1
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Liu S, Zhao X, Zhang Z, Wang J, He J. Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel 6‐Benzyl‐2‐benzylidene‐2
H
‐thiazolo[3,2‐
b
][1,2,4]triazine‐3,7‐diones as Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Si‐jie Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering Shijiazhuang University Shijiazhuang 050035 P. R. China
- Cspc Holdings Company Limited Shijiazhuang 050000 P. R. China
- Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang 050017 P. R. China
| | - Xing Zhao
- College of Chemical Engineering Shijiazhuang University Shijiazhuang 050035 P. R. China
| | - Zhi‐hui Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering Shijiazhuang University Shijiazhuang 050035 P. R. China
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering Shijiazhuang University Shijiazhuang 050035 P. R. China
| | - Jing‐yu He
- College of Chemical Engineering Shijiazhuang University Shijiazhuang 050035 P. R. China
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2
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Significance of Targeting VEGFR-2 and Cyclin D1 in Luminal-A Breast Cancer. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25204606. [PMID: 33050377 PMCID: PMC7594023 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The hormonal luminal-A is the most pre-dominant sub type of breast cancer (BC), and it is associated with a high level of cyclin D1 in Saudi patients. Tamoxifen is the golden therapy for hormonal BC, but resistance of cancer cells to tamoxifen contributes to the recurrence of BC due to many reasons, including high levels of AIB1 and cyclin D1. Overcoming drug resistance could be achieved by exploring alternative targetable therapeutic pathways and new drugs or combinations. The objective of this study was to determine the differentially enriched pathways in 12 samples of Saudi women diagnosed with luminal-A using the PamChip peptide microarray-based kinase activity profiling, and to compare the activity of HAA2020 and dinaciclib with tamoxifen in singles and combinations in the MCF7 luminal-A cell line. Our results of network and pathway analysis of the 12 samples highlighted the importance of VEGFR and CDKs in promoting luminal-A breast cancer. The activation of VEGF signaling via VEGFR-2 leads to activation of PI3K/AKT kinases and an increase of cell survival, and leads to activation of Hsp90, which induces the phosphorylation of FAK1, resulting in cytoskeleton remodeling. PLC-gamma 1 is also activated, leading to FAK-2 and PKC activation. Notably, the G1/S cell cycle phases and phosphorylation processes contribute to the top seven tumorigenesis processes in the 12 samples. Further, the MTT combination of HAA2020 and dinaciclib showed the best combination index (CI), was more clonogenic against MCF7 cells compared to the other combinations, and it also showed the best selectivity index (SI) in normal MRC5 cells. Interestingly, HAA2020 and dinaciclib showed a synergistic apoptotic and G1 cell cycle effect in MCF7 cells, which was supported by their synergistic CDK2, cyclin D1, and PCNA inhibition activities. Additionally, the combination showed VEGFR-2 and Hsp90 inhibition activities in MCF7 cells. The results show the significance of targeting VEGFR-2 and cyclin D1 in Saudi luminal-A breast cancer patients, and the effect of combining HAA2020 and dinaciclib on those targets in the MCF7 model. It also warrants further preclinical and in vivo investigations for the combination of HAA2020 and dinaciclib as a possible future second-line treatment for luminal-A breast cancers.
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Synthetic approaches, anticancer potential, HSP90 inhibition, multitarget evaluation, molecular modeling and apoptosis mechanistic study of thioquinazolinone skeleton: Promising antibreast cancer agent. Bioorg Chem 2020; 101:103987. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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El-Shafey HW, Gomaa RM, El-Messery SM, Goda FE. Quinazoline Based HSP90 Inhibitors: Synthesis, Modeling Study and ADME Calculations Towards Breast Cancer Targeting. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127281. [PMID: 32527460 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A new 2-thioquinazolinones series was designed and synthesized as HSP90 inhibitors based on the structure of hit compound VII obtained by virtual screening approach. Their in vitro anti-proliferative activity was evaluated against three human cancer cell lines rich in HSP90 namely; colorectal carcinoma (HCT-116), and cervical carcinoma (Hela), breast carcinoma (MCF-7). Compounds 5a, 5d, 5e and 9h showed a significant broad spectrum anti-proliferative activity against all tested cell lines. They were characterized by potent effect against breast cancer in particular with IC50 of 11.73, 8.56, 7.35 and 9.48 μM, respectively against Doxorubicin (IC50 4.17 μM). HSP90 ATPase activity inhibition assay were conducted where compound 5d exhibited the best IC50 with 1.58 μM compared to Tanespimycin (IC50 = 2.17 μM). Compounds 5a and 9h showed higher IC50 values of 3.21 and 3.41 μM, respectively. The effects of 5a, 5d and 9h on Her2 (a client proteins of HSP90) and HSP70 were evaluated in MCF-7 cells. All tested compounds were found to reduce Her2 protein expression levels and induce Hsp70 protein expression levels significantly, emphasizing that antibreast cancer effect is a consequence of HSP90 chaperone inhibition. Cell cycle analysis of MCF-7 cells treated with 5d showed cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase 38.89% and pro-apoptotic activity as indicated by annexin V-FITC staining by 22.42%. Molecular docking studies suggested mode of interaction to HSP90 via hydrogen bonding. ADME properties prediction of the active compounds suggested that they could be used as orally absorbed anticancer drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed W El-Shafey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, P.O.Box 35516 Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Rania M Gomaa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, P.O.Box 35516 Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Shahenda M El-Messery
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, P.O.Box 35516 Mansoura, Egypt.
| | - Fatma E Goda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, P.O.Box 35516 Mansoura, Egypt
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Synergistic Anti Leukemia Effect of a Novel Hsp90 and a Pan Cyclin Dependent Kinase Inhibitors. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25092220. [PMID: 32397330 PMCID: PMC7248782 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is among the top four malignancies in Saudi nationals, and it is the top leukemia subtype worldwide. Resistance to available AML drugs requires the identification of new targets and agents. Hsp90 is one of the emerging important targets in AML, which has a central role in the regulation of apoptosis and cell proliferation through client proteins including the growth factor receptors and cyclin dependent kinases. The objective of the first part of this study is to investigate the putative Hsp90 inhibition activity of three novel previously synthesized quinazolines, which showed HL60 cytotoxicity and VEGFR2 and EGFR kinases inhibition activities. Using surface plasmon resonance, compound 1 (HAA2020) showed better Hsp90 inhibition compared to 17-AAG, and a docking study revealed that it fits nicely into the ATPase site. The objective of the second part is to maximize the anti-leukemic activity of HAA2020, which was combined with each of the eleven standard inhibitors. The best resulting synergistic effect in HL60 cells was with the pan cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) inhibitor dinaciclib, using an MTT assay. Furthermore, the inhibiting effect of the Hsp90α gene by the combination of HAA2020 and dinaciclib was associated with increased caspase-7 and TNF-α, leading to apoptosis in HL60 cells. In addition, the combination upregulated p27 simultaneously with the inhibition of cyclinD3 and CDK2, leading to abolished HL60 proliferation and survival. The actions of HAA2020 propagated the apoptotic and cell cycle control properties of dinaciclib, showing the importance of co-targeting Hsp90 and CDK, which could lead to the better management of leukemia.
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Radhakrishnan S, Syed R, Takei H, Kobayashi IS, Nakamura E, Sultana F, Kamal A, Tenen DG, Kobayashi SS. Styryl quinazolinones and its ethynyl derivatives induce myeloid differentiation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:2286-2289. [PMID: 31278031 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor transcription factor CCAAT enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα) expression is downregulated in myeloid leukemias and enhancement of C/EBPα expression induces granulocytic differentiation in leukemic cells. Previously we reported that Styryl quinazolinones induce myeloid differentiation in HL-60 cells by upregulating C/EBPα expression. To identify more potent molecule that can induce leukemic cell differentiation we synthesized and evaluated new series of styryl quinazolinones, ethynyl styryl quinazolinones, styryl quinolinones and thienopyrimidinones. Thienopyrimidinones were found toxic and styryl quinolinones were found inactive. Ethynyl styryl quinazolinone 39 and styryl quinazolinone 5 were found active on par with the earlier reported analogues 1 and 2 suggesting that the 5-nitro furan-2-yl styryl quinazolinones find a real promise in leukemic cell differentiation. The improved potency of 5 suggested that further modifications in the 5-nitro furan-2-yl styryl quinazolinones can be at the phenyl substitution at the 3-position of the quinazolinone ring apart from the 5-position of the heteroaryl ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar Radhakrishnan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore.
| | - Riyaz Syed
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India; Department of Chemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 085, India
| | - Hisashi Takei
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Ikei S Kobayashi
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Eugene Nakamura
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Farheen Sultana
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Ahmed Kamal
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India; School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (SPER), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110 062, India
| | - Daniel G Tenen
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Susumu S Kobayashi
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Division of Translational Genomics, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8577, Japan.
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Thomas R, Kermode AR. Enzyme enhancement therapeutics for lysosomal storage diseases: Current status and perspective. Mol Genet Metab 2019; 126:83-97. [PMID: 30528228 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Small-molecule- enzyme enhancement therapeutics (EETs) have emerged as attractive agents for the treatment of lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs), a broad group of genetic diseases caused by mutations in genes encoding lysosomal enzymes, or proteins required for lysosomal function. The underlying enzyme deficiencies characterizing LSDs cause a block in the stepwise degradation of complex macromolecules (e.g. glycosaminoglycans, glycolipids and others), such that undegraded or partially degraded substrates progressively accumulate in lysosomal and non-lysosomal compartments, a process leading to multisystem pathology via primary and secondary mechanisms. Missense mutations underlie many of the LSDs; the resultant mutant variant enzyme hydrolase is often impaired in its folding and maturation making it subject to rapid disposal by endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation (ERAD). Enzyme deficiency in the lysosome is the result, even though the mutant enzyme may retain significant catalytic functioning. Small molecule modulators - pharmacological chaperones (PCs), or proteostasis regulators (PRs) are being identified through library screens and computational tools, as they may offer a less costly approach than enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) for LSDs, and potentially treat neuronal forms of the diseases. PCs, capable of directly stabilizing the mutant protein, and PRs, which act on other cellular elements to enhance protein maturation, both allow a proportion of the synthesized variant protein to reach the lysosome and function. Proof-of-principle for PCs and PRs as therapeutic agents has been demonstrated for several LSDs, yet definitive data of their efficacy in disease models and/or in downstream clinical studies in many cases has yet to be achieved. Basic research to understand the cellular consequences of protein misfolding such as perturbed organellar crosstalk, redox status, and calcium balance is needed. Likewise, an elucidation of the early in cellulo pathogenic events underlying LSDs is vital and may lead to the discovery of new small molecule modulators and/or to other therapeutic approaches for driving proteostasis toward protein rescue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Thomas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr., Burnaby B.C. V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Allison R Kermode
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr., Burnaby B.C. V5A 1S6, Canada.
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Kim HH, Hyun JS, Choi J, Choi KE, Jee JG, Park SJ. Structural ensemble-based docking simulation and biophysical studies discovered new inhibitors of Hsp90 N-terminal domain. Sci Rep 2018; 8:368. [PMID: 29321504 PMCID: PMC5762686 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18332-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is one of the most abundant cellular proteins and plays a substantial role in the folding of client proteins. The inhibition of Hsp90 has been regarded as an attractive therapeutic strategy for treating cancer because many oncogenic kinases are Hsp90 client proteins. In this study, we report new inhibitors that directly bind to N-terminal ATP-binding pocket of Hsp90. Optimized structure-based virtual screening predicted candidate molecules, which was followed by confirmation using biophysical and cell-based assays. Among the reported crystal structures, we chose the two structures that show the most favourable early enrichments of true-positives in the receiver operating characteristic curve. Four molecules showed significant changes in the signals of 2D [1H, 15N] correlation NMR spectroscopy. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis supported the results indicating direct binding. Quantified dissociation constant values of the molecules, determined by a series of 2D NMR experiments, lie in the range of 0.1–33 μM. Growth inhibition assay with breast and lung cancer cells confirmed the cellular activities of the molecules. Cheminformatics revealed that the molecules share limited chemical similarities with known inhibitors. Molecular dynamics simulations detailed the putative binding modes of the inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Hwi Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Incheon, 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja-Shil Hyun
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Incheon, 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonhyeok Choi
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Researches, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook, National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Eun Choi
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Researches, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook, National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Goo Jee
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Researches, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook, National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung Jean Park
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Incheon, 21936, Republic of Korea.
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Al-Sha'er MA, Mansi I, Khanfar M, Abudayyh A. Discovery of new heat shock protein 90 inhibitors using virtual co-crystallized pharmacophore generation. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2016; 31:64-77. [DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2016.1218485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Iman Mansi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Malak Khanfar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Zarqa University, Zarqa, Jordan and
| | - Alaa Abudayyh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Zarqa University, Zarqa, Jordan and
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Baby ST, Sharma S, Enaganti S, Cherian PR. Molecular docking and pharmacophore studies of heterocyclic compounds as Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) Inhibitors. Bioinformation 2016; 12:149-155. [PMID: 28232775 PMCID: PMC5289218 DOI: 10.6026/97320630012149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat Shock Protein 90 was a key molecular chaperone involved in the proteome stability maintenance and its interference in many signaling networks associated with cancer progression, makes it of an important target for cancer therapeutics. The present study aimed to identify potential lead molecule among the selected heterocyclic compounds against Human Hsp90 (PDB: 1YET) through docking using GOLD 3.1 and pharmacophore studies using Discovery studio 2.1. On the basis of the GOLD Fitness scores, the compounds Q1G and T21 showed better binding affinity. Further the analyzed structure pharmacophore results are in consistence with the docking results indicating that both these compounds show antagonistic activity towards HSP90 respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suby T Baby
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jodhpur National
University, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342003, India
| | - Shailendra Sharma
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jodhpur National
University, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342003, India
| | - Sreenivas Enaganti
- Bioinformatics division, Averin biotech, Nallakunta,
Hyderabad, Telangana 500044, India
| | - P. Roby Cherian
- Jazan University, P.O.Box 114, Jazan 45142, Kingdom of
Saudi Arabia
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Mierina I, Stepanovs D, Kuginyte J, Janichev A, Jure M. Crystal structure of 3-(4-hy-droxy-phen-yl)-2-[(E)-2-phenyl-ethen-yl]quinazolin-4(3H)-one. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2016; 72:522-5. [PMID: 27375880 PMCID: PMC4910336 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989016004473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The title compound, C22H16N2O2 {systematic name: 3-(4-hy-droxy-phen-yl)-2-[(E)-2-phenyl-ethen-yl]quinazolin-4(3H)-one}, consists of a substituted 2-[(E)-2-aryl-ethen-yl]-3-aryl-quinazolin-4(3H)-one skeleton. The substituents at the ethyl-ene fragment are located in trans positions. The phenyl ring is inclined to the quinazolone ring by 26.44 (19)°, while the 4-hy-droxy-phenyl ring is inclined to the quinazolone ring by 81.25 (8)°. The phenyl ring and the 4-hy-droxy-phenyl ring are inclined to one another by 78.28 (2)°. In the crystal, mol-ecules are connected via O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a helix along the a-axis direction. The helices are linked by C-H⋯π inter-actions, forming slabs parallel to (001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Inese Mierina
- Institute of Technology of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Str. P. Valdena 3/7, Riga, LV 1048, Latvia
| | - Dmitrijs Stepanovs
- Institute of Technology of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Str. P. Valdena 3/7, Riga, LV 1048, Latvia
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Str. Aizkraukles 21, Riga, LV 1006, Latvia
| | - Jolita Kuginyte
- Institute of Technology of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Str. P. Valdena 3/7, Riga, LV 1048, Latvia
- Institute of Synthetic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Str. K. Barsausko 59, Kaunas, LT 51423, Lithuania
| | - Artur Janichev
- Institute of Technology of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Str. P. Valdena 3/7, Riga, LV 1048, Latvia
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Str. Aizkraukles 21, Riga, LV 1006, Latvia
| | - Mara Jure
- Institute of Technology of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Str. P. Valdena 3/7, Riga, LV 1048, Latvia
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Kumalo HM, Bhakat S, Soliman ME. Heat-shock protein 90 (Hsp90) as anticancer target for drug discovery: an ample computational perspective. Chem Biol Drug Des 2015; 86:1131-60. [PMID: 25958815 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There are over 100 different types of cancer, and each is classified based on the type of cell that is initially affected. If left untreated, cancer can result in serious health problems and eventually death. Recently, the paradigm of cancer chemotherapy has evolved to use a combination approach, which involves the use of multiple drugs each of which targets an individual protein. Inhibition of heat-shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is one of the novel key cancer targets. Because of its ability to target several signaling pathways, Hsp90 inhibition emerged as a useful strategy to treat a wide variety of cancers. Molecular modeling approaches and methodologies have become 'close counterparts' to experiments in drug design and discovery workflows. A wide range of molecular modeling approaches have been developed, each of which has different objectives and outcomes. In this review, we provide an up-to-date systematic overview on the different computational models implemented toward the design of Hsp90 inhibitors as anticancer agents. Although this is the main emphasis of this review, different topics such as background and current statistics of cancer, different anticancer targets including Hsp90, and the structure and function of Hsp90 from an experimental perspective, for example, X-ray and NMR, are also addressed in this report. To the best of our knowledge, this review is the first account, which comprehensively outlines various molecular modeling efforts directed toward identification of anticancer drugs targeting Hsp90. We believe that the information, methods, and perspectives highlighted in this report would assist researchers in the discovery of potential anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hezekiel M Kumalo
- School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Soumendranath Bhakat
- School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, 4001, South Africa.,Division of Biophysical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mahmoud E Soliman
- School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, 4001, South Africa
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Brandvold KR, Morimoto RI. The Chemical Biology of Molecular Chaperones--Implications for Modulation of Proteostasis. J Mol Biol 2015; 427:2931-47. [PMID: 26003923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Protein homeostasis (proteostasis) is inextricably tied to cellular health and organismal lifespan. Aging, exposure to physiological and environmental stress, and expression of mutant and metastable proteins can cause an imbalance in the protein-folding landscape, which results in the formation of non-native protein aggregates that challenge the capacity of the proteostasis network (PN), increasing the risk for diseases associated with misfolding, aggregation, and aberrant regulation of cell stress responses. Molecular chaperones have central roles in each of the arms of the PN (protein synthesis, folding, disaggregation, and degradation), leading to the proposal that modulation of chaperone function could have therapeutic benefits for the large and growing family of diseases of protein conformation including neurodegeneration, metabolic diseases, and cancer. In this review, we will discuss the current strategies used to tune the PN through targeting molecular chaperones and assess the potential of the chemical biology of proteostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristoffer R Brandvold
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Rice Institute for Biomedical Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Richard I Morimoto
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Rice Institute for Biomedical Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
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HER2/neu: an increasingly important therapeutic target. Part 1: basic biology & therapeutic armamentarium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4155/cli.14.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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Jagani CL, Sojitra NA, Vanparia SF, Patel TS, Dixit RB, Dixit BC. Microwave promoted synthesis and antimicrobial activity of 3-thiazole substituted 2-styryl-4(3H)-quinazolinone derivatives. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Al-Sha'er MA, Taha MO. Application of docking-based comparative intermolecular contacts analysis to validate Hsp90α docking studies and subsequent in silico screening for inhibitors. J Mol Model 2012; 18:4843-63. [PMID: 22707278 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-012-1479-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock protein (Hsp90α) has been recently implicated in cancer, prompting several attempts to discover and optimize new Hsp90α inhibitors. Towards this end, we docked 83 diverse Hsp90α inhibitors into the ATP-binding site of this chaperone using several docking-scoring settings. Subsequently, we applied our newly developed computational tool--docking-based comparative intramolecular contacts analysis (dbCICA)--to assess the different docking conditions and select the best settings. dbCICA is based on the number and quality of contacts between docked ligands and amino acid residues within the binding pocket. It assesses a particular docking configuration based on its ability to align a set of ligands within a corresponding binding pocket in such a way that potent ligands come into contact with binding site spots distinct from those approached by low-affinity ligands, and vice versa. The optimal dbCICA models were translated into valid pharmacophore models that were used as 3D search queries to mine the National Cancer Institute's structural database for new inhibitors of Hsp90α that could potentially be used as anticancer agents. The process culminated in 15 micromolar Hsp90α ATPase inhibitors.
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Chao B, Lin S, Ma Q, Lu D, Hu Y. Copper(I)-Mediated Cascade Reactions: An Efficient Approach to the Synthesis of Functionalized Benzofuro[3,2-d]pyrimidines. Org Lett 2012; 14:2398-401. [DOI: 10.1021/ol300822a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China, and China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, P. R. China
| | - Shijun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China, and China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, P. R. China
| | - Qingdong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China, and China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, P. R. China
| | - Dong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China, and China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, P. R. China
| | - Youhong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China, and China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, P. R. China
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18
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Swuec P, Barlow DJ. Prediction of inhibitory activities of Hsp90 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:408-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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19
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Patel HJ, Modi S, Chiosis G, Taldone T. Advances in the discovery and development of heat-shock protein 90 inhibitors for cancer treatment. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2011; 6:559-587. [PMID: 22400044 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2011.563296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Over the last 15 - 20 years, targeted anticancer strategies have focused on therapies aimed at abrogating a single malignant protein. Agents that are directed towards the inhibition of a single oncoprotein have resulted in a number of useful drugs in the treatment of cancers (i.e., Gleevec, BCR-ABL; Tarceva and Iressa, EGFR). However, such a strategy relies on the notion that a cancer cell is dependent on a single signaling pathway for its survival. The possibility that a cancer cell may mutate or switch its dependence to another signaling pathway can result in the ineffectiveness of such agents. Recent advances in the biology of heat-shock protein 90 (Hsp90) have revealed intimate details into the complexity of the chaperoning process that Hsp90 is engaged in and, at the same time, have offered those involved in drug discovery several unique ways to interfere in this process. AREAS COVERED: This review provides the current understanding of the chaperone cycle of Hsp90 and presents the multifaceted approaches used by researchers in the discovery of potential Hsp90 drugs. It discusses the phenotypic outcomes in cancer cells on Hsp90 inhibition by these several approaches and also addresses several distinctions observed among direct Hsp90 ATP-pocket competitors providing commentary on the potential biological outcomes as well as the clinical relevance of such features. EXPERT OPINION: The significantly different phenotypic outcomes observed from Hsp90 inhibition by the many inhibitors developed suggest that the clinical development of Hsp90 inhibitors would be better served by careful consideration of the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties of individual candidates rather than a generic approach directed towards the target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardik J Patel
- Sloan Kettering Institute, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, NY, USA
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20
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Pharmacophore modeling and structure-based virtual screening for a novel “switch region” target of bacterial RNA polymerase. Med Chem Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-011-9567-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Doddareddy MR, Thorat DA, Seo SH, Hong TJ, Cho YS, Hahn JS, Pae AN. Structure based design of heat shock protein 90 inhibitors acting as anticancer agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:1714-20. [PMID: 21306907 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Revised: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Structure based drug design (SBDD) was used to discover heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) inhibitors useful in the treatment of cancer. By using the crystal structure of HSP90-ligand complex (1uyi), a docking model was prepared and was validated by external dataset containing known HSP90 inhibitors. This validated model was then used to virtually screen commercial databases, selected hits of which were bought and sent for real biological evaluation. Further as an alternative method, pharmacophores were generated using crystal structure conformations of ligands in HSP90 complexes (1uyi and 2bz5) and where used for virtual screening. Both cases yielded several hits containing novel scaffolds, particularly compound KHSP8 showed an IC(50) value of 0.902 μM in case of colon cancer (HT29), which is comparable to doxorubicin (0.828 μM). These compounds were being now used as leads for constructing small molecular libraries to get compounds with favourable pharmacokinetics and drug like properties.
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22
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Al-Sha'er MA, Taha MO. Elaborate ligand-based modeling reveals new nanomolar heat shock protein 90α inhibitors. J Chem Inf Model 2011; 50:1706-23. [PMID: 20831219 DOI: 10.1021/ci100222k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock protein (Hsp90α) has been recently implicated in cancer prompting several attempts to discover and optimize new Hsp90α inhibitors. Toward this end, we explored the pharmacophoric space of 83 Hsp90α inhibitors using six diverse sets of inhibitors to identify high-quality pharmacophores. Subsequently, genetic algorithm and multiple linear regression analysis were employed to select an optimal combination of pharmacophoric models and 2D physicochemical descriptors capable of accessing a self-consistent quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) of optimal predictive potential (r(67)(2)=0.811, F 42.8, r(LOO)(2)=0.748, r(PRESS)(2) (against 16 external test inhibitors) = 0.619). Three orthogonal pharmacophores emerged in the QSAR equation suggesting the existence of at least three binding modes accessible to ligands within the Hsp90α binding pocket. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves analysis established the validity of QSAR-selected pharmacophores. We employed the pharmacophoric models and associated QSAR equation to screen the national cancer institute (NCI) list of compounds and our in-house-built drugs and agrochemicals database (DAC). Twenty-five nanomolar and low micromolar Hsp90α inhibitors were identified. The most potent were formoterol, amodaquine, primaquine, and midodrine with IC(50) values of 3, 5, 6, and 20 nM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A Al-Sha'er
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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23
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Tillotson B, Slocum K, Coco J, Whitebread N, Thomas B, West KA, MacDougall J, Ge J, Ali JA, Palombella VJ, Normant E, Adams J, Fritz CC. Hsp90 (heat shock protein 90) inhibitor occupancy is a direct determinant of client protein degradation and tumor growth arrest in vivo. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:39835-43. [PMID: 20940293 PMCID: PMC3000965 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.141580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Several Hsp90 (heat shock protein 90) inhibitors are currently under clinical evaluation as anticancer agents. However, the correlation between the duration and magnitude of Hsp90 inhibition and the downstream effects on client protein degradation and cancer cell growth inhibition has not been thoroughly investigated. To investigate the relationship between Hsp90 inhibition and cellular effects, we developed a method that measures drug occupancy on Hsp90 after treatment with the Hsp90 inhibitor IPI-504 in living cells and in tumor xenografts. In cells, we find the level of Hsp90 occupancy to be directly correlated with cell growth inhibition. At the molecular level, the relationship between Hsp90 occupancy and Hsp90 client protein degradation was examined for different client proteins. For sensitive Hsp90 clients (e.g. HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2), client protein levels directly mirror Hsp90 occupancy at all time points after IPI-504 administration. For insensitive client proteins, we find that protein abundance matches Hsp90 occupancy only after prolonged incubation with drug. Additionally, we investigate the correlation between plasma pharmacokinetics (PK), tumor PK, pharmacodynamics (PD) (client protein degradation), tumor growth inhibition, and Hsp90 occupancy in a xenograft model of human cancer. Our results indicate Hsp90 occupancy to be a better predictor of PD than either plasma PK or tumor PK. In the nonsmall cell lung cancer xenograft model studied, a linear correlation between Hsp90 occupancy and tumor growth inhibition was found. This novel binding assay was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo and could be used as a pharmacodynamic readout in the clinic.
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Vydzhak RN, Panchishyn SY. Synthesis of 1-aryl-2-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-1,2-dihydrochromeno[2,3-c]pyrrole-3,9-diones and their analogs. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363210020222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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25
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Kwon OS, Hong TJ, Kim SK, Jeong JH, Hahn JS, Jang J. Hsp90-functionalized polypyrrole nanotube FET sensor for anti-cancer agent detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2010; 25:1307-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2009.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Revised: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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27
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Sgobba M, Rastelli G. Structure-Based and in silico Design of Hsp90 Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2009; 4:1399-409. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200900256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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28
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Hong TJ, Park H, Kim YJ, Jeong JH, Hahn JS. Identification of new Hsp90 inhibitors by structure-based virtual screening. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:4839-42. [PMID: 19560353 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2009] [Revised: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Structure-based virtual screening identified pyrimidine-2,4,6-trione and 4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol as novel scaffolds of Hsp90 ATPase inhibitors. Their binding modes in the ATP-binding pocket of Hsp90 were analyzed using AutoDoc program combined with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Joon Hong
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-744, Republic of Korea
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29
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Li Y, Zhang T, Schwartz SJ, Sun D. New developments in Hsp90 inhibitors as anti-cancer therapeutics: mechanisms, clinical perspective and more potential. Drug Resist Updat 2009; 12:17-27. [PMID: 19179103 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2008.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2008] [Revised: 11/26/2008] [Accepted: 12/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The molecular chaperone Hsp90 (heat shock protein 90) is a promising target in cancer therapy. Preclinical and clinical evaluations of a variety of Hsp90 inhibitors have shown anti-tumor effect as a single agent and in combination with chemotherapy. Current Hsp90 inhibitors are categorized into several classes based on distinct modes of inhibition, including (i) blockade of ATP binding, (ii) disruption of co-chaperone/Hsp90 interactions, (iii) antagonism of client/Hsp90 associations and (iv) interference with post-translational modifications of Hsp90. The different functions of Hsp90 isoforms and the isoform selectivity of drugs need further investigation. The correlation of cell surface Hsp90 with cancer metastasis and the emerging involvement of Hsp90 inhibition in cancer stem cells have become exciting areas that could be exploited. Therefore, the aim of this review is (1) to summarize the up-to-date knowledge of mechanistic studies and clinical prospect of currently available Hsp90 inhibitors, (2) to enhance our perspectives for designing and discovering novel Hsp90 inhibitors, and (3) to provide an insight into less-understood potential of Hsp90 inhibition in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, MI 48109, USA
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30
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Knox AJS, Price T, Pawlak M, Golfis G, Flood CT, Fayne D, Williams DC, Meegan MJ, Lloyd DG. Integration of ligand and structure-based virtual screening for the identification of the first dual targeting agent for heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) and tubulin. J Med Chem 2009; 52:2177-80. [PMID: 19331414 DOI: 10.1021/jm801569z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We describe the discovery of a novel indazole-based scaffold that represents the "first-in-class" dual Hsp90/tubulin binding compound. Individual known ligands for both targets shared similar 3',4',5'-trimethoxyphenyl cores, and from this it was hypothesized that application of an integrated ligand and structure-based virtual screening (VS) workflow could yield a single scaffold with dual binding affinity. Following validation of the VS protocol, we successfully identified a novel dual inhibitor, sourced from a commercial screening collection of 160 000 compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J S Knox
- Molecular Design Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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31
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Taldone T, Sun W, Chiosis G. Discovery and development of heat shock protein 90 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 17:2225-35. [PMID: 19017562 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.10.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Revised: 10/18/2008] [Accepted: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is an important target in cancer because of its role in maintaining transformation and has recently become the focus of several drug discovery and development efforts. While compounds with different modes of action are known, the focus of this review is on those classes of compounds which inhibit Hsp90 by binding to the N-terminal ATP pocket. These include natural product inhibitors such as geldanamycin and radicicol and synthetic inhibitors comprised of purines, pyrazoles, isoxazoles and other scaffolds. The synthetic inhibitors have been discovered either by structure-based design, high throughput screening and more recently using fragment-based design and virtual screening techniques. This review will discuss the discovery of these different classes, as well as their development as potential clinical agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Taldone
- Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry and Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 482, New York, NY 10021, USA
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32
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Barta TE, Veal JM, Rice JW, Partridge JM, Fadden RP, Ma W, Jenks M, Geng L, Hanson GJ, Huang KH, Barabasz AF, Foley BE, Otto J, Hall SE. Discovery of benzamide tetrahydro-4H-carbazol-4-ones as novel small molecule inhibitors of Hsp90. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:3517-21. [PMID: 18511277 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2008] [Revised: 05/02/2008] [Accepted: 05/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hsp90 maintains the conformational stability of multiple proteins implicated in oncogenesis and has emerged as a target for chemotherapy. We report here the discovery of a novel small molecule scaffold that inhibits Hsp90. X-ray data show that the scaffold binds competitively at the ATP site on Hsp90. Cellular proliferation and client assays demonstrate that members of the series are able to inhibit Hsp90 at nanomolar concentrations.
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Jacobsson M, Gäredal M, Schultz J, Karlén A. Identification of Plasmodium falciparum Spermidine Synthase Active Site Binders through Structure-Based Virtual Screening. J Med Chem 2008; 51:2777-86. [DOI: 10.1021/jm7016144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Micael Jacobsson
- iNovacia AB, Lindhagensgatan 133, SE-112 51 Stockholm, Sweden, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Gäredal
- iNovacia AB, Lindhagensgatan 133, SE-112 51 Stockholm, Sweden, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Schultz
- iNovacia AB, Lindhagensgatan 133, SE-112 51 Stockholm, Sweden, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Karlén
- iNovacia AB, Lindhagensgatan 133, SE-112 51 Stockholm, Sweden, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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Abstract
The molecular chaperone Hsp90 (90 kDa heat-shock protein) is a remarkably versatile protein involved in the stress response and in normal homoeostatic control mechanisms. It interacts with 'client proteins', including protein kinases, transcription factors and others, and either facilitates their stabilization and activation or directs them for proteasomal degradation. By this means, Hsp90 displays a multifaceted ability to influence signal transduction, chromatin remodelling and epigenetic regulation, development and morphological evolution. Hsp90 operates as a dimer in a conformational cycle driven by ATP binding and hydrolysis at the N-terminus. The cycle is also regulated by a group of co-chaperones and accessory proteins. Here we review the biology of the Hsp90 molecular chaperone, emphasizing recent progress in our understanding of structure-function relationships and the identification of new client proteins. In addition we describe the exciting progress that has been made in the development of Hsp90 inhibitors, which are now showing promise in the clinic for cancer treatment. We also identify the gaps in our current understanding and highlight important topics for future research.
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