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Ostroumova OS, Efimova SS. Lipid-Centric Approaches in Combating Infectious Diseases: Antibacterials, Antifungals and Antivirals with Lipid-Associated Mechanisms of Action. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1716. [PMID: 38136750 PMCID: PMC10741038 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12121716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the global challenges of the 21st century is the increase in mortality from infectious diseases against the backdrop of the spread of antibiotic-resistant pathogenic microorganisms. In this regard, it is worth targeting antibacterials towards the membranes of pathogens that are quite conservative and not amenable to elimination. This review is an attempt to critically analyze the possibilities of targeting antimicrobial agents towards enzymes involved in pathogen lipid biosynthesis or towards bacterial, fungal, and viral lipid membranes, to increase the permeability via pore formation and to modulate the membranes' properties in a manner that makes them incompatible with the pathogen's life cycle. This review discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each approach in the search for highly effective but nontoxic antimicrobial agents. Examples of compounds with a proven molecular mechanism of action are presented, and the types of the most promising pharmacophores for further research and the improvement of the characteristics of antibiotics are discussed. The strategies that pathogens use for survival in terms of modulating the lipid composition and physical properties of the membrane, achieving a balance between resistance to antibiotics and the ability to facilitate all necessary transport and signaling processes, are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga S. Ostroumova
- Laboratory of Membrane and Ion Channel Modeling, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, St. Petersburg 194064, Russia;
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2
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Meng L, Zhang R, Guan Y, Chen T, Ding Z, Wang G, Reheman A, Chen Z, Hu J. One-pot access to sulfonylated naphthalenediols/hydroquinones from naphthols/phenols with sodium sulfinates in an aqueous medium. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj05285j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A metal-free method towards sulfonylated hydroquinones/naphthalenediols under an ambient atmosphere has been developed with up to 97% yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxin Meng
- Center for Molecular Science and Engineering
- College of Sciences
- Northeastern University
- Shenyang 110819
- P. R. China
| | - Ruike Zhang
- Center for Molecular Science and Engineering
- College of Sciences
- Northeastern University
- Shenyang 110819
- P. R. China
| | - Yuqiu Guan
- Center for Molecular Science and Engineering
- College of Sciences
- Northeastern University
- Shenyang 110819
- P. R. China
| | - Tian Chen
- Center for Molecular Science and Engineering
- College of Sciences
- Northeastern University
- Shenyang 110819
- P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Ding
- Center for Molecular Science and Engineering
- College of Sciences
- Northeastern University
- Shenyang 110819
- P. R. China
| | - Gongshu Wang
- Center for Molecular Science and Engineering
- College of Sciences
- Northeastern University
- Shenyang 110819
- P. R. China
| | - Aikebaier Reheman
- Key Laboratory of Toxicology
- Medical College
- Ningde Normal University
- Ningde
- China
| | - Zhangpei Chen
- Center for Molecular Science and Engineering
- College of Sciences
- Northeastern University
- Shenyang 110819
- P. R. China
| | - Jianshe Hu
- Center for Molecular Science and Engineering
- College of Sciences
- Northeastern University
- Shenyang 110819
- P. R. China
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3
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Cui DY, Kong HT, Yang Y, Cai J, Shen BY, Yan DC, Zhang XJ, Qu YL, Bai MM, Zhang E. Asymmetric synthesis of linezolid thiazolidine-2-thione derivatives via CS2 mediated decarboxylation cyclization. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.151847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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4
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Jia B, Ma YM, Liu B, Chen P, Hu Y, Zhang R. Synthesis, Antimicrobial Activity, Structure-Activity Relationship, and Molecular Docking Studies of Indole Diketopiperazine Alkaloids. Front Chem 2019; 7:837. [PMID: 31850323 PMCID: PMC6897290 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Strategies for the synthesis of indole diketopiperazine alkaloids (indole DKPs) have been described and involve three analogs of indole DKPs. The antimicrobial activity and structure-activity relationship (SAR) of 24 indole DKPs were explored. Compounds 3b and 3c were found to be the most active, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) values in the range of 0.94–3.87 μM (0.39–1.56 μg/mL) against the four tested bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli). Furthermore, compounds 4a and 4b displayed broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity with MIC values of 1.10–36.9 μM (0.39–12.5 μg/mL) against all tested bacteria and plant pathogenic fungi (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Valsa mali, Alternaria alternata and Alternaria brassicae). According to the in silico study, compounds 3c showed significant binding affinity to the FabH protein from Escherichia coli, which has been identified as the key target enzyme of fatty acid synthesis (FAS) in bacteria. Therefore, these compounds are not only promising new antibacterial agents but also potential FabH inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Jia
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Yang-Min Ma
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Bin Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi Institute of International Trade and Commerce, Xi'an, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Manufacturing Technology for Traditional Chinese Medicine in Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, China
| | - Pu Chen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan Hu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- School of Arts and Sciences, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
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5
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Zhou H, Zhang R, Mu S, Zhang H, Lu X. Organocatalytic Cyclization of COS and Propargylic Derivatives to Value‐Added Heterocyclic Compounds. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201900490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsDalian University of Technology No. 2 Linggong Road, Ganjingzi District Dalian City 116024 P.R. China
| | - Rui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsDalian University of Technology No. 2 Linggong Road, Ganjingzi District Dalian City 116024 P.R. China
| | - Sen Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsDalian University of Technology No. 2 Linggong Road, Ganjingzi District Dalian City 116024 P.R. China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsDalian University of Technology No. 2 Linggong Road, Ganjingzi District Dalian City 116024 P.R. China
| | - Xiao‐Bing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsDalian University of Technology No. 2 Linggong Road, Ganjingzi District Dalian City 116024 P.R. China
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6
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Nofiani R, Philmus B, Nindita Y, Mahmud T. 3-Ketoacyl-ACP synthase (KAS) III homologues and their roles in natural product biosynthesis. MEDCHEMCOMM 2019; 10:1517-1530. [PMID: 31673313 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00162j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The 3-ketoacyl-ACP synthase (KAS) III proteins are one of the most abundant enzymes in nature, as they are involved in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and natural products. KAS III enzymes catalyse a carbon-carbon bond formation reaction that involves the α-carbon of a thioester and the carbonyl carbon of another thioester. In addition to the typical KAS III enzymes involved in fatty acid and polyketide biosynthesis, there are proteins homologous to KAS III enzymes that catalyse reactions that are different from that of the traditional KAS III enzymes. Those include enzymes that are responsible for a head-to-head condensation reaction, the formation of acetoacetyl-CoA in mevalonate biosynthesis, tailoring processes via C-O bond formation or esterification, as well as amide formation. This review article highlights the diverse reactions catalysed by this class of enzymes and their role in natural product biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa Nofiani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Oregon State University , Corvallis , OR 97333 , USA . .,Department of Chemistry , Universitas Tanjungpura , Pontianak , Indonesia
| | - Benjamin Philmus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Oregon State University , Corvallis , OR 97333 , USA .
| | - Yosi Nindita
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Oregon State University , Corvallis , OR 97333 , USA .
| | - Taifo Mahmud
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Oregon State University , Corvallis , OR 97333 , USA .
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Telegina LN, Kelbysheva ES, Strelkova TV, Ezernitskaya MG, Smol'yakov AF, Borisov YA, Loim NM. Synthesis and Photochemical Study of Thiazolidine Derivatives of Cymantrene and the Corresponding Dicarbonyl Chelates. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201803567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lyudmila N. Telegina
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement CompoundsRussian Academy of Sciences 28 Vavilov street, GSP-1 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Elena S. Kelbysheva
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement CompoundsRussian Academy of Sciences 28 Vavilov street, GSP-1 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Tatyana V. Strelkova
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement CompoundsRussian Academy of Sciences 28 Vavilov street, GSP-1 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Mariam G. Ezernitskaya
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement CompoundsRussian Academy of Sciences 28 Vavilov street, GSP-1 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Alexander F. Smol'yakov
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement CompoundsRussian Academy of Sciences 28 Vavilov street, GSP-1 119991 Moscow Russia
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University) 117198 Moscow Miklukho-Maklaya St. 6 Russian Federation
| | - Yurii A. Borisov
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement CompoundsRussian Academy of Sciences 28 Vavilov street, GSP-1 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Nikolay M. Loim
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement CompoundsRussian Academy of Sciences 28 Vavilov street, GSP-1 119991 Moscow Russia
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New Silver Complexes with Mixed Thiazolidine and Phosphine Ligands as Highly Potent Antimalarial and Anticancer Agents. J CHEM-NY 2018. [DOI: 10.1155/2018/8395374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Five silver(I) complexes containing a mixed ligand system of phosphine and thiazolidine were successfully synthesized. The structural information of the complexes was assembled using various spectroscopic techniques such as CHN elemental analysis, Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR), 1H, 13C, and 31P{1H} NMR spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). A bidentate phosphine ligand acted as a chelating agent which bond to the silver in 1 : 2 molar ratios. Meanwhile, thiazolidine was attached to the silver in a 1 : 1 molar ratio. The antiplasmodial properties of all synthesized complexes were investigated on chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum parasite via HRP2 assays and cytotoxicity tests on Vero cells. Of all the synthesized complexes, complex 2 showed the highest SI value (more than 12.4) followed by complex 5 (6.6). The potent properties of compounds 2 and 5 were also noted in the in vitro antiproliferative assays involving MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines as well as HT-29 colon cancer cell line. Complex 2 was selective for MDA-MB-231 cells (GI50 = 1.9 ± 0.3 µM), while complex 5 acted predominantly on breast carcinoma cells (GI50 MDA-MB-231 = 4.7 ± 1.1 µM; MCF-7 = 2.9 ± 0.9 µM) instead of colon carcinoma (HT-29) cells (GI50 = 15.1 ± 1.9 µM).
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9
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Li HX, Wang ZC, Qian YM, Yan XQ, Lu YD, Zhu HL. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of chrysin derivatives as potential FabH inhibitors. Chem Biol Drug Des 2016; 89:136-140. [PMID: 27860280 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
New series of chrysin derivatives (4a-4t) were designed and synthesized by introducing different substituted piperazines at C-7 position. Their inhibitory effects on FabH were evaluated using two Gram-negative bacterial strains, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and two Gram-positive bacterial strains, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. To our delight, most of these compounds exhibited a dramatic increase in inhibitory potency, compared with the control positive drugs. Among them, compound 4s exhibited the most potent inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 5.78 ± 0.24 μm inhibiting E. coli FabH and potent antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli with MIC of 1.25 ± 0.01, 1.15 ± 0.12 μg/mL, respectively, comparing to the control positive drugs penicillin G (7.56 ± 0.30 μm). Docking simulation was performed to position compound 4s into the FabH active site, and the result showed that compound 4s could bind well with the FabH as potent FabH inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xia Li
- School of Life and Food Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou Anhui, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Chang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Mei Qian
- School of Life and Food Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Dong Lu
- Neonatal Medical Center, Nanjing Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hai-Liang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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10
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Singh A, Goel N. Cycloaddition of CS 2to N-benzylaziridine to synthesize N-benzylthiazolidine-2-thione: a novel reaction route proposed by DFT Study. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amritpal Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry; Panjab University; Chandigarh 160014 India
| | - Neetu Goel
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry; Panjab University; Chandigarh 160014 India
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11
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Shamim A, Abbasi SW, Azam SS. Structural and dynamical aspects of Streptococcus gordonii FabH through molecular docking and MD simulations. J Mol Graph Model 2015; 60:180-96. [PMID: 26059477 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
β-Ketoacyl-ACP-synthase III (FabH or KAS III) has become an attractive target for the development of new antibacterial agents which can overcome the multidrug resistance. Unraveling the fatty acid biosynthesis (FAB) metabolic pathway and understanding structural coordinates of FabH will provide valuable insights to target Streptococcus gordonii for curing oral infection. In this study, we designed inhibitors against therapeutic target FabH, in order to block the FAB pathway. As compared to other targets, FabH has more interactions with other proteins, located on the leading strand with higher codon adaptation index value and associated with lipid metabolism category of COG. Current study aims to gain in silico insights into the structural and dynamical aspect of S. gordonii FabH via molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The FabH protein is catalytically active in dimerization while it can lock in monomeric state. Current study highlights two residues Pro88 and Leu315 that are close to each other by dimerization. The active site of FabH is composed of the catalytic triad formed by residues Cys112, His249, and Asn279 in which Cys112 is involved in acetyl transfer, while His249 and Asn279 play an active role in decarboxylation. Docking analysis revealed that among the studied compounds, methyl-CoA disulfide has highest GOLD score (82.75), binding affinity (-11 kcal/mol) and exhibited consistently better interactions. During MD simulations, the FabH structure remained stable with the average RMSD value of 1.7 Å and 1.6 Å for undocked protein and docked complex, respectively. Further, crucial hydrogen bonding of the conserved catalytic triad for exhibiting high affinity between the FabH protein and ligand is observed by RDF analysis. The MD simulation results clearly demonstrated that binding of the inhibitor with S. gordonii FabH enhanced the structure and stabilized the dimeric FabH protein. Therefore, the inhibitor has the potential to become a lead compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amen Shamim
- Computational Biology Lab, National Center for Bioinformatics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Sumra Wajid Abbasi
- Computational Biology Lab, National Center for Bioinformatics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Syed Sikander Azam
- Computational Biology Lab, National Center for Bioinformatics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
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12
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Wang Y, Ma S. Recent Advances in Inhibitors of Bacterial Fatty Acid Synthesis Type II (FASII) System Enzymes as Potential Antibacterial Agents. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:1589-608. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Revised: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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13
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Ramamoorthy D, Turos E, Guida WC. Identification of a New Binding Site in E. coli FabH using Molecular Dynamics Simulations: Validation by Computational Alanine Mutagenesis and Docking Studies. J Chem Inf Model 2013; 53:1138-56. [DOI: 10.1021/ci3003528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Divya Ramamoorthy
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue,
Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Edward Turos
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue,
Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
- Center for Molecular Diversity in Drug Design, Discovery and Delivery, 4202
E. Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
- Center for Drug Discovery and Innovation, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, Tampa,
Florida 33620, United States
| | - Wayne C. Guida
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue,
Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
- Drug Discovery Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa,
Florida 33612, United States
- Center for Molecular Diversity in Drug Design, Discovery and Delivery, 4202
E. Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
- Center for Drug Discovery and Innovation, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, Tampa,
Florida 33620, United States
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Liu Y, He G, Kai C, Li Y, Zhu H. Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Fungicidal Activity of Novel 1,5-Diaryl-1H-Pyrazol-3-Oxy Derivatives Containing Oxyacetic Acid or Oxy(2-thioxothiazolidin-3-yl)ethanone Moieties. J Heterocycl Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.1045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science; Nanjing University of Technology; Nanjing; 210009; People's Republic of China
| | - Guangke He
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science; Nanjing University of Technology; Nanjing; 210009; People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Kai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science; Nanjing University of Technology; Nanjing; 210009; People's Republic of China
| | - Yufeng Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science; Nanjing University of Technology; Nanjing; 210009; People's Republic of China
| | - Hongjun Zhu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science; Nanjing University of Technology; Nanjing; 210009; People's Republic of China
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Luo Y, Yang YS, Fu J, Zhu HL. Novel FabH inhibitors: a patent and article literature review (2000--2012). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2012; 22:1325-36. [PMID: 22998551 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2012.727798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The traditional antimicrobial chemotherapy drugs play their effects mostly via bacterial interference with in vivo amino acids, nucleotides, amino sugars and other small molecule synthesis, or interfering the biochemical processes of these small molecules to synthesize nucleic acids, peptidoglycan and other biological macromolecules. In recent years, enzymes with single function in bacterial fatty acid synthetase system have become the genome-driven novel antibacterial drug targets. Among inhibitors of these targets, FabH inhibitors are distinguished, for their target is different from that of existing antibiotics. Therefore, discovery of FabH inhibitors might be a potential orientation to overcome bacterial resistance. AREAS COVERED This review summarized new patents and articles published on FabH inhibitors from 2000 to 2012. EXPERT OPINION The review gives a brief understanding about the background and development in the area of FabH inhibitors that aims to solve the bacterial resistance problem. This review puts emphasis on some typical small molecules, which participate in the process of FabH inhibition. Overall, the research scopes of antibacterial agents are getting broad. Fatty acid synthase (FAS) pathway has been proved to be a promising target for the therapy. However, claim of novel antibacterial agents with more active and higher specificity is still continued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Luo
- Nanjing University, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
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16
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Borgaro JG, Chang A, Machutta CA, Zhang X, Tonge PJ. Substrate recognition by β-ketoacyl-ACP synthases. Biochemistry 2011; 50:10678-86. [PMID: 22017312 DOI: 10.1021/bi201199x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
β-Ketoacyl-ACP synthase (KAS) enzymes catalyze Claisen condensation reactions in the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway. These reactions follow a ping-pong mechanism in which a donor substrate acylates the active site cysteine residue after which the acyl group is condensed with the malonyl-ACP acceptor substrate to form a β-ketoacyl-ACP. In the priming KASIII enzymes the donor substrate is an acyl-CoA while in the elongating KASI and KASII enzymes the donor is an acyl-ACP. Although the KASIII enzyme in Escherichia coli (ecFabH) is essential, the corresponding enzyme in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtFabH) is not, suggesting that the KASI or II enzyme in M. tuberculosis (KasA or KasB, respectively) must be able to accept a CoA donor substrate. Since KasA is essential, the substrate specificity of this KASI enzyme has been explored using substrates based on phosphopantetheine, CoA, ACP, and AcpM peptide mimics. This analysis has been extended to the KASI and KASII enzymes from E. coli (ecFabB and ecFabF) where we show that a 14-residue malonyl-phosphopantetheine peptide can efficiently replace malonyl-ecACP as the acceptor substrate in the ecFabF reaction. While ecFabF is able to catalyze the condensation reaction when CoA is the carrier for both substrates, the KASI enzymes ecFabB and KasA have an absolute requirement for an ACP substrate as the acyl donor. Provided that this requirement is met, variation in the acceptor carrier substrate has little impact on the k(cat)/K(m) for the KASI reaction. For the KASI enzymes we propose that the binding of ecACP (AcpM) results in a conformational change that leads to an open form of the enzyme to which the malonyl acceptor substrate binds. Finally, the substrate inhibition observed when palmitoyl-CoA is the donor substrate for the KasA reaction has implications for the importance of mtFabH in the mycobacterial FASII pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine G Borgaro
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
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Pérez-Castillo Y, Froeyen M, Cabrera-Pérez MÁ, Nowé A. Molecular dynamics and docking simulations as a proof of high flexibility in E. coli FabH and its relevance for accurate inhibitor modeling. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2011; 25:371-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s10822-011-9427-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Liu HM, Wang XJ, Xu HW, Guo LL, Zhang E, Chen GW, Guo X. Synthesis of Various Substituted Spiro- and Bicyclethiazolidine-2-thiones by a Multicomponent Reaction and Biological Evaluation in vitro. HETEROCYCLES 2011. [DOI: 10.3987/com-11-12147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Chen Z, Clive DLJ. Formation of Unusual Seven-Membered Heterocycles Incorporating Nitrogen and Sulfur by Intramolecular Conjugate Displacement. J Org Chem 2010; 75:7014-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jo101539m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Chen
- Chemistry Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Derrick L. J. Clive
- Chemistry Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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Recent Advances in the Inhibition of Bacterial Fatty Acid Biosynthesis. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(10)45018-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Lu X, Chen Y, You Q. 3D-QSAR, molecular docking studies, and binding mode prediction of thiolactomycin analogs as mtFabH inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2009; 25:240-9. [DOI: 10.3109/14756360903049059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Lu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Yadong Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Qidong You
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
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Chen N, Jia W, Xu J. A Versatile Synthesis of Various Substituted Taurines from Vicinal Amino Alcohols and Aziridines. European J Org Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200900759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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23
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Lee PJ, Bhonsle JB, Gaona HW, Huddler DP, Heady TN, Kreishman-Deitrick M, Bhattacharjee A, McCalmont WF, Gerena L, Lopez-Sanchez M, Roncal NE, Hudson TH, Johnson JD, Prigge ST, Waters NC. Targeting the fatty acid biosynthesis enzyme, beta-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase III (PfKASIII), in the identification of novel antimalarial agents. J Med Chem 2009; 52:952-63. [PMID: 19191586 DOI: 10.1021/jm8008103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The importance of fatty acids to the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, and differences due to a type I fatty acid synthesis (FAS) pathway in the parasite, make it an attractive drug target. In the present study, we developed and a utilized a pharmacophore to select compounds for testing against PfKASIII, the initiating enzyme of FAS. This effort identified several PfKASIII inhibitors that grouped into various chemical classes of sulfides, sulfonamides, and sulfonyls. Approximately 60% of the submicromolar inhibitors of PfKASIII inhibited in vitro growth of the malaria parasite. These compounds inhibited both drug sensitive and resistant parasites and testing against a mammalian cell line revealed an encouraging in vitro therapeutic index for the most active compounds. Docking studies into the active site of PfKASIII suggest a potential binding mode that exploits amino acid residues at the mouth of the substrate tunnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia J Lee
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, USA
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Alhamadsheh MM, Waters NC, Sachdeva S, Lee P, Reynolds KA. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel sulfonyl-naphthalene-1,4-diols as FabH inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:6402-5. [PMID: 18996691 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.10.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2008] [Revised: 10/17/2008] [Accepted: 10/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of analogs of 2-tosylnaphthalene-1,4-diol were prepared and were found to be potent 10-20 nM reversible inhibitors of the Escherichia coli FabH enzyme. The inhibitors were also effective but to a lesser degree (30 nM-5 microM), against the Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Plasmodium falciparum FabH enzymes. Preliminary SAR studies demonstrated that the sulfonyl group and naphthalene-1,4 diol were required for activity against all enzymes but the toluene portion could be significantly altered and leads to either modest increases or decreases in activity against the three enzymes. The in vitro activity of the analogs against E. coli FabH parallel the in vivo activity against E. coli TolC strain and many of the compounds were also shown to have antimalarial activity against P. falciparum.
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Natural product inhibitors of fatty acid biosynthesis: synthesis of the marine microbial metabolites pseudopyronines A and B and evaluation of their anti-infective activities. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.11.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Wright HT, Reynolds KA. Antibacterial targets in fatty acid biosynthesis. Curr Opin Microbiol 2007; 10:447-53. [PMID: 17707686 PMCID: PMC2271077 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2007.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2007] [Accepted: 07/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The fatty acid biosynthesis pathway is an attractive but still largely unexploited target for the development of new antibacterial agents. The extended use of the antituberculosis drug isoniazid and the antiseptic triclosan, which are inhibitors of fatty acid biosynthesis, validates this pathway as a target for antibacterial development. Differences in subcellular organization of the bacterial and eukaryotic multienzyme fatty acid synthase systems offer the prospect of inhibitors with host versus target specificity. Platensimycin, platencin, and phomallenic acids, newly discovered natural product inhibitors of the condensation steps in fatty acid biosynthesis, represent new classes of compounds with antibiotic potential. An almost complete catalog of crystal structures for the enzymes of the type II fatty acid biosynthesis pathway can now be exploited in the rational design of new inhibitors, as well as the recently published crystal structures of type I FAS complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tonie Wright
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute of Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E. Leigh St. Suite 212, Richmond, VA 23219-1540, USA.
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Alhamadsheh MM, Musayev F, Komissarov AA, Sachdeva S, Wright HT, Scarsdale N, Florova G, Reynolds KA. Alkyl-CoA Disulfides as Inhibitors and Mechanistic Probes for FabH Enzymes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 14:513-24. [PMID: 17524982 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2007.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2006] [Revised: 02/26/2007] [Accepted: 03/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The first step of the reaction catalyzed by the homodimeric FabH from a dissociated fatty acid synthase is acyl transfer from acyl-CoA to an active site cysteine. We report that C1 to C10 alkyl-CoA disulfides irreversibly inhibit Escherichia coli FabH (ecFabH) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis FabH with relative efficiencies that reflect these enzymes' differential acyl-group specificity. Crystallographic and kinetic studies with MeSSCoA show rapid inhibition of one monomer of ecFabH through formation of a methyl disulfide conjugate with this cysteine. Reaction of the second subunit with either MeSSCoA or acetyl-CoA is much slower. In the presence of malonyl-ACP, the acylation rate of the second subunit is restored to that of the native ecFabH. These observations suggest a catalytic model in which a structurally disordered apo-ecFabH dimer orders on binding either the first substrate, acetyl-CoA, or the inhibitor MeSSCoA, and is restored to a disordered state on binding of malonyl-ACP.
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