Dopamine-selective potentiometric responses by new ditopic sensory elements based on a hexahomotrioxacalix[3]arene

Dopamine/2-Phenylethylamine Sensitivity of Ion-Selective Electrodes Based on Bifunctional-Symmetrical Boron Receptors

Piperazine-based compounds bearing two phenylboronic acid or two benzoxaborole groups (PBPA and PBBB) were applied as dopamine receptors in polymeric membranes (PVC/DOS) of ion-selective electrodes. The potentiometric sensitivity and selectivity of the sensors towards dopamine were evaluated and compared with the results obtained for 2-phenylethylamine. Since the developed electrodes displayed strong interference from 2-phenylethylamine, single-molecule geometry optimizations were performed using the density functional theory (DFT) method in order to investigate the origin of dopamine/2-phenylethylamine selectivity. The results indicated that phenylboronic acid and benzoxaborole receptors bind dopamine mainly through the dative B⁻N bond (like 2-phenylethylamine) and the potentiometric selectivity is mainly governed by the higher lipophilicity of 2-phenylethylamine.

Selective recognition of biogenic amine hydrochlorides by heteroditopic dihomooxacalix[4]arenes

New receptors for the selective binding of monoamine neurotransmitters and trace amine hydrochlorides, as ion pairs, are described.

Incorporating β-cyclodextrin with ZnO nanorods: a potentiometric strategy for selectivity and detection of dopamine

We describe a chemical sensor based on a simple synthesis of zinc oxide nanorods (ZNRs) for the detection of dopamine molecules by a potentiometric approach. The polar nature of dopamine leads to a change of surface charges on the ZNR surface via metal ligand bond formation which results in a measurable electrical signal. ZNRs were grown on a gold-coated glass substrate by a low temperature aqueous chemical growth (ACG) method. Polymeric membranes incorporating β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and potassium tetrakis (4-chlorophenyl) borate was immobilized on the ZNR surface. The fabricated electrodes were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The grown ZNRs were well aligned and exhibited good crystal quality. The present sensor system displays a stable potential response for the detection of dopamine in 10⁻² mol·L⁻¹ acetic acid/sodium acetate buffer solution at pH 5.45 within a wide concentration range of 1 × 10⁻⁶ M⁻¹ × 10⁻¹ M, with sensitivity of 49 mV/decade. The electrode shows a good response time (less than 10 s) and excellent repeatability. This finding can contribute to routine analysis in laboratories studying the neuropharmacology of catecholamines. Moreover, the metal-ligand bonds can be further exploited to detect DA receptors, and for bio-imaging applications.