, Wang QD. Single-Pulse Shock Tube Pyrolysis Study of RP-3 Jet Fuel and Kinetic Modeling. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:11039-11047. [PMID: 34056257 PMCID: PMC8153903 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A single-pulse shock tube study of the pyrolysis of two different concentrations of Chinese RP-3 jet fuel at 5 bar in the temperature range of 900-1800 K has been performed in this work. Major intermediates are obtained and quantified using gas chromatography analysis. A flame-ionization detector and a thermal conductivity detector are used for species identification and quantification. Ethylene is the most abundant product in the pyrolysis process. Other important intermediates such as methane, ethane, propyne, acetylene, butene, and benzene are also identified and quantified. Kinetic modeling is performed using several detailed, semidetailed, and lumped mechanisms. It is found that the predictions for the major species such as ethylene, propene, and methane are acceptable. However, current kinetic mechanisms still need refinement for some important species. Different kinetic mechanisms exhibit very different performance in the prediction of certain species during the pyrolysis process. The rate of production (ROP) is carried out to compare the differences among these mechanisms and to identify major reaction pathways to the formation and consumption of the important species, and the results indicate that further studies on the thermal decomposition of 1,3-butadiene are needed to optimize kinetic models. The experimental data are expected to contribute to a database for the validation of mechanisms under pyrolytic conditions for RP-3 jet fuel and should also be valuable to a better understanding of the combustion behavior of RP-3 jet fuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zeng
- Aviation
Fuel and Chemical Airworthiness Certification Centre of CAAC, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bi-Yao Wang
- Aviation
Fuel and Chemical Airworthiness Certification Centre of CAAC, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruining He
- School
of Environmental and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinhu Liang
- School
of Environmental and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, People’s Republic of China
- E-mail:
| | - Zhi-Yuan Yang
- Aviation
Fuel and Chemical Airworthiness Certification Centre of CAAC, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zu-Xi Xia
- Aviation
Fuel and Chemical Airworthiness Certification Centre of CAAC, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Quan-De Wang
- Low
Carbon Energy Institute and School of Chemical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221008, People’s Republic of China
- E-mail:
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4
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Kawai K, Karuo Y, Tarui A, Sato K, Omote M. Effect of Structural Descriptors on the Design of Cyclin Dependent Kinase Inhibitors Using Similarity‐based Molecular Evolution. Mol Inform 2020; 39:e1900126. [DOI: 10.1002/minf.201900126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Kawai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesSetsunan University 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata Osaka 573-0101 Japan
| | - Yukiko Karuo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesSetsunan University 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata Osaka 573-0101 Japan
| | - Atsushi Tarui
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesSetsunan University 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata Osaka 573-0101 Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Sato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesSetsunan University 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata Osaka 573-0101 Japan
| | - Masaaki Omote
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesSetsunan University 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata Osaka 573-0101 Japan
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5
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Mahajan P, Chashoo G, Gupta M, Kumar A, Singh PP, Nargotra A. Fusion of Structure and Ligand Based Methods for Identification of Novel CDK2 Inhibitors. J Chem Inf Model 2017; 57:1957-1969. [PMID: 28723151 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.7b00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin dependent kinases play a central role in cell cycle regulation which makes them a promising target with multifarious therapeutic potential. CDK2 regulates various events of the eukaryotic cell division cycle, and the pharmacological evidence indicates that overexpression of CDK2 causes abnormal cell-cycle regulation, which is directly associated with hyperproliferation of cancer cells. Therefore, CDK2 is regarded as a potential target molecule for anticancer medication. Thus, to decline CDK2 activity by potential lead compounds has proved to be an effective treatment for cancer. The availability of a large number of X-ray crystal structures and known inhibitors of CDK2 provides a gateway to perform efficient computational studies on this target. With the aim to identify new chemical entities from commercial libraries, with increased inhibitory potency for CDK2, ligand and structure based computational drug designing approaches were applied. A druglike library of 50,000 compounds from ChemDiv and ChemBridge databases was screened against CDK2, and 110 compounds were identified using the parallel application of these models. On in vitro evaluation of 40 compounds, seven compounds were found to have more than 50% inhibition at 10 μM. MD studies of the hits revealed the stability of these inhibitors and pivotal role of Glu81 and Leu83 for binding with CDK2. The overall study resulted in the identification of four new chemical entities possessing CDK2 inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Mahajan
- Discovery Informatics, ‡Cancer Pharmacology, §Medicinal Chemistry, and ∥Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Gousia Chashoo
- Discovery Informatics, ‡Cancer Pharmacology, §Medicinal Chemistry, and ∥Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Monika Gupta
- Discovery Informatics, ‡Cancer Pharmacology, §Medicinal Chemistry, and ∥Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Discovery Informatics, ‡Cancer Pharmacology, §Medicinal Chemistry, and ∥Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Parvinder Pal Singh
- Discovery Informatics, ‡Cancer Pharmacology, §Medicinal Chemistry, and ∥Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Amit Nargotra
- Discovery Informatics, ‡Cancer Pharmacology, §Medicinal Chemistry, and ∥Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
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6
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Abstract
Nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds and their derivatives have historically been invaluable as a source of therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anam Ansari
- Steroid Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Aligarh Muslim University
- Aligarh 202 002
- India
| | - Abad Ali
- Steroid Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Aligarh Muslim University
- Aligarh 202 002
- India
| | - Mohd Asif
- Steroid Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Aligarh Muslim University
- Aligarh 202 002
- India
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7
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Premnath PN, Craig SN, Liu S, McInnes C. Benzamide capped peptidomimetics as non-ATP competitive inhibitors of CDK2 using the REPLACE strategy. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:3754-60. [PMID: 27297568 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.05.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of cyclin dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) in complex with cyclin A in G1/S phase of the cell cycle has been shown to promote selective apoptosis of cancer cells through the E2F1 pathway. An alternative approach to catalytic inhibition is to target the substrate recruitment site also known as the cyclin binding groove (CBG) to generate selective non-ATP competitive inhibitors. The REPLACE strategy has been applied to identify fragment alternatives and substituted benzoic acid derivatives were evaluated as a promising scaffold to present appropriate functionality to mimic key peptide determinants. Fragment Ligated Inhibitory Peptides (FLIPs) are described which potently inhibit both CDK2/cyclin A and CDK4/cyclin D1 and have preliminary anti-tumor activity. A structural rationale for binding was obtained through molecular modeling further demonstrating their potential for further development as next generation non ATP competitive CDK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmavathy Nandha Premnath
- Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
| | - Sandra N Craig
- Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Shu Liu
- Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
| | - Campbell McInnes
- Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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8
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Xu X, Yao Q. Scaffold Hopping Approach to a New Series of Pyridine Derivatives as Potent Inhibitors of CDK2. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2016; 349:224-31. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201500335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Yancheng Teachers University; Yancheng China
| | - Qizheng Yao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
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9
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Design strategies, structure activity relationship and mechanistic insights for purines as kinase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 112:298-346. [PMID: 26907156 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Kinases control a diverse set of cellular processes comprising of reversible phosphorylation of proteins. Protein kinases play a pivotal role in human tumor cell proliferation, migration and survival of neoplasia. In the recent past, purine based molecules have emerged as significantly potent kinase inhibitors. In view of their promising potential for the inhibition of kinases, this review article focuses on purines which have progressed as kinase inhibitors during the last five years. A detailed account of the design strategies employed for the synthesis of purine analogs exerting inhibitory effects on diverse kinases has been presented. Apart from presenting the design strategies, the article also highlights the structure activity relationship along with mechanistic insights revealed during the biological evaluation of the purine analogs for kinase inhibition. The interactions with the amino acid residues responsible for kinase inhibitory potential of purine based molecules have also been discussed. In this assemblage, purine based protein kinase inhibitors patented in the past have also been summarized in the tabular form. This compilation will be of great interest for the researchers working in the area of protein kinase inhibitors.
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10
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Premnath PN, Craig SN, Liu S, Anderson EL, Grigoroudis AI, Kontopidis G, Perkins TL, Wyatt MD, Pittman DL, McInnes C. Iterative conversion of cyclin binding groove peptides into druglike CDK inhibitors with antitumor activity. J Med Chem 2014; 58:433-42. [PMID: 25454794 PMCID: PMC4334226 DOI: 10.1021/jm5015023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The cyclin groove is an important
recognition site for substrates
of the cell cycle cyclin dependent kinases and provides an opportunity
for highly selective inhibition of kinase activity through a non-ATP
competitive mechanism. The key peptide residues of the cyclin binding
motif have been studied in order to precisely define the structure–activity
relationship for CDK kinase inhibition. Through this information,
new insights into the interactions of peptide CDK inhibitors with
key subsites of the cyclin binding groove provide for the replacement
of binding determinants with more druglike functionality through REPLACE,
a strategy for the iterative conversion of peptidic blockers of protein–protein
interactions into pharmaceutically relevant compounds. As a result,
REPLACE is further exemplified in combining optimized peptidic sequences
with effective N-terminal capping groups to generate more stable compounds
possessing antitumor activity consistent with on-target inhibition
of cell cycle CDKs. The compounds described here represent prototypes
for a next generation of kinase therapeutics with high efficacy and
kinome selectivity, thus avoiding problems observed with first generation
CDK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmavathy Nandha Premnath
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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11
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Karthiga A, Tripathi SK, Shanmugam R, Suryanarayanan V, Singh SK. Targeting the cyclin-binding groove site to inhibit the catalytic activity of CDK2/cyclin A complex using p27(KIP1)-derived peptidomimetic inhibitors. J Chem Biol 2014; 8:11-24. [PMID: 25584078 DOI: 10.1007/s12154-014-0124-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Functionally activated cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2)/cyclin A complex has been validated as an interesting therapeutic target to develop the efficient antineoplastic drug based on the cell cycle arrest. Cyclin A binds to CDK2 and activates the kinases as well as recruits the substrate and inhibitors using a hydrophobic cyclin-binding groove (CBG). Blocking the cyclin substrate recruitment on CBG is an alternative approach to override the specificity hurdle of the currently available ATP site targeting CDK2 inhibitors. Greater understanding of the interaction of CDK2/cyclin A complex with p27 (negative regulator) reveals that the Leu-Phe-Gly (LFG) motif region of p27 binds with the CBG site of cyclin A to arrest the malignant cell proliferation that induces apoptosis. In the present study, Replacement with Partial Ligand Alternatives through Computational Enrichment (REPLACE) drug design strategies have been applied to acquire LFG peptide-derived peptidomimetics library. The peptidomimetics function is equivalent with respect to substrate p27 protein fashion but does not act as an ATP antagonist. The combined approach of molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD), and molecular electrostatic potential and ADME/T prediction were carried out to evaluate the peptidomimetics. Resultant interaction and electrostatic potential maps suggested that smaller substituent is desirable at the position of phenyl ring to interact with Trp217, Arg250, and Gln254 residues in the active site. The best docked poses were refined by the MD simulations which resulted in conformational changes. After equilibration, the structure of the peptidomimetic and receptor complex was stable. The results revealed that the various substrate protein-derived peptidomimetics could serve as perfect leads against CDK2 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arumugasamy Karthiga
- Computer Aided Drug Designing and Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630 003 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Sunil Kumar Tripathi
- Computer Aided Drug Designing and Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630 003 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Ramasamy Shanmugam
- Department of Chemistry, Thiagarajar College, Madurai, 625009 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Venkatesan Suryanarayanan
- Computer Aided Drug Designing and Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630 003 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Singh
- Computer Aided Drug Designing and Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630 003 Tamil Nadu India
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12
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Chandra, Javaregowda VG, Doreswamy BH, Ningaiah S, Bhadraiah UK, Kemparaju K, Madegowda M. Molecular docking of 1H-pyrazole derivatives to receptor tyrosine kinase and protein kinase for screening potential inhibitors. Bioinformation 2014; 10:413-8. [PMID: 25187680 PMCID: PMC4135288 DOI: 10.6026/97320630010413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase receptor and protein kinases drawn much attention for the scientific fraternity in drug discovery due to its
important role in different cancer, cardiovascular diseases and other hyper-proliferative disorders. Docking studies of pyrazole
derivatives with tyrosine kinase and different serine/threonine protein kinases were employed by using flexible ligand docking
approach of AutoDock 4.2. Among the molecules tested for docking study, 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(3-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1-
phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole (1b), 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-
1,3,4-thiadiazole (1d) and 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(3-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole (2b)
revealed minimum binding energy of -10.09, -8.57 and -10.35 kJ/mol with VEGFR-2 (2QU5), Aurora A (2W1G) and CDK2 (2VTO)
protein targets, respectively. These proteins are representatives of plausible models of interactions with different anticancer agents.
All the ligands were docked deeply within the binding pocket region of all the three proteins, showing reasonable hydrogen bonds.
The docking study results showed that these pyrazole derivatives are potential inhibitor of all the three protein targets; and also all
these docked compounds have good inhibition constant, vdW + Hbond + desolv energy with best RMSD value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra
- Department of Studies in Physics, Manasagangotri, University of Mysore, Mysore- 570006, India
| | - Vishalakshi Gopalapura Javaregowda
- Department of Studies in Physics, Manasagangotri, University of Mysore, Mysore- 570006, India ; Department of Studies in Biochemistry, Manasagangotri, University of Mysore, Mysore- 570006, India
| | | | | | - Umesha K Bhadraiah
- Department of Chemistry, Yuvaraja's College, University of Mysore, Mysore-560005, India
| | - Kempaiah Kemparaju
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, Manasagangotri, University of Mysore, Mysore- 570006, India
| | - Mahendra Madegowda
- Department of Studies in Physics, Manasagangotri, University of Mysore, Mysore- 570006, India
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13
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Sun J, Lv XH, Qiu HY, Wang YT, Du QR, Li DD, Yang YH, Zhu HL. Synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular docking studies of pyrazole derivatives coupling with a thiourea moiety as novel CDKs inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 68:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2013] [Revised: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Liu S, Premnath PN, Bolger JK, Perkins TL, Kirkland LO, Kontopidis G, McInnes C. Optimization of non-ATP competitive CDK/cyclin groove inhibitors through REPLACE-mediated fragment assembly. J Med Chem 2013; 56:1573-82. [PMID: 23323521 DOI: 10.1021/jm3013882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A major challenge in drug discovery is to develop and improve methods for targeting protein-protein interactions. Further exemplification of the REPLACE (REplacement with Partial Ligand Alternatives through Computational Enrichment) strategy for generating inhibitors of protein-protein interactions demonstrated that it can be used to optimize fragment alternatives of key determinants, to combine these in an effective way, and this was achieved for compounds targeting the cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) substrate recruitment site on the cyclin regulatory subunit. Phenylheterocyclic isosteres replacing a critical charge-charge interaction provided new structural insights for binding to the cyclin groove. In particular, these results shed light onto the key contributions of a H-bond observed in crystal structures of N-terminally capped peptides. Furthermore, the structure-activity relationship of a bis(aryl) ether C-terminal capping group mimicking dipeptide interactions was probed through ring substitutions, allowing increased complementarity with the primary hydrophobic pocket. This study further validates REPLACE as an effective strategy for converting peptidic compounds to more pharmaceutically relevant compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Liu
- Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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15
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Huang XF, Lu X, Zhang Y, Song GQ, He QL, Li QS, Yang XH, Wei Y, Zhu HL. Synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular docking studies of N-((1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methyl)aniline derivatives as novel anticancer agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:4895-900. [PMID: 22819191 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of N-((1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methyl)aniline derivatives (5a-8d) have been designed and synthesized, and their biological activities were also evaluated as potential antitumor and cyclin dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) inhibitors. Among all the compounds, compound 5a displayed the most potent CDK2/cyclin E inhibitory activity in vitro, with an IC(50) of 0.98 ± 0.06 μM. Antitumor assays indicated that compound 5a owned high antiproliferative activity against MCF-7 and B16-F10 cancer cell lines with IC(50) values of 1.88 ± 0.11 and 2.12 ± 0.15 μM, respectively. Docking simulation was performed to insert compound 5a into the crystal structure of CDK2 at active site to determine the probable binding model. Based on the preliminary results, compound 5a with potent inhibitory activity in tumor growth may be a potential anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Feng Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, People's Republic of China
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16
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Progress in the Development of Non-ATP-Competitive Protein Kinase Inhibitors for Oncology. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-396492-2.00029-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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17
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Jeon YH, Lee JY, Kim S. Chemical modulators working at pharmacological interface of target proteins. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 20:1893-901. [PMID: 22227462 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
For last few decades, the active site cleft and substrate-binding site of enzymes as well as ligand-binding site of the receptors have served as the main pharmacological space for drug discovery. However, rapid accumulation of proteome and protein network analysis data has opened a new therapeutic space that is the interface between the interacting proteins. Due to the complexity of the interaction modes and the numbers of the participating components, it is still challenging to identify the chemicals that can accurately control the protein-protein interactions at desire. Nonetheless, the number of chemical drugs and candidates working at the interface of the interacting proteins are rapidly increasing. This review addresses the current case studies and state-of-the-arts in the development of small chemical modulators controlling the interactions of the proteins that have pathological implications in various human diseases such as cancer, immune disorders, neurodegenerative and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Ho Jeon
- Korea University College of Pharmacy Sejong-ro, Jochiwon, Yeonggi-gun, Chungnam 339-700, Republic of Korea
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Loughlin WA, Tyndall JDA, Glenn MP, Hill TA, Fairlie DP. Update 1 of: Beta-Strand Mimetics. Chem Rev 2011; 110:PR32-69. [DOI: 10.1021/cr900395y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy A. Loughlin
- School of Science, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia, and Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia This is a Chemical Reviews Perennial Review. The root paper of this title was published in Chem. Rev. 2004, 104 (12), 6085−6117, DOI: 10.1021/cr040648k; Published (Web) Nov. 4, 2004. Updates to the text appear in red type
| | - Joel D. A. Tyndall
- School of Science, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia, and Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia This is a Chemical Reviews Perennial Review. The root paper of this title was published in Chem. Rev. 2004, 104 (12), 6085−6117, DOI: 10.1021/cr040648k; Published (Web) Nov. 4, 2004. Updates to the text appear in red type
| | - Matthew P. Glenn
- School of Science, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia, and Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia This is a Chemical Reviews Perennial Review. The root paper of this title was published in Chem. Rev. 2004, 104 (12), 6085−6117, DOI: 10.1021/cr040648k; Published (Web) Nov. 4, 2004. Updates to the text appear in red type
| | - Timothy A. Hill
- School of Science, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia, and Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia This is a Chemical Reviews Perennial Review. The root paper of this title was published in Chem. Rev. 2004, 104 (12), 6085−6117, DOI: 10.1021/cr040648k; Published (Web) Nov. 4, 2004. Updates to the text appear in red type
| | - David P. Fairlie
- School of Science, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia, and Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia This is a Chemical Reviews Perennial Review. The root paper of this title was published in Chem. Rev. 2004, 104 (12), 6085−6117, DOI: 10.1021/cr040648k; Published (Web) Nov. 4, 2004. Updates to the text appear in red type
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Liu S, Bolger JK, Kirkland LO, Premnath PN, McInnes C. Structural and functional analysis of cyclin D1 reveals p27 and substrate inhibitor binding requirements. ACS Chem Biol 2010; 5:1169-82. [PMID: 20843055 DOI: 10.1021/cb1001262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
An alternative strategy for inhibition of the cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs) in antitumor drug discovery is afforded through the substrate recruitment site on the cyclin positive regulatory subunit. Critical CDK substrates such as the Rb and E2F families must undergo cyclin groove binding before phosphorylation, and hence inhibitors of this interaction also block substrate specific kinase activity. This approach offers the potential to generate highly selective and cell cycle specific CDK inhibitors and to reduce the inhibition of transcription mediated through CDK7 and 9, commonly observed with ATP competitive compounds. While highly potent peptide and small molecule inhibitors of CDK2/cyclin A, E substrate recruitment have been reported, little information has been generated on the determinants of inhibitor binding to the cyclin groove of the CDK4/cyclin D1 complex. CDK4/cyclin D is a validated anticancer drug target and continues to be widely pursued in the development of new therapeutics based on cell cycle blockade. We have therefore investigated the structural basis for peptide binding to its cyclin groove and have examined the features contributing to potency and selectivity of inhibitors. Peptidic inhibitors of CDK4/cyclin D of pRb phosphorylation have been synthesized, and their complexes with CDK4/cyclin D1 crystal structures have been generated. Based on available structural information, comparisons of the cyclin grooves of cyclin A2 and D1 are presented and provide insights into the determinants for peptide binding and the basis for differential binding and inhibition. In addition, a complex structure has been generated in order to model the interactions of the CDKI, p27(KIP)¹, with cyclin D1. This information has been used to shed light onto the endogenous inhibition of CDK4 and also to identify unique aspects of cyclin D1 that can be exploited in the design of cyclin groove based CDK inhibitors. Peptidic and nonpeptidic compounds have been synthesized in order to explore structure-activity relationship for binding to the cyclin D1 groove, which to date has not been carried out in a systematic fashion. Collectively, the data presented provide new insights into how compounds can be developed that function as chemical biology probes to determine the cellular and antitumor effects of CDK inhibition. Furthermore, such compounds will serve as templates for structure-guided efforts to develop potential therapeutics based on selective inhibition of CDK4/cyclin D activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Liu
- Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Joshua K. Bolger
- Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Lindsay O. Kirkland
- Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Padmavathy N. Premnath
- Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Campbell McInnes
- Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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Hamad Elgazwy ASS, Ismail NS, Elzahabi HS. A convenient synthesis and molecular modeling study of novel purine and pyrimidine derivatives as CDK2/cyclin A3 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:7639-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2010] [Revised: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Galons H, Oumata N, Meijer L. Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors: a survey of recent patent literature. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2010; 20:377-404. [PMID: 20180621 DOI: 10.1517/13543770903524284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Abnormalities in protein phosphorylation by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) have been observed in numerous major human diseases, which has strongly encouraged the search for pharmacological inhibitors. Almost 10 years after the first compounds entered clinical studies, numerous CDK inhibitors with differing selectivity profiles are now undergoing preclinical and clinical evaluation. Nevertheless, these intensive searches have not yet resulted in drug approvals. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This paper reviews patent activity associated with these efforts during the 2005 - 2008 period. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Readers will rapidly obtain an overview of the majority of CDK inhibitor scaffolds; they will discover which companies are the main players in the field and acquire information on products that have reached the clinical phases. TAKE HOME MESSAGE In most cases, applications have been claimed in the field of cancer; however, potential applications of CDK inhibitors in other therapeutic areas are regularly reported and could herald therapeutic introduction over the next few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Galons
- INSERM U648, Université Paris Descartes, 4 avenue de l'observatoire, 75006 Paris, France.
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Kontopidis G, Andrews MJ, McInnes C, Plater A, Innes L, Renachowski S, Cowan A, Fischer PM. Truncation and optimisation of peptide inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinase 2-cyclin a through structure-guided design. ChemMedChem 2009; 4:1120-8. [PMID: 19472269 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200900093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Peptides that inhibit cyclin-dependent kinase 2 by blocking the macromolecular substrate recruitment site of cyclin A were simplified, for example, by replacement of dipeptide units with beta-amino acids. The smallest inhibitor retaining activity was a tripeptide, whose binding mode was confirmed by X-ray crystallography. This result suggests that nonpeptidic cyclin groove inhibitors may be feasible therapeutic agents.The cyclin-dependent kinase 2-cyclin A complex is an important regulator of the DNA-synthesis phase of the mammalian cell cycle, which is frequently deregulated in cancer. Rather than blocking the ATP-binding site of the apparently redundant kinase subunit, targeting the binding site for macromolecular substrates and regulatory proteins of cyclin A represents a promising strategy to enforce tumour-selective apoptosis. The cyclin-binding groove can be blocked with comparatively small synthetic peptides, which indirectly leads to inhibition of kinase function, but these peptides are metabolically labile and membrane impermeable. As part of our ongoing effort to develop more druglike peptidomimetics derived from cyclin-groove-binding peptides, we report the results of our studies aimed at a detailed understanding of the structural determinants required for effective binding. Using a combination of peptide synthesis, biochemical assays and X-ray crystallography, we show that it is possible to simplify peptide structures through the replacement of dipeptide units in which one of the residues is not directly involved in binding, through the introduction of beta-amino acid residues that retain only the dipeptide residue side chain that is important for binding. This approach also allowed us to probe spatial constraints in general, as well as the importance of peptide backbone hydrogen-bonding functions. Our identification of potent beta-homoleucine-containing tetrapeptide inhibitors, as well as the finding that an optimised N-terminally acetylated tripeptide retains some cyclin A-binding affinity, suggest that the pharmacological targeting of the cyclin A binding groove may be feasible.
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Smyth LA, Collins I. Measuring and interpreting the selectivity of protein kinase inhibitors. J Chem Biol 2009; 2:131-51. [PMID: 19568781 PMCID: PMC2725273 DOI: 10.1007/s12154-009-0023-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Revised: 05/08/2009] [Accepted: 05/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase inhibitors are a well-established class of clinically useful drugs, particularly for the treatment of cancer. Achieving inhibitor selectivity for particular protein kinases often remains a significant challenge in the development of new small molecules as drugs or as tools for chemical biology research. This review summarises the methodologies available for measuring kinase inhibitor selectivity, both in vitro and in cells. The interpretation of kinase inhibitor selectivity data is discussed, particularly with reference to the structural biology of the protein targets. Measurement and prediction of kinase inhibitor selectivity will be important for the development of new multi-targeted kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynette A Smyth
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK,
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Kirkland LO, McInnes C. Non-ATP competitive protein kinase inhibitors as anti-tumor therapeutics. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 77:1561-71. [PMID: 19167366 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Revised: 12/12/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Alternative approaches for inhibitor development in targeting sites other than the ATP cleft are increasingly being pursued in the search for new therapeutics based on inhibition of protein kinases. While recently approved kinase inhibitor drugs offer benefit in cancer treatment, further advances are required to affect tumor selective cell killing, avoid off-target related toxicities and improve survival rates. Protein-protein interactions involved in kinase regulation and substrate recognition as well as exploiting allosteric pockets, offer the potential for selectivity and avoid decreased efficacy as a result of competition with high intracellular ATP concentrations. We discuss several preliminary examples where regulatory and substrate binding sites present potential druggable interfaces. These include the cell cycle targets which are the cyclin-dependent and polo-like kinases among several others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay O Kirkland
- Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Coker Life Science 109, 715 Sumter St, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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Abstract
We set out to analyze the fundamental biological differences between AAV2 and AAV8 that may contribute to their different performances in vivo. High-throughput protein interaction screens were used to identify binding partners for each serotype. Of the >8,000 proteins probed, 115 and 134 proteins were identified that interact with AAV2 and AAV8, respectively. Notably, 76 of these protein interactions were shared between the two serotypes. CDK2/cyclinA kinase was identified as a binding partner for both serotypes in the screen. Subsequent analysis confirmed direct binding of CDK2/cyclinA by AAV2 and AAV8. Inhibition of CDK2/cyclinA resulted in increased levels of vector transduction. Biophysical study of vector particle stability and genome uncoating demonstrated slightly greater thermostability for AAV8 than for AAV2. Heat-induced genome uncoating occurred at the same temperature as particle degradation, suggesting that these two processes may be intrinsically related for adeno-associated virus (AAV). Together, these analyses provide insight into commonalities and divergences in the biology of functionally distinct hepatotropic AAV serotypes.
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Ye YB, Lin JY, Chen Q, Liu F, Chen HJ, Li JY, Liu WQ, Garbay C, Vidal M. The cytotoxicity of a Grb2-SH3 inhibitor in Bcr-Abl positive K562 cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 75:2080-91. [PMID: 18455151 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2007] [Revised: 11/25/2007] [Accepted: 12/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is characterized by the presence of Bcr-Abl oncoprotein. Gleevec has been designed to treat many CML patients by specifically targeting Bcr-Abl, but resistance to it is already apparent in many cases. In CML cells, Bcr-Abl activates several signaling pathways, including the Ras-dependent pathway, in which growth factor receptor binding 2 (Grb2) acts as an adaptor protein. A specific Grb2-SH3 inhibitor (denoted as peptidimer-c) that disrupts Grb2-Sos complex was designed and synthesized in our laboratory. In this study, we investigated the effect and the molecular mechanism of this inhibitor. Peptidimer-c was shown to bind to Grb2 in K562 cells, a cell line over-expressing Bcr-Abl oncoprotein. It caused cytotoxicity in the cells, and inhibited their ability of colony formation in the semi-solid medium. It was shown to induce apoptosis of K562 cells in a dose-dependent mode, the apoptotic effect of peptidimer-c being associated with caspase-3 activation. The effect of peptidimer-c on growth inhibition was also shown to be accompanied by S-phase arrest of cell cycle mediated by down-regulation of cyclin A and Cdk2, as well as phospho-Cdk2. The above results indicated that peptidimer-c may be another potential therapeutic agent for CML, which can induce S-phase arrest in the Bcr-Abl positive K562.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Bin Ye
- Université Paris Descartes, Laboratoire de Pharmacochime Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM U648, 45 Rue des Saints Peres, Paris 75006, France
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Dolle RE, Le Bourdonnec B, Goodman AJ, Morales GA, Salvino JM, Zhang W. Comprehensive survey of chemical libraries for drug discovery and chemical biology: 2006. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 9:855-902. [PMID: 17877417 DOI: 10.1021/cc700111e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roland E Dolle
- Adolor Corporation, 700 Pennsylvania Drive, Exton, Pennsylvania 19341, USA.
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McConnell O, Bach A, Balibar C, Byrne N, Cai Y, Carter G, Chlenov M, Di L, Fan K, Goljer I, He Y, Herold D, Kagan M, Kerns E, Koehn F, Kraml C, Marathias V, Marquez B, McDonald L, Nogle L, Petucci C, Schlingmann G, Tawa G, Tischler M, Williamson RT, Sutherland A, Watts W, Young M, Zhang MY, Zhang Y, Zhou D, Ho D. Enantiomeric separation and determination of absolute stereochemistry of asymmetric molecules in drug discovery—Building chiral technology toolboxes. Chirality 2007; 19:658-82. [PMID: 17390370 DOI: 10.1002/chir.20399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The application of Chiral Technology, or the (extensive) use of techniques or tools for the determination of absolute stereochemistry and the enantiomeric or chiral separation of racemic small molecule potential lead compounds, has been critical to successfully discovering and developing chiral drugs in the pharmaceutical industry. This has been due to the rapid increase over the past 10-15 years in potential drug candidates containing one or more asymmetric centers. Based on the experiences of one pharmaceutical company, a summary of the establishment of a Chiral Technology toolbox, including the implementation of known tools as well as the design, development, and implementation of new Chiral Technology tools, is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver McConnell
- Wyeth Research, Chemical and Screening Sciences, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA.
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