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Wood MD, Klosowski DW, Martin SF. Tandem vinylogous Mannich and hetero Diels-Alder reactions: Concise total synthesis of (±)-Alstoscholarisine E. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Wood MD, Klosowski DW, Martin SF. Stereoselective Total Synthesis of (±)-Alstoscholarisine E. Org Lett 2019; 22:786-790. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b04093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Wood
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Daniel W. Klosowski
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Stephen F. Martin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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Santi DV, Schneider EL, Ashley GW. Macromolecular prodrug that provides the irinotecan (CPT-11) active-metabolite SN-38 with ultralong half-life, low C(max), and low glucuronide formation. J Med Chem 2014; 57:2303-14. [PMID: 24494988 DOI: 10.1021/jm401644v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We have recently reported a chemical approach for half-life extension that utilizes β-eliminative linkers to attach amine-containing drugs or prodrugs to macromolecules. The linkers release free drug or prodrug over periods ranging from a few hours to over 1 year. We adapted these linkers for use with phenol-containing drugs. Here, we prepared PEG conjugates of the irinotecan (CPT-11) active metabolite SN-38 via a phenyl ether that release the drug with predictable long half-lives. Pharmacokinetic studies in the rat indicate that, in contrast to other SN-38 prodrugs, the slowly released SN-38 shows a very low C(max), is kept above target concentrations for extended periods, and forms very little SN-38 glucuronide (the precursor of enterotoxic SN-38). The low SN-38 glucuronide is attributed to low hepatic uptake of SN-38. These macromolecular prodrugs have unique pharmacokinetic profiles that may translate to less intestinal toxicity and interpatient variability than the SN-38 prodrugs thus far studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel V Santi
- ProLynx , 455 Mission Bay Boulevard South, Suite 145, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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Schneider EL, Robinson L, Reid R, Ashley GW, Santi DV. β-Eliminative Releasable Linkers Adapted for Bioconjugation of Macromolecules to Phenols. Bioconjug Chem 2013; 24:1990-7. [DOI: 10.1021/bc4002882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric L. Schneider
- ProLynx, 455 Mission Bay Boulevard
South, Suite 145, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Louise Robinson
- ProLynx, 455 Mission Bay Boulevard
South, Suite 145, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Ralph Reid
- ProLynx, 455 Mission Bay Boulevard
South, Suite 145, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Gary W. Ashley
- ProLynx, 455 Mission Bay Boulevard
South, Suite 145, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Daniel V. Santi
- ProLynx, 455 Mission Bay Boulevard
South, Suite 145, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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Vytla D, Combs-Bachmann RE, Hussey AM, McCarron ST, McCarthy DS, Chambers JJ. Prodrug approaches to reduce hyperexcitation in the CNS. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:666-85. [PMID: 22138074 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Hyperexcitation in the central nervous system is the root cause of a number of disorders of the brain ranging from acute injury to chronic and progressive diseases. The major limitation to treatment of these ailments is the miniscule, yet formidable blood-brain barrier. To deliver therapeutic agents to the site of desired action, a number of biomedical engineering strategies have been developed including prodrug formulations that allow for either passive diffusion or active transport across this barrier. In the case of prodrugs, once in the brain compartment, the active therapeutic agent is released. In this review, we discuss in some detail a number of factors related to treatment of central nervous system hyperexcitation including molecular targets, disorders, prodrug strategies, and focused case studies of a number of therapeutics that are at a variety of stages of clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devaiah Vytla
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
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Niu HY, Xia C, Qu GR, Wu S, Jiang Y, Jin X, Guo HM. Microwave-Promoted “One-Pot” Synthesis of 4-Nitrobenzylthioinosine Analogues Using Thiourea as a Sulfur Precursor. Chem Asian J 2011; 7:45-9. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201100699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Legrand F, Jouvin K, Evano G. Vinyl Dibromides: Versatile Partners in Cross-Coupling Reactions. Isr J Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201000037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Development of acetaminophen proline prodrug. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:3851-4. [PMID: 20627561 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Revised: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 05/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this research work, proline ester prodrug of acetaminophen (Pro-APAP) was synthesized and evaluated for its stability in PBS buffer at various pH and Caco-2 cell homogenate. The Pro-APAP is more stable at lower pH than higher pH, with half-life of 120min in PBS buffer at pH 2.0, half-life of 65min at pH 5.0, and half life of 3.5min at pH 7.4, respectively. The half-life of Pro-APAP in Caco-2 cell homogenate is about 1min, much shorter than the half-life in PBS buffer at pH 7.4, indicating enzymes in the cell homogenate contribute to the hydrolysis of the ester bond. Carboxypeptidase A was incubated with Pro-APAP at pH 7.4 with half-life of 3.8min which is very close to the half life in buffer itself. This clearly indicates carboxypeptidase A is not one of the enzymes contributing to the hydrolysis of the prodrug. Physicochemical characteristics such as melting point and stability of newly synthesized prodrug were determined by MDSC technique.
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Li X, Danishefsky SJ. New chemistry with old functional groups: on the reaction of isonitriles with carboxylic acids--a route to various amide types. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:5446-8. [PMID: 18370392 DOI: 10.1021/ja800612r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Thermolysis of isonitriles with carboxylic acids provides, in one step, N-formyl imides (see, for example, 8 + 19 --> 21). The resultant N-formyl group can be converted to N-H, NCH2OH, or NCH3. This chemistry allows for a new route for synthesizing beta-N (asparagine)-linked glycosyl amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechen Li
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
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Abstract
Prodrugs are bioreversible derivatives of drug molecules that undergo an enzymatic and/or chemical transformation in vivo to release the active parent drug, which can then exert the desired pharmacological effect. In both drug discovery and development, prodrugs have become an established tool for improving physicochemical, biopharmaceutical or pharmacokinetic properties of pharmacologically active agents. About 5-7% of drugs approved worldwide can be classified as prodrugs, and the implementation of a prodrug approach in the early stages of drug discovery is a growing trend. To illustrate the applicability of the prodrug strategy, this article describes the most common functional groups that are amenable to prodrug design, and highlights examples of prodrugs that are either launched or are undergoing human trials.
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Majumdar S, Sloan KB. N-Alkyl-N-alkyloxycarbonylaminomethyl (NANAOCAM) prodrugs of carboxylic acid containing drugs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:1447-50. [PMID: 17196386 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.11.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2006] [Revised: 11/17/2006] [Accepted: 11/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis and hydrolysis in aqueous buffers of novel N-alkyl-N-alkyloxycarbonylaminomethyl (NANAOCAM) and N-aryl-N-alkyloxycarbonylaminomethyl (NArNAOCAM) derivatives of carboxylic acid containing drugs were carried out. The hydrolysis follows a S(N)1 type mechanism and is dependent on the nucleofugacity of the leaving group. Topical delivery of the NANAOCAM derivative of naproxen from IPM across hairless mice skin was examined in in vitro diffusion cell experiments. The prodrug was 4.5-fold less lipid soluble, 2.4-fold less water soluble and 3.6-fold less permeable than the parent drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susruta Majumdar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, PO Box 100485, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Majumdar S, Sloan KB. Synthesis and topical delivery of N-alkyl-N-alkyloxycarbonylaminomethyl prodrugs of a model phenolic drug: acetaminophen. Int J Pharm 2006; 337:48-55. [PMID: 17257787 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2006] [Revised: 12/16/2006] [Accepted: 12/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, physicochemical characterization and flux of a homologous series of N-alkyl-N-alkyloxycarbonylaminomethyl (NANAOCAM) prodrugs of a model phenolic drug, acetaminophen (APAP), have been investigated. The most water soluble member of the series gave the highest transdermal delivery from isopropyl myristate (IPM) through hairless mouse skin. The flux of NANAOCAM prodrugs of APAP was accurately predicted by the Roberts-Sloan (RS) equation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susruta Majumdar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
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Majumdar S, Sloan KB. Practical Synthesis of N‐Alkyl‐N‐alkyloxycarbonylaminomethyl Prodrug Derivatives of Acetaminophen, Theophylline, and 6‐Mercaptopurine. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00397910600943501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susruta Majumdar
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kenneth B. Sloan
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Majumdar S, Sloan KB. Topical delivery of N-alkyl-N-alkyloxycarbonylaminomethyl (NANAOCAM) prodrugs of theophylline (ThH). Int J Pharm 2006; 332:64-71. [PMID: 17064862 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2006] [Revised: 09/13/2006] [Accepted: 09/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
N(7)-(N-Alkyl-N-alkyloxycarbonyl) aminomethyl (NANAOCAM) prodrugs of theophylline (ThH) have been synthesized and characterized by their solubilities in isopropyl myristate (S(IPM)), solubilities in water (S(AQ)), partition coefficients between IPM and pH 4.0 buffer (K(IPM:4.0)) and by their ability to penetrate hairless mouse skin from IPM (J(MIPM)). The most lipid soluble and water soluble member, N-methyl-N-ethyloxy-carbonylaminomethyltheophylline, gave the highest flux through hairless mouse skin from IPM compared to ThH. The flux of NANAOCAM prodrugs of ThH can be accurately predicted by the Roberts-Sloan (RS) equation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susruta Majumdar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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