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Zapol'skii VA, Namyslo JC, de Meijere A, Kaufmann DE. Chemistry of polyhalogenated nitrobutadienes, 10: Synthesis of highly functionalized heterocycles with a rigid 6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane moiety. Beilstein J Org Chem 2012; 8:621-8. [PMID: 22563360 PMCID: PMC3343288 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.8.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The nitropolychlorobutadienes 3, 4 are valuable building blocks for various amination and successive heterocyclization products. Nucleophilic substitution reactions of the partially protected, bioactive amines 1, 2 with either vinyl, imidoyl or carbonyl chlorides result in the formation of the enamines 11, 12, 13, 16, 25, the amidine 6, and the amides 20, 21, respectively. In the following, cyclization to the highly functionalized pyrazoles 27, 28, pyrimidine 26 and pyridopyrimidine 24 succeeded. Deprotection of 21, 12 and 28 proved to be only partially feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor A Zapol'skii
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Leibnizstr. 6, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
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Massari L, Panelli L, Hughes M, Stazi F, Maton W, Westerduin P, Scaravelli F, Bacchi S. A Mechanistic Insight into a Simple C−N Bond Formation via SN2 Displacement: A Synergistic Kinetics and Design of Experiment Approach. Org Process Res Dev 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/op100176u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Massari
- Chemical Development, Synthetic Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline Medicine Research Centre, Via Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy, Chemical Development, Particle and Process Science and Engineering, GlaxoSmithKline Medicine Research Centre, Via Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy, and Continuous Processing, Particle and Process Science and Engineering, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Laura Panelli
- Chemical Development, Synthetic Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline Medicine Research Centre, Via Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy, Chemical Development, Particle and Process Science and Engineering, GlaxoSmithKline Medicine Research Centre, Via Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy, and Continuous Processing, Particle and Process Science and Engineering, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Mark Hughes
- Chemical Development, Synthetic Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline Medicine Research Centre, Via Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy, Chemical Development, Particle and Process Science and Engineering, GlaxoSmithKline Medicine Research Centre, Via Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy, and Continuous Processing, Particle and Process Science and Engineering, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Federica Stazi
- Chemical Development, Synthetic Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline Medicine Research Centre, Via Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy, Chemical Development, Particle and Process Science and Engineering, GlaxoSmithKline Medicine Research Centre, Via Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy, and Continuous Processing, Particle and Process Science and Engineering, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - William Maton
- Chemical Development, Synthetic Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline Medicine Research Centre, Via Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy, Chemical Development, Particle and Process Science and Engineering, GlaxoSmithKline Medicine Research Centre, Via Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy, and Continuous Processing, Particle and Process Science and Engineering, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Pieter Westerduin
- Chemical Development, Synthetic Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline Medicine Research Centre, Via Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy, Chemical Development, Particle and Process Science and Engineering, GlaxoSmithKline Medicine Research Centre, Via Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy, and Continuous Processing, Particle and Process Science and Engineering, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Federico Scaravelli
- Chemical Development, Synthetic Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline Medicine Research Centre, Via Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy, Chemical Development, Particle and Process Science and Engineering, GlaxoSmithKline Medicine Research Centre, Via Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy, and Continuous Processing, Particle and Process Science and Engineering, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Sergio Bacchi
- Chemical Development, Synthetic Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline Medicine Research Centre, Via Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy, Chemical Development, Particle and Process Science and Engineering, GlaxoSmithKline Medicine Research Centre, Via Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy, and Continuous Processing, Particle and Process Science and Engineering, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
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Peretto I, Petrillo P, Imbimbo BP. Medicinal chemistry and therapeutic potential of muscarinic M3 antagonists. Med Res Rev 2010; 29:867-902. [PMID: 19399831 DOI: 10.1002/med.20158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors belong to the G-protein-coupled receptors family. Currently five different receptor subtypes have been identified and cloned. M3 receptor subtypes are coupled to G(q) family proteins and increase phosphatidyl inositol hydrolysis and calcium release from internal stores. They are widely distributed both in the central nervous system and in the periphery. At the central level, M3 receptor subtypes are involved in modulation of neurotransmitter release, temperature homeostasis, and food intake, while in the periphery they induce smooth muscle contraction, gland secretion, indirect relaxation of vascular smooth muscle, and miosis. The main therapeutic applications of M3 antagonists include overactive bladder (OAB), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and pain-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The introduction of selective M3 antagonists has not improved clinical efficacy compared with the old non-selective antimuscarinics but has reduced the rate of adverse events mediated by the blockade of cardiac M2 receptors (tachycardia) and central M1 receptors (cognitive impairment). Improved tolerability has been obtained also with controlled release or with inhaled formulations. However, there is still a need for safer M3 antagonists for the treatment of COPD and better-tolerated and more effective compounds for the therapy of OAB. New selective muscarinic M3 antagonists currently in early discovery and under development have been designed to address these issues. However, as M3 receptors are widely located in various tissues including salivary glands, gut smooth muscles, iris, and ciliary muscles, further clinical improvements may derive from the discovery and the development of new compounds with tissue rather than muscarinic receptor subtype selectivity.
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