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Phenolic Compound in Garlic (Allium sativum) and Black Garlic Potency as Antigout Using Molecular Docking Approach. JURNAL KIMIA SAINS DAN APLIKASI 2022. [DOI: 10.14710/jksa.25.7.253-263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenolics, including flavonoids, are bioactive components in garlic in relatively abundant amounts and are present 2–4 times more in black garlic. Both of these compounds are reported to have biological activity, with one of them acting as an antioxidant. However, its ability as an antigout is still not widely reported. Xanthine oxidase, adenine deaminase, guanine deaminase, purine nucleoside phosphorylase, and 5-Nucleotidase II are involved during the production of uric acid and causes gout. This study predicted the potential of the phenolic and flavonoid compounds in garlic and black garlic as antigout in inhibiting five target receptors through a molecular docking approach. Utilizing AutoDock Tools v.1.5.7 for receptor and ligand preparation, AutoDock Vina and AutoDock4 for molecular docking, and LigPlot+ and PyMOL for visualization. About 21 compounds from the phenolic and flavonoid groups were used as test ligands and 16 reference ligands (substrate and commercial). SwissADME predicted the pharmacokinetic parameters. The results showed that apigenin, morin, resveratrol, kaempferol, (+)-catechin, isorhamnetin, and (-)-epicatechin were predicted to have good interactions at each target receptor and had the potential to be developed as candidates for multi-target antigout. Based on the pharmacokinetic parameters, all these compounds had good scores in each, making them feasible to continue in vitro or in vivo trials.
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Daley SK, Cordell GA. Homopurine Alkaloids: A Brief Overview. Nat Prod Commun 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x20917787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The isolation, structure elucidation, synthesis, biological properties, and biosynthesis of the homopurine alkaloids are reviewed, with an emphasis on the “victim-guardian” relationships between co-occurring alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Geoffrey A. Cordell
- Natural Products Inc., Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Mahor D, Prasad GS. Biochemical Characterization of Kluyveromyces lactis Adenine Deaminase and Guanine Deaminase and Their Potential Application in Lowering Purine Content in Beer. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:180. [PMID: 30555824 PMCID: PMC6281700 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess amounts of uric acid in humans leads to hyperuricemia, which is a biochemical precursor of gout and is also associated with various other disorders. Gout is termed as crystallization of uric acid, predominantly within joints. The burden of hyperuricemia and gout has increased worldwide due to lifestyle changes, obesity, and consumption of purine-rich foods, fructose-containing drinks, and alcoholic beverages. Some of the therapies available to cure gout are associated with unwanted side-effects and antigenicity. We propose an attractive and safe strategy to reduce purine content in beverages using enzymatic application of purine degrading enzymes such as adenine deaminase (ADA) and guanine deaminase (GDA) that convert adenine and guanine into hypoxanthine and xanthine, respectively. We cloned, expressed, purified, and biochemically characterized both adenine deaminase (ADA) and guanine deaminase (GDA) enzymes that play important roles in the purine degradation pathway of Kluyveromyces lactis, and demonstrate their application in lowering purine content in a beverage. The popular beverage beer has been selected as an experimental sample as it confers higher risks of hyperuricemia and gout. Quantification of purine content in 16 different beers from the Indian market showed varying concentrations of different purines. Enzymatic treatment of beer samples with ADA and GDA showed a reduction of adenine and guanine content, respectively. These enzymes in combination with other purine degrading enzymes showed marked reduction in purine content in beer samples. Both enzymes can work at 5.0–8.0 pH range and retain >50% activity at 40°C, making them good candidates for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durga Mahor
- Microbial Type Culture Collection and Gene Bank, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Gandham S Prasad
- Microbial Type Culture Collection and Gene Bank, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
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Synthesis of 5-hydroxy- and 5-sulfanyl-substituted [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-е][1,4]diazepines. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-018-2350-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wierzchowski J, Antosiewicz JM, Shugar D. 8-Azapurines as isosteric purine fluorescent probes for nucleic acid and enzymatic research. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2015; 10:2756-74. [PMID: 25124808 DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00233d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The 8-azapurines, and their 7-deaza and 9-deaza congeners, represent a unique class of isosteric (isomorphic) analogues of the natural purines, frequently capable of substituting for the latter in many biochemical processes. Particularly interesting is their propensity to exhibit pH-dependent room-temperature fluorescence in aqueous medium, and in non-polar media. We herein review the physico-chemical properties of this class of compounds, with particular emphasis on the fluorescence emission properties of their neutral and/or ionic species, which has led to their widespread use as fluorescent probes in enzymology, including enzymes involved in purine metabolism, agonists/antagonists of adenosine receptors, mechanisms of catalytic RNAs, RNA editing, etc. They are also exceptionally useful fluorescent probes for analytical and clinical applications in crude cell homogenates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Wierzchowski
- Department of Biophysics, University of Varmia & Masuria, Oczapowskiego 4, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
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Investigations into specificity of azepinomycin for inhibition of guanase: discrimination between the natural heterocyclic inhibitor and its synthetic nucleoside analogues. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:7214-8. [PMID: 23084905 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In our long and broad program to explore structure-activity relationships of the natural product azepinomycin and its analogues for inhibition of guanase, an important enzyme of purine salvage pathway of nucleic acid metabolism, it became necessary to investigate if the nucleoside analogues of the heterocycle azepinomycin, which are likely to be formed in vivo, would be more or less potent than the parent heterocycle. To this end, we have resynthesized both azepinomycin (1) and its two diastereomeric nucleoside analogues (2 and 3), employing a modified, more efficient procedure, and have biochemically screened all three compounds against a mammalian guanase. Our results indicate that the natural product is at least 200 times more potent toward inhibition of guanase as compared with its nucleoside analogues, with the observed K(i) of azepinomycin (1) against the rabbit liver guanase=2.5 (±0.6)×10(-6) M, while K(i) of Compound 2=1.19 (±0.02)×10(-4) M and that of Compound 3=1.29 (±0.03)×10(-4) M. It is also to be noted that while IC(50) value of azepinomycin against guanase in cell culture has long been reported, no inhibition studies nor K(i) against a pure mammalian enzyme have ever been documented. In addition, we have, for the first time, determined the absolute stereochemistry of the 6-OH group of 2 and 3 using conformational analysis coupled with 2-D (1)H NMR NOESY.
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Ghandi M, Zarezadeh N, Taheri A. A novel isocyanide-based three-component synthesis of benzimidazo[1,2-a][1,4]diazepinones. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.01.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Chakraborty S, Shah NH, Fishbein JC, Hosmane RS. A novel transition state analog inhibitor of guanase based on azepinomycin ring structure: Synthesis and biochemical assessment of enzyme inhibition. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:756-9. [PMID: 21183343 PMCID: PMC3035156 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.11.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Revised: 11/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis and biochemical inhibition studies of a novel transition state analog inhibitor of guanase bearing the ring structure of azepinomycin have been reported. The compound was synthesized in five-steps from a known compound and biochemically screened against the rabbit liver guanase. The compound exhibited competitive inhibition profile with a K(i) of 16.7±0.5μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saibal Chakraborty
- Laboratory for Drug Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland, 21250, USA
| | - Niti H. Shah
- Laboratory for Drug Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland, 21250, USA
| | - James C. Fishbein
- Laboratory for Drug Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland, 21250, USA
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Fernández JR, Sweet ES, Welsh WJ, Firestein BL. Identification of small molecule compounds with higher binding affinity to guanine deaminase (cypin) than guanine. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:6748-55. [PMID: 20716488 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Revised: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Guanine deaminase (GDA; cypin) is an important metalloenzyme that processes the first step in purine catabolism, converting guanine to xanthine by hydrolytic deamination. In higher eukaryotes, GDA also plays an important role in the development of neuronal morphology by regulating dendritic arborization. In addition to its role in the maturing brain, GDA is thought to be involved in proper liver function since increased levels of GDA activity have been correlated with liver disease and transplant rejection. Although mammalian GDA is an attractive and potential drug target for treatment of both liver diseases and cognitive disorders, prospective novel inhibitors and/or activators of this enzyme have not been actively pursued. In this study, we employed the combination of protein structure analysis and experimental kinetic studies to seek novel potential ligands for human guanine deaminase. Using virtual screening and biochemical analysis, we identified common small molecule compounds that demonstrate a higher binding affinity to GDA than does guanine. In vitro analysis demonstrates that these compounds inhibit guanine deamination, and more surprisingly, affect GDA (cypin)-mediated microtubule assembly. The results in this study provide evidence that an in silico drug discovery strategy coupled with in vitro validation assays can be successfully implemented to discover compounds that may possess therapeutic value for the treatment of diseases and disorders where GDA activity is abnormal.
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Affiliation(s)
- José R Fernández
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8082, USA
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Hosmane RS. Chapter 2: Ring-Expanded (‘Fat‘) Purines and their Nucleoside/Nucleotide Analogues as Broad-Spectrum Therapeutics. PROGRESS IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2009; 21. [PMCID: PMC7147839 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-6380(09)70029-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This chapter describes a family of ring-expanded purines, informally referred to as “fat” or f-purines, as well as their nucleoside/nucleotide analogues (RENs/RENTs) that have broad applications in chemistry, biology, and medicine. Although purine itself has never been found in nature, substituted purines, such as adenine and guanine, or their respective nucleoside derivatives, adenosine and guanosine, are the most ubiquitous class of nitrogen heterocycles and play crucial roles in wide variety of functions of living beings As nucleotides (AMP,GMP), they are the building blocks of nucleic acids (RNA/DNA). They serve as energy cofactors (ATP, GTP), as part of coenzymes (NAD/FAD) in oxidation-reduction reactions, as important second messengers in many intracellular signal transduction processes (cAMP/cGMP), or as direct neurotransmitters by binding to purinergic receptors (adenosine receptors). Therefore, it is not surprising that the analogues of purines have found utility both as chemotherapeutics (antiviral, antibiotic, and anticancer agents) and pharmacodynamic entities (the regulation of myocardial oxygen consumption and cardiac blood flow). While they can act as substrates or the inhibitors of the enzymes of purine metabolism to render their chemotherapeutic action, their ability to act as agonists or antagonists of A1/A2A receptors is the basis for the modulation of pharmacodynamic property.
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Médici R, Lewkowicz ES, Iribarren AM. Arthrobacter oxydansas a biocatalyst for purine deamination. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2008; 289:20-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2008.01349.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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