Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of pyrazinones containing novel P1 needles as inhibitors of TF/VIIa

Novel library synthesis of 3,4-disubstituted pyridin-2(1H)-ones via cleavage of pyridine-2-oxy-7-azabenzotriazole ethers under ionic hydrogenation conditions at room temperature

In our hands, efficient access to the 4-amino-3-carboxamide disubstituted pyridine-2(1H)-one kinase hinge-binder motif proved to be more challenging than anticipated requiring a significant investment in route scouting and optimization. This full paper focuses on the synthesis issues that we encountered during our route exploration and the original solutions we found that helped us to identify two optimized library-style processes to prepare our large kinase inhibitor library.

A Two-Step Multicomponent Synthetic Approach and Anti-inflammatory Evaluation of N-Substituted 2-Oxopyrazines

Inflammation is widely reported as a main factor for the development of chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and even metabolic syndrome. Thus, the search for novel anti-inflammatory compounds is required. Herein we describe the synthesis of a collection of peptidic pyrazinones by a convenient approach involving a multicomponent isocyanide-based reaction followed by a tandem deprotection/oxidative cyclization step. This series of compounds were tested for their potential anti-inflammatory capacity in an in vivo murine model, and four compounds were identified to inhibit tetradecanoylphorbol acetate (TPA)-induced edema by more than 75 %. The two most active compounds, N-benzyl-2-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-[2-oxopyrazin-1(2H)-yl]acetamide (10 o) and N-cyclohexyl-2-[2-oxopyrazin-1(2H)-yl]-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]acetamide (10 x), with methyl and trifluoromethyl groups, were also able to decrease myeloperoxidase activity and leukocyte infiltration. Moreover, 10 x decreased the thickness of TPA-treated mouse ears, as observed in histological analysis of the tissues.

Mild and selective silicon-mediated access to enantioenriched 1,2-mercaptoamines and β-amino arylchalcogenides

Metal-free ring opening reactions of activated and unactivated aziridines with different silyl chalcogenides are described.

Discovery of Phenylglycine Lactams as Potent Neutral Factor VIIa Inhibitors

Inhibitors of Factor VIIa (FVIIa), a serine protease in the clotting cascade, have shown strong antithrombotic efficacy in preclinical thrombosis models with minimal bleeding liabilities. Discovery of potent, orally active FVIIa inhibitors has been largely unsuccessful because known chemotypes have required a highly basic group in the S1 binding pocket for high affinity. A recently reported fragment screening effort resulted in the discovery of a neutral heterocycle, 7-chloro-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1(2H)-one, that binds in the S1 pocket of FVIIa and can be incorporated into a phenylglycine FVIIa inhibitor. Optimization of this P1 binding group led to the first series of neutral, permeable FVIIa inhibitors with low nanomolar potency.

Discovery of a Highly Potent, Selective, and Orally Bioavailable Macrocyclic Inhibitor of Blood Coagulation Factor VIIa-Tissue Factor Complex

Inhibitors of the tissue factor (TF)/factor VIIa complex (TF-FVIIa) are promising novel anticoagulants which show excellent efficacy and minimal bleeding in preclinical models. Starting with an aminoisoquinoline P1-based macrocyclic inhibitor, optimization of the P' groups led to a series of highly potent and selective TF-FVIIa inhibitors which displayed poor permeability. Fluorination of the aminoisoquinoline reduced the basicity of the P1 group and significantly improved permeability. The resulting lead compound was highly potent, selective, and achieved good pharmacokinetics in dogs with oral dosing. Moreover, it demonstrated robust antithrombotic activity in a rabbit model of arterial thrombosis.

Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Bioactive Six-Membered Heterocycles and Their Fused Analogues

This review describes the formation of six-membered heterocyclic compounds and their fused analogues under microwave activation using modern organic transformations including cyclocondensation, cycloaddition, multicomponents and other modular reactions. The review is divided according to the main heterocycle types in order of increasing complexity, starting with heterocyclic systems containing one, two and three heteroatoms and their fused analogues. Recent microwave applications are reviewed, with special focus on the chemistry of bioactive compounds. Selected examples from the 2006 to 2015 literature are discussed.

Design and Synthesis of Phenylpyrrolidine Phenylglycinamides As Highly Potent and Selective TF-FVIIa Inhibitors

Inhibitors of the Tissue Factor/Factor VIIa (TF-FVIIa) complex are promising novel anticoagulants that show excellent efficacy and minimal bleeding in preclinical models. On the basis of a zwitterionic phenylglycine acylsulfonamide 1, a phenylglycine benzylamide 2 was shown to possess improved permeability and oral bioavailability. Optimization of the benzylamide, guided by X-ray crystallography, led to a potent TF-FVIIa inhibitor 18i with promising oral bioavailability, but promiscuous activity in an in vitro safety panel of receptors and enzymes. Introducing an acid on the pyrrolidine ring, guided by molecular modeling, resulted in highly potent, selective, and efficacious TF-FVIIa inhibitors with clean in vitro safety profile. The pyrrolidine acid 20 showed a moderate clearance, low volume of distribution, and a short t 1/2 in dog PK studies.

Optimisation of 6-substituted isoquinolin-1-amine based ROCK-I inhibitors

Rho kinase is an important target implicated in a variety of cardiovascular diseases. Herein, we report the optimisation of the fragment derived ATP-competitive ROCK inhibitors 1 and 2 into lead compound 14A. The initial goal of improving ROCK-I potency relative to 1, whilst maintaining a good PK profile, was achieved through removal of the aminoisoquinoline basic centre. Lead 14A was equipotent against both ROCK-I and ROCK-II, showed good in vivo efficacy in the spontaneous hypertensive rat model, and was further optimised to demonstrate the scope for improving selectivity over PKA versus hydroxy Fasudil 3.