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Li Q, Deng X, Xu YJ, Dong L. Development of Long-Acting Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors: Structural Evolution and Long-Acting Determinants. J Med Chem 2023; 66:11593-11631. [PMID: 37647598 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Considerable effort has been made to achieve less frequent dosing in the development of DPP-4 inhibitors. Enthusiasm for long-acting DPP-4 inhibitors is based on the promise that such agents with less frequent dosing regimens are associated with improved patient adherence, but the rational design of long-acting DPP-4 inhibitors remains a major challenge. In this Perspective, the development of long-acting DPP-4 inhibitors is comprehensively summarized to highlight the evolution of initial lead compounds on the path toward developing long-acting DPP-4 inhibitors over nearly three decades. The determinants for long duration of action are then examined, including the nature of the target, potency, binding kinetics, crystal structures, selectivity, and preclinical and clinical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles. More importantly, several possible approaches for the rational design of long-acting drugs are discussed. We hope that this information will facilitate the design and development of safer and more effective long-acting DPP-4 inhibitors and other oral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China
| | - Xiaoyan Deng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China
| | - Yan-Jun Xu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China
| | - Lin Dong
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Araki M, Kanegawa N, Iwata H, Sagae Y, Ito K, Masuda K, Okuno Y. Hydrophobic interactions at subsite S1' of human dipeptidyl peptidase IV contribute significantly to the inhibitory effect of tripeptides. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04227. [PMID: 32613113 PMCID: PMC7322046 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional inhibitory peptides of human dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (hDPP4) have been highly anticipated as the active ingredient of functional food for type II diabetes; however, the molecular mechanism of hDPP4 inhibition remains unclear. In this study, we focused on dipeptides and tripeptides, which display structure-function correlations that are relatively easy to analyze, and examined their interactions with hDPP4 on an atomic level using a combination of docking studies and an hDPP4 inhibition assay. First, we performed comprehensive binding mode analysis of the dipeptide library and demonstrated that the formation of a tight interaction with the S1 subsite composing part of the substrate pocket is essential for dipeptides to compete with the substrate and strongly inhibit hDPP4. Next, we synthesized tripeptides by adding various amino acids to the C-terminus of Ile-Pro and Val-Pro, which have especially high inhibitory activity among compounds in the dipeptide library, and measured the hDPP4 inhibitory activity of the tripeptides. When hydrophobic amino acids (Ile, Met, Val, Trp) were added, the inhibitory activity increased several-fold. This phenomenon could be explained as follows: the C-terminal amino acid of the tripeptide formed hydrophobic interactions with Tyr547 and Trp629, which compose the S1′ subsite located relatively outside the substrate pocket, thereby stabilizing the hDPP4-peptide binding. The structural information on the interaction between hDPP4 and peptide inhibitors attained in this study is anticipated to be useful in the development of a more potent hDPP4 competitive inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsugu Araki
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Norimasa Kanegawa
- Suntory Global Innovation Center Limited, Suntory World Research Center, 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Iwata
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yukari Sagae
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ito
- Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Yada 52-1, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Katsuyoshi Masuda
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.,Suntory Global Innovation Center Limited, Suntory World Research Center, 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan
| | - Yasushi Okuno
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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Dowarah J, Singh VP. Anti-diabetic drugs recent approaches and advancements. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115263. [PMID: 32008883 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.115263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is one of the major diseases worldwide and is the third leading cause of death in the United States. Anti-diabetic drugs are used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus to control glucose levels in the blood. Most of the drugs are administered orally, except for a few of them, such as insulin, exenatide, and pramlintide. In this review, we are going to discuss seven major types of anti-diabetic drugs: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonist, protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) inhibitors, aldose reductase inhibitors, α-glucosidase inhibitors, dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4) inhibitors, G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) agonists and sodium-glucose co-transporter (SGLT) inhibitors. Here, we are also discussing some of the recently reported anti-diabetic agents with its multi-target pharmacological actions. This review summarises recent approaches and advancement in anti-diabetes treatment concerning characteristics, structure-activity relationships, functional mechanisms, expression regulation, and applications in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayanta Dowarah
- Department of Chemistry, Physical Sciences, Mizoram University, Aizawl 796004, Mizoram, India
| | - Ved Prakash Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Physical Sciences, Mizoram University, Aizawl 796004, Mizoram, India.
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Shoombuatong W, Prachayasittikul V, Anuwongcharoen N, Songtawee N, Monnor T, Prachayasittikul S, Prachayasittikul V, Nantasenamat C. Navigating the chemical space of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 9:4515-49. [PMID: 26309399 PMCID: PMC4539085 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s86529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study represents the first large-scale study on the chemical space of inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4), which is a potential therapeutic protein target for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Herein, a large set of 2,937 compounds evaluated for their ability to inhibit DPP4 was compiled from the literature. Molecular descriptors were generated from the geometrically optimized low-energy conformers of these compounds at the semiempirical AM1 level. The origins of DPP4 inhibitory activity were elucidated from computed molecular descriptors that accounted for the unique physicochemical properties inherently present in the active and inactive sets of compounds as defined by their respective half maximal inhibitory concentration values of less than 1 μM and greater than 10 μM, respectively. Decision tree analysis revealed the importance of molecular weight, total energy of a molecule, topological polar surface area, lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, and number of hydrogen-bond donors, which correspond to molecular size, energy, surface polarity, electron acceptors, and hydrogen bond donors, respectively. The prediction model was subjected to rigorous independent testing via three external sets. Scaffold and chemical fragment analysis was also performed on these active and inactive sets of compounds to shed light on the distinguishing features of the functional moieties. Docking of representative active DPP4 inhibitors was also performed to unravel key interacting residues. The results of this study are anticipated to be useful in guiding the rational design of novel and robust DPP4 inhibitors for the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Watshara Shoombuatong
- Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Veda Prachayasittikul
- Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand ; Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nuttapat Anuwongcharoen
- Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Napat Songtawee
- Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Teerawat Monnor
- Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supaluk Prachayasittikul
- Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Virapong Prachayasittikul
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chanin Nantasenamat
- Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand ; Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Kushwaha RN, Srivastava R, Mishra A, Rawat AK, Srivastava AK, Haq W, Katti SB. Design, synthesis, biological screening, and molecular docking studies of piperazine-derived constrained inhibitors of DPP-IV for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Chem Biol Drug Des 2014; 85:439-46. [PMID: 25216392 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Novel piperazine-derived conformationally constrained compounds were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for in vitro Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitory activities. From a library of compounds synthesized, 1-(2-(4-(7-Chloro-4-quinolyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetyl)pyrrolidine (2g) was identified as a potential DPP-IV inhibitor exhibiting better inhibitory activity than P32/98, reference inhibitor. The in vivo studies carried out in STZ and db/db mice models indicated that the compound 2g showed moderate antihyperglycemic activity as compared to the marketed drug Sitagliptin. A two-week repeated dose study in db/db mice revealed that compound 2g significantly declined blood glucose levels with no evidence of hypoglycemia risk. Furthermore, it showed improvement in insulin resistance reversal and antidyslipidemic properties. Molecular docking studies established good binding affinity of compound 2g at the DPP-IV active site and are in favor of the observed biological data. These data collectively suggest that compound 2g is a good lead molecule for further optimization studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram N Kushwaha
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, 226031, India
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Juillerat-Jeanneret L. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV and its inhibitors: therapeutics for type 2 diabetes and what else? J Med Chem 2013; 57:2197-212. [PMID: 24099035 DOI: 10.1021/jm400658e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The proline-specific dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV (DPP IV, DPP-4, CD26), widely expressed in mammalians, releases X-Pro/Ala dipeptides from the N-terminus of peptides. DPP IV is responsible of the degradation of the incretin peptide hormones regulating blood glucose levels. Several families of DPP IV inhibitors have been synthesized and evaluated. Their positive effects on the degradation of the incretins and the control of blood glucose levels have been demonstrated in biological models and in clinical trials. Presently, several DPP IV inhibitors, the "gliptins", are approved for type 2 diabetes or are under clinical evaluation. However, the gliptins may also be of therapeutic interest for other diseases beyond the inhibition of incretin degradation. In this Perspective, the biological functions and potential substrates of DPP IV enzymes are reviewed and the characteristics of the DPP IV inhibitors are discussed in view of type 2 diabetes and further therapeutic interest.
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Safavi M, Foroumadi A, Abdollahi M. The importance of synthetic drugs for type 2 diabetes drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 8:1339-63. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2013.837883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Sharma M, Gupta M, Singh D, Kumar M, Kaur P. Synthesis, Evaluation and Molecular Docking of Prolyl-Fluoropyrrolidine Derivatives as Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Inhibitors. Chem Biol Drug Des 2013; 82:156-66. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mani Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research; Pushp Vihar, Sector-3, M B Road; New Delhi; 110017; India
| | - Monica Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research; Pushp Vihar, Sector-3, M B Road; New Delhi; 110017; India
| | - Divya Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research; Pushp Vihar, Sector-3, M B Road; New Delhi; 110017; India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Biophysics; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi; 110029; India
| | - Punit Kaur
- Department of Biophysics; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi; 110029; India
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Nabeno M, Akahoshi F, Kishida H, Miyaguchi I, Tanaka Y, Ishii S, Kadowaki T. A comparative study of the binding modes of recently launched dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors in the active site. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 434:191-6. [PMID: 23501107 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, various dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4) inhibitors have been released as therapeutic drugs for type 2 diabetes in many countries. In spite of their diverse chemical structures, no comparative studies of their binding modes in the active site of DPP-4 have been disclosed. We determined the co-crystal structure of vildagliptin with DPP-4 by X-ray crystallography and compared the binding modes of six launched inhibitors in DPP-4. The inhibitors were categorized into three classes on the basis of their binding subsites: (i) vildagliptin and saxagliptin (Class 1) form interactions with the core S1 and S2 subsites and a covalent bond with Ser630 in the catalytic triad; (ii) alogliptin and linagliptin (Class 2) form interactions with the S1' and/or S2' subsites in addition to the S1 and S2 subsites; and (iii) sitagliptin and teneligliptin (Class 3) form interactions with the S1, S2 and S2 extensive subsites. The present study revealed that the additional interactions with the S1', S2' or S2 extensive subsite may increase DPP-4 inhibition beyond the level afforded by the fundamental interactions with the S1 and S2 subsites and are more effective than forming a covalent bond with Ser630.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Nabeno
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories II, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Saitama, Japan.
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Akahoshi F. Discovery of Teneligliptin for Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes: Discovery Research of a Novel DPP-4 Inhibitor and its Unique Binding Mode. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2013. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.71.1259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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11
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Bondžić BP, Džambaski Z, Bondžić AM, Marković R. π-Annulation reactions of 4-thiazolidinone enaminones in the synthesis of fused bi- and tri-cyclic compounds. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.09.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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12
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Discovery and preclinical profile of teneligliptin (3-[(2S,4S)-4-[4-(3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)piperazin-1-yl]pyrrolidin-2-ylcarbonyl]thiazolidine): A highly potent, selective, long-lasting and orally active dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:5705-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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13
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Yoshida T, Akahoshi F, Sakashita H, Sonda S, Takeuchi M, Tanaka Y, Nabeno M, Kishida H, Miyaguchi I, Hayashi Y. Fused bicyclic heteroarylpiperazine-substituted l-prolylthiazolidines as highly potent DPP-4 inhibitors lacking the electrophilic nitrile group. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:5033-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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(3,3-Difluoro-pyrrolidin-1-yl)-[(2S,4S)-(4-(4-pyrimidin-2-yl-piperazin-1-yl)-pyrrolidin-2-yl]-methanone: A potent, selective, orally active dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:1991-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Revised: 02/09/2009] [Accepted: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Sattigeri JA, Andappan MM, Kishore K, Thangathirupathy S, Sundaram S, Singh S, Sharma S, Davis JA, Chugh A, Bansal VS. Discovery of conformationally rigid 3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-derived dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:4087-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.05.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Revised: 05/21/2008] [Accepted: 05/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Yu H, Richey RN, Stout JR, LaPack MA, Gu R, Khau VV, Frank SA, Ott JP, Miller RD, Carr MA, Zhang TY. Development of a Practical Synthesis of DPP IV Inhibitor LY2497282. Org Process Res Dev 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/op700235c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Yu
- Chemical Product Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories,
Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285-4813, U.S.A
| | - Rachel N. Richey
- Chemical Product Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories,
Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285-4813, U.S.A
| | - James R. Stout
- Chemical Product Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories,
Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285-4813, U.S.A
| | - Mark A. LaPack
- Chemical Product Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories,
Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285-4813, U.S.A
| | - Ruilin Gu
- Chemical Product Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories,
Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285-4813, U.S.A
| | - Vien V. Khau
- Chemical Product Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories,
Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285-4813, U.S.A
| | - Scott A. Frank
- Chemical Product Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories,
Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285-4813, U.S.A
| | - Joel P. Ott
- Chemical Product Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories,
Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285-4813, U.S.A
| | - Richard D. Miller
- Chemical Product Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories,
Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285-4813, U.S.A
| | - Michael A. Carr
- Chemical Product Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories,
Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285-4813, U.S.A
| | - Tony Y. Zhang
- Chemical Product Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories,
Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285-4813, U.S.A
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