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Yang H, Li GP, Liu Q, Zong SB, Li L, Xu ZL, Zhou J, Cao L, Wang ZZ, Zhang QC, Li M, Fan QR, Hu HF, Xiao W. Neuroprotective effects of Ginkgolide B in focal cerebral ischemia through selective activation of prostaglandin E2 receptor EP4 and the downstream transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor. Phytother Res 2021; 35:2727-2744. [PMID: 33452698 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to identify whether prostaglandin E2 receptor is the potential receptor/binding site for Ginkgolide A, Ginkgolide B, Ginkgolide K, and Bilobalide, the four main ingredients of the Ginkgo biloba L., leaves. Using functional assays, we identified EP4, coupled with Gs protein, as a target of Ginkgolide B. In human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells suffered from oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion, Ginkgolide B-activated PKA, Akt, and ERK1/2 as well as Src-mediated transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor. These resulted in downstream signaling pathways, which enhanced cell survival and inhibited apoptosis. Knockdown of EP4 prevented Ginkgolide B-mediated Src, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Akt, and ERK1/2 phosphorylation and neuroprotective effects. Moreover, Src inhibitor prevented Ginkgolide B-mediated EGFR transactivation and the downstream Akt and ERK1/2 activation, while the phosphorylation of PKA induced by Ginkgolide B was not affected, indicating Ginkgolide B might transactivate EGFR in a ligand-independent manner. EP4 knockdown in a rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model prevented Ginkgolide B-mediated infarct size reduction and neurological assessment improvement. At the same time, the increased expressions of p-Akt, p-ERK1/2, p-PKA, p-Src, and p-EGFR and the deceased expression of cleaved capases-3 induced by Ginkgolide B in cerebral cortex were blocked due to EP4 knockdown. In conclusion, Ginkgolide B exerts neuroprotective effects in rat MCAO model through the activation of EP4 and the downstream transactivation of EGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of New-Tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutic Process, Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, China
| | - Gui-Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of New-Tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutic Process, Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, China
| | - Qiu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of New-Tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutic Process, Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, China
| | - Shao-Bo Zong
- State Key Laboratory of New-Tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutic Process, Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, China
| | - Liang Li
- State Key Laboratory of New-Tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutic Process, Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, China
| | - Zhi-Liang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of New-Tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutic Process, Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of New-Tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutic Process, Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, China
| | - Liang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of New-Tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutic Process, Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, China
| | - Zhen-Zhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of New-Tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutic Process, Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, China
| | - Quan-Chang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of New-Tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutic Process, Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, China
| | - Ming Li
- State Key Laboratory of New-Tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutic Process, Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, China
| | - Qi-Ru Fan
- State Key Laboratory of New-Tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutic Process, Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, China
| | - Han-Fei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of New-Tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutic Process, Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of New-Tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutic Process, Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, China
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2
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Maghsoodlou MT, Hazeri N, Habibi-Khorassani SM, Moeeni Z, Marandi G, Lashkari M, Ghasemzadeh M, Bijanzadeh HR. Water–acetone Media Enforced Chemoselective Synthesis of 2-substituted Pyrrole Stable Phosphorus Ylides from Reaction between Pyrrole and Acetylenic Esters in the Presence of Triphenylphosphine. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.3184/030823407x255560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrole undergoes a smooth reaction with dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates in the presence of triphenylphosphine in a mixture of water–acetone (50:50) as a solvent pathway to produce phosphorus ylides of 2-substituted pyrrole in good yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malek Taher Maghsoodlou
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Sistan & Baluchestan, PO Box 98135-674, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Nourollah Hazeri
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Sistan & Baluchestan, PO Box 98135-674, Zahedan, Iran
| | | | - Zohreh Moeeni
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Sistan & Baluchestan, PO Box 98135-674, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Ghasem Marandi
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Sistan & Baluchestan, PO Box 98135-674, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Lashkari
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Sistan & Baluchestan, PO Box 98135-674, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Marjan Ghasemzadeh
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Sistan & Baluchestan, PO Box 98135-674, Zahedan, Iran
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3
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Shahraki M, Khorassani SMH, Ebrahimi A, Maghsoodlou MT, Paknahad A. Theoretical, Kinetic and Mechanistic Studies of the Reaction between Dialkyl Acetylenedicarboxylates, Triphenylphosphine and Pyrrole in Organic Solvents. PROGRESS IN REACTION KINETICS AND MECHANISM 2012. [DOI: 10.3184/146867812x13481351806737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of the reaction between triphenylphosphine, dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates and pyrrole in dry organic solvents at different temperatures have been studied spectrophotometrically. The observed overall second rate constant ( k2)for reaction decreases with decreasing solvent dielectric constant and media temperature; k2 follows the Arrhenius equation, and the overall reaction is first order in both the dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylate and triphenylphosphine concentrations. The proposed mechanism has been evaluated, and the activation parameters Δ G≠, Δ S≠ and Δ H≠ for the first, rate-determining step, as an elementary reaction have been determined on the basis of Eyring equation. In addition, the Z- and E-isomers have been optimized at HF and B3LYP levels with the 6-311++G** basis set; the more stable is the E-isomer, in agreement with experimental data. Furthermore, to better understand the intramolecular interactions, atoms in molecules (AIM) calculations and natural population analysis (NPA) methods have been carried out. The 1H, 13C, and 31P NMR data of these ylides are consistent with results obtained from theoretical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Shahraki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, PO Box 98135-674, Zahedan, Iran
| | | | - Ali Ebrahimi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, PO Box 98135-674, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Malek Taher Maghsoodlou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, PO Box 98135-674, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Ali Paknahad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, PO Box 98135-674, Zahedan, Iran
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4
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Hall A, Brown SH, Budd C, Clayton NM, Giblin GM, Goldsmith P, Hayhow TG, Hurst DN, Naylor A, Anthony Rawlings D, Scoccitti T, Wilson AW, Winchester WJ. Discovery of GSK345931A: An EP1 receptor antagonist with efficacy in preclinical models of inflammatory pain. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:497-501. [PMID: 19036582 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Revised: 11/10/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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5
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Non-acidic pyrazole EP1 receptor antagonists with in vivo analgesic efficacy. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:3392-9. [PMID: 18462938 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Revised: 04/07/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Hall A, Billinton A, Brown SH, Chowdhury A, Giblin GMP, Goldsmith P, Hurst DN, Naylor A, Patel S, Scoccitti T, Theobald PJ. Discovery of a novel indole series of EP1 receptor antagonists by scaffold hopping. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:2684-90. [PMID: 18378447 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2008] [Revised: 03/04/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We describe the medicinal chemistry approach that generated a novel indole series of EP(1) receptor antagonists. The SAR of this new template was evaluated and culminated in the identification of compound 12g which demonstrated in vivo efficacy in a preclinical model of inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Hall
- Neurology Centre of Excellence for Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline, New Frontiers Science Park, Third Avenue, Harlow, Essex CM19 5AW, United Kingdom.
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7
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Hall A, Bit RA, Brown SH, Chowdhury A, Giblin GM, Hurst DN, Kilford IR, Lewell X, Naylor A, Scoccitti T. Novel methylene-linked heterocyclic EP1 receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:1592-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.01.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2008] [Revised: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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8
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Hall A, Brown SH, Chowdhury A, Giblin GMP, Gibson M, Healy MP, Livermore DG, Wilson RJM, Naylor A, Rawlings DA, Roman S, Ward E, Willay C. Identification and optimization of novel 1,3,4-oxadiazole EP1 receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:4450-5. [PMID: 17574410 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2007] [Revised: 05/31/2007] [Accepted: 06/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of oxadiazole EP1 receptor antagonists was identified by replacing the amide of a known glycine sulfonamide derivative with a 1,3,4-oxadiazole. Optimization of the substitution patterns on the three aromatic rings led to the identification of high affinity EP1 receptor antagonists. The derivative with highest affinity displayed a binding IC50 of 2.5 nM (pIC50 8.6).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Hall
- Neurology and Gastrointestinal Centre of Excellence for Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline, New Frontiers Science Park, Third Avenue, Harlow, Essex CM19 5AW, UK.
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9
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Hall A, Atkinson S, Brown SH, Chessell IP, Chowdhury A, Giblin GMP, Goldsmith P, Healy MP, Jandu KS, Johnson MR, Michel AD, Naylor A, Sweeting JA. Discovery of novel, non-acidic 1,5-biaryl pyrrole EP1 receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:1200-5. [PMID: 17196385 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2006] [Revised: 12/07/2006] [Accepted: 12/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Replacement of the carboxylic acid group in a series of previously described 1,5-biaryl pyrrole EP1 receptor antagonists led to the discovery of various novel non-acidic antagonists. Several analogues displayed high binding affinity and high binding efficiency indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Hall
- Neurology and Gastrointestinal Centre of Excellence for Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline, New Frontiers Science Park, Third Avenue, Harlow, Essex CM19 5AW, UK.
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10
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Hall A, Brown SH, Chessell IP, Chowdhury A, Clayton NM, Coleman T, Giblin GMP, Hammond B, Healy MP, Johnson MR, Metcalf A, Michel AD, Naylor A, Novelli R, Spalding DJ, Sweeting J, Winyard L. 1,5-Biaryl pyrrole derivatives as EP1 receptor antagonists. Structure–activity relationships of 6-substituted and 5,6-disubstituted benzoic acid derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:916-20. [PMID: 17175160 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2006] [Revised: 11/17/2006] [Accepted: 11/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Herein we describe the SAR of 1,5-biaryl pyrrole derivatives, with substituents in the 6-position of the benzoic acid moiety, as EP(1) receptor antagonists. Substitution at this position was well tolerated and led to the identification of several analogues with high affinity for the EP(1) receptor that displayed good efficacy in the established FCA model of inflammatory pain. Furthermore, several analogues were prepared which combined substitution at the 5- and 6-positions as well as derivatives with an aromatic ring fused to the 5- and 6-positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Hall
- Neurology and Gastrointestinal Centre of Excellence for Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline, New Frontiers Science Park, Third Avenue, Harlow, Essex CM19 5AW, UK.
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11
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Hall A, Brown SH, Chessell IP, Chowdhury A, Clayton NM, Coleman T, Giblin GMP, Hammond B, Healy MP, Johnson MR, Metcalf A, Michel AD, Naylor A, Novelli R, Spalding DJ, Sweeting J. 1,5-Biaryl pyrrole derivatives as EP1 receptor antagonists: Structure–activity relationships of 4- and 5-substituted benzoic acid derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:732-5. [PMID: 17098427 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.10.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2006] [Accepted: 10/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper details the SAR of 1,5-biaryl pyrrole derivatives with substituents in the 2-, 4-, and 5-positions of the benzoic acid group as EP1 receptor antagonists. Substitution at the 2-position was poorly tolerated, whereas only fluorine was tolerated at the 4-position. In contrast, a range of substituents at the 5-position were discovered which enhanced the in vitro affinity and led to compounds with promising oral exposure. Three derivatives showed efficacy in a preclinical model of inflammatory pain when dosed orally to rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Hall
- Neurology and Gastrointestinal Centre of Excellence for Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline, New Frontiers Science Park, Third Avenue, Harlow, Essex CM19 5AW, UK.
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12
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Giblin GMP, Bit RA, Brown SH, Chaignot HM, Chowdhury A, Chessell IP, Clayton NM, Coleman T, Hall A, Hammond B, Hurst DN, Michel AD, Naylor A, Novelli R, Scoccitti T, Spalding D, Tang SP, Wilson AW, Wilson R. The discovery of 6-[2-(5-chloro-2-{[(2,4-difluorophenyl)methyl]oxy}phenyl)-1-cyclopenten-1-yl]-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid, GW848687X, a potent and selective prostaglandin EP1 receptor antagonist for the treatment of inflammatory pain. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:385-9. [PMID: 17084082 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2006] [Revised: 10/13/2006] [Accepted: 10/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of a series of selective EP1 receptor antagonists based on a 1,2-diarylcyclopentene template is described. After defining the structural requirements for EP1 potency and selectivity, heterocyclic rings were incorporated to reduce logD and improve in vitro pharmacokinetic properties. The 2,6-substituted pyridines and pyridazines gave an appropriate balance of potency, in vivo pharmacokinetic properties and a low potential for inhibiting a range of CYP450 enzymes. From this series, GW848687X was shown to have an excellent profile in models of inflammatory pain and was selected as a development candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard M P Giblin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and DMPK, New Frontiers Science Park, Third Avenue, Harlow, Essex CM19 5AW, UK.
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13
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Chochois H, Sauthier M, Maerten E, Castanet Y, Mortreux A. 1,4-Carbonylative addition of arylboronic acids to methyl vinyl ketone: a new synthetic tool for rapid furan and pyrrole synthesis. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Naganawa A, Matsui T, Ima M, Yoshida K, Tsuruta H, Yamamoto S, Yamamoto H, Okada H, Maruyama T, Nakai H, Kondo K, Toda M. Optimization of sulfonamide derivatives as highly selective EP1 receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:7774-89. [PMID: 16931028 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2006] [Revised: 07/30/2006] [Accepted: 08/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A series of 4-[(2-{isobutyl[(5-methyl-2-furyl)sulfonyl]amino}phenoxy)methyl]benzoic acids and 4-({2-[isobutyl(1,3-thiazol-2-ylsulfonyl)amino]phenoxy}methyl)benzoic acids were synthesized and evaluated for their EP receptor affinities and EP1 receptor antagonist activities. Further structural optimization was carried out to reduce inhibitory activity against hepatic cytochrome P450 isozymes, which could represent a harmful potential drug interaction. Selected compounds were also evaluated for their binding affinities to hTP, hDP, mFP, and hIP, and for their hEP1 receptor antagonist activities. The results of structure-activity relationship studies are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Naganawa
- Minase Research Institute, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shimamoto, Mishima, Osaka 618-8585, Japan.
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15
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Doré S. GPCR antagonists as an alternative to COX-2 inhibitors: a case for the PGE2 EP1 receptor. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2006; 27:458-60. [PMID: 16870271 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2006.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A recent article supports the concept that prostaglandin (PG)E(2) EP(1)-receptor antagonists reduce stroke severity and cell damage; could these agents become a substitute for cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitors? The total activity of COXs--rate-limiting enzymes of PGE(2) synthesis--increases following acute neurological insult. Drugs that offer the beneficial anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of PGs but that limit the negative effects of COX-2 inhibition could provide the next generation of treatment for acute neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Doré
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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16
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Hall A, Atkinson S, Brown SH, Chessell IP, Chowdhury A, Clayton NM, Coleman T, Giblin GMP, Gleave RJ, Hammond B, Healy MP, Johnson MR, Michel AD, Naylor A, Novelli R, Spalding DJ, Tang SP. Structure–activity relationships of 1,5-biaryl pyrroles as EP1 receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:3657-62. [PMID: 16697196 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.04.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2006] [Accepted: 04/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The preliminary SAR of a series of novel 1,5-biaryl pyrrole EP1 receptor antagonists derived from compound 1 is described. Replacement of the benzyl group of 1 with isosteric groups was investigated. The most effective replacement was found to be the isobutyl group. The cyclopentylmethyl and cyclohexylmethyl groups were also effective benzyl replacements. The cyclohexylmethyl derivative 19 demonstrated the lowest metabolic clearance within this series. In addition, several high affinity substituted benzyl analogues were also identified. Compound 39 was found to have good bioavailability in rats and demonstrated efficacy in the established FCA preclinical model of inflammatory pain with a calculated ED50 of 9.2mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Hall
- Neurology and Gastrointestinal Centre of Excellence for Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline, New Frontiers Science Park, Third Avenue, Harlow, Essex CM19 5AW, UK.
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