1
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Jiang MR, Ahmet A, Lawrence S, Bassal M, Speckert M, Geraghty MT, Somerville S. Hypoglycemia Associated With PEG-asparaginase and 6-MP Therapy During Treatment of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Pediatric Patients: A Case Series. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2024; 46:e121-e126. [PMID: 38411659 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000002818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asparaginases are a mainstay treatment for pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Recent reports identified hypoglycemia associated with asparaginases. Other reports describe hypoglycemia associated with 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP), another fundamental ALL therapy. Little is known about the risk of hypoglycemia associated with ALL therapy, an adverse event that puts children at risk of decreased level of consciousness, seizures, and possibly negative neurocognitive sequelae. METHODS We performed a retrospective chart review of 6 children with hypoglycemia during ALL treatment in our institution from May 2016 to August 2019. Timing and duration of hypoglycemia relative to polyethylene glycol (PEG)-asparaginase, 6-MP, and corticosteroids were determined. Laboratory values of the critical sample were collected. RESULTS The median age was 2.75 (interquartile range: 1.88 to 3.63) years. Three patients had trisomy 21. The onset of hypoglycemia was 5 to 19 days after the most recent PEG-asparaginase administration or 6 to 7 months after initiating daily 6-MP. Sixteen hypoglycemic events were documented, and 9/16 had a critical sample drawn. Six events were hypoketotic, associated with PEG-asparaginase. Three were ketotic, associated with 6-MP. Two patients required treatment with diazoxide and cornstarch. CONCLUSIONS Hypoglycemia associated with PEG-asparaginase occurred later and lasted longer than previous reports with l-asparaginase, with the likely mechanism being hyperinsulinism. 6-MP was associated with ketotic hypoglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary R Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology
| | | | | | - Mylene Bassal
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology
| | | | - Michael T Geraghty
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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2
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Jakubowski M, Majchrzycki Ł, Zarkov A, Voelkel A, Sandomierski M. Zinc-doped hydroxyapatite as a pH responsive drug delivery system for anticancer drug 6-mercaptopurine. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2024; 112:e35395. [PMID: 38433609 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
6-Mercaptopurine (6MP) is commonly used in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia as an important agent in maintenance therapy. Despite its therapeutic benefits, 6MP has some limitations during therapy. Taking into account the disadvantages during 6MP therapy, there is a great need to create an appropriate delivery system for this drug. 6MP contains in its structure nitrogen and sulfur atoms capable of forming coordination compounds with metal ions, for example zinc. Therefore, in this work, we prepared biocompatible hydroxyapatite (HAp) doped with zinc ions, and used it as a carrier for 6MP. Doped HAp has not been used as a carrier for this drug before. The work proved that the prepared carrier-drug system has a particle size of about 130 nm, which indicates its potential for intravenous delivery. In addition, in an acidic environment (imitating cancer cells), the carrier agglomerates allow targeted release of the drug. The drug is evenly distributed, which indicates that the doses released from it will always be comparable. The release of the drug in a neutral environment is long-lasting in controlled doses, whereas in an acidic environment it is immediate. The obtained results indicate the high potential of the material in both slow-release and cancer-targeted release of 6MP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Jakubowski
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Poznan, Poland
| | - Łukasz Majchrzycki
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Materials Engineering and Technical Physics, Poznan University of Technology, Poznan, Poland
| | - Aleksej Zarkov
- Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Adam Voelkel
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Poznan, Poland
| | - Mariusz Sandomierski
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Poznan, Poland
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3
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Sandomierski M, Chojnacka M, Długosz M, Pokora M, Zwolińska J, Majchrzycki Ł, Voelkel A. Mesoporous Silica Modified with Polydopamine and Zinc Ions as a Potential Carrier in the Controlled Release of Mercaptopurine. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4358. [PMID: 37374542 DOI: 10.3390/ma16124358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Mercaptopurine is one of the drugs used in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. A problem with mercaptopurine therapy is its low bioavailability. This problem can be solved by preparing the carrier that releases the drug in lower doses but over a longer period of time. In this work, polydopamine-modified mesoporous silica with adsorbed zinc ions was used as a drug carrier. SEM images confirm the synthesis of spherical carrier particles. The particle size is close to 200 nm, allowing for its use in intravenous delivery. The zeta potential values for the drug carrier indicate that it is not prone to agglomeration. The effectiveness of drug sorption is indicated by a decrease in the zeta potential and new bands in the FT-IR spectra. The drug was released from the carrier for 15 h, so all of the drug can be released during circulation in the bloodstream. The release of the drug from the carrier was sustained, and no 'burst release' was observed. The material also released small amounts of zinc, which are important in the treatment of the disease because these ions can prevent some of the adverse effects of chemotherapy. The results obtained are promising and have great application potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Sandomierski
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznań, Poland
| | - Martyna Chojnacka
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznań, Poland
| | - Maria Długosz
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznań, Poland
| | - Monika Pokora
- Center for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Joanna Zwolińska
- Center for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Łukasz Majchrzycki
- Center for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Adam Voelkel
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznań, Poland
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4
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Mondal M, Basak S, Ali S, Roy D, Saha S, Ghosh B, Ghosh NN, Lepcha K, Roy K, Roy MN. Exploring inclusion complex of an anti-cancer drug (6-MP) with β-cyclodextrin and its binding with CT-DNA for innovative applications in anti-bacterial activity and photostability optimized by computational study. RSC Adv 2022; 12:30936-30951. [PMID: 36349019 PMCID: PMC9614615 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05072b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The co-evaporation approach was used to examine the host-guest interaction and to explore the cytotoxic and antibacterial properties of an important anti-cancer medication, 6-mercaptopurine monohydrate (6-MP) with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD). The UV-Vis investigation confirmed the inclusion complex's (IC) 1 : 1 stoichiometry and was also utilized to oversee the viability of this inclusion process. FTIR, NMR, and XRD, among other spectrometric techniques, revealed the mechanism of molecular interactions between β-CD and 6-MP which was further hypothesized by DFT to verify tentative outcomes. TGA and DSC studies revealed that 6-MP's thermal stability increased after encapsulation. Because of the protection of drug 6-MP by β-CD, the formed IC was found to have higher photostability. This work also predicts the release behavior of 6-MP in the presence of CT-DNA without any chemical changes. An evaluation of the complex's antibacterial activity in vitro revealed that it was more effective than pure 6-MP. The in vitro cytotoxic activity against the human kidney cancer cell line (ACHN) was also found to be significant for the IC (IC50 = 4.18 μM) compared to that of pure 6-MP (IC50 = 5.49 μM). These findings suggest that 6-MP incorporation via β-CD may result in 6-MP stability and effective presentation of its solubility, cytotoxic and antibacterial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Modhusudan Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, University of North BengalDarjeeling-734013India
| | - Shatarupa Basak
- Department of Chemistry, University of North BengalDarjeeling-734013India
| | - Salim Ali
- Department of Chemistry, University of North BengalDarjeeling-734013India
| | - Debadrita Roy
- Department of Chemistry, University of North BengalDarjeeling-734013India
| | - Subhadeep Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Government General Degree CollegePedongKalimpong-734311India
| | - Biswajit Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, University of North BengalDarjeeling-734013India
| | | | - Khusboo Lepcha
- Department of Microbiology, University of North BengalDarjeeling-734013India
| | - Kanak Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Alipurduar UniversityAlipurduar-736121India
| | - Mahendra Nath Roy
- Department of Chemistry, University of North BengalDarjeeling-734013India,Vice-Chancellor, Alipurduar UniversityAlipurduar-736121India
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5
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Chemoresponsive polymer systems for selective molecular recognition of organic molecules in biological systems. Acta Biomater 2020; 116:32-66. [PMID: 32877717 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Smart polymer materials that respond to a chemical stimulus are applied for the construction of biomedical devices and purification/separation systems. Small organic molecules are a particular type of stimulus. Their abnormal concentration indisputably indicates certain diseases. They are also hazardous environment contaminants. Polymer materials, which structure is selectively changed in the presence of a defined organic compound are promising in view of regulation of certain biomedical functions, as well as in view of chemical detectors construction. This review summarizes the state of the art in the self-assemblies of amphiphilic copolymers and polymer networks sensitive toward organic species, with an emphasis on the reports from the last decade. We focus on the relationship between the selectivity of introduced receptor moieties responsible for the change of material structure, the overall structure of material and its functionality.
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6
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Tao B, Yin ZN. Synthesis of HA-SS-MP: A Prodrug With High Specificity for Cancer Cells. Nat Prod Commun 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x20932761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiolated hyaluronic acid was synthesized, and a quantification method was established to determine the content of the thiol group. Three thiol compounds, 2-nitro-5-mercapto-benzoic acid (TNB), 2- mercaptonicotinic acid (2-MNA), and mercaptopyridine (MPD), were tested for their efficiency in forming adducts with hyaluronic acid (HA) through disulfide bonds. Our results showed that MPD exhibited the highest disulfide exchange efficiency when the reaction was conducted at the optimal pH value. The synthesized hyaluronic acid-SS-mercaptopurine (HA-SS-MP) was characterized by1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The HA-SS-MP micelle showed a particle size of 264.4 nm in aqueous solution. An in vitro release experiment demonstrated that the releasing rate of 6-MP from HA-SS-MP in the release medium containing glutathione (GSH) was much higher than that in the release medium without GSH. Cell uptake experiments demonstrated the CD44 targeting of hyaluronic acid. Cytotoxicity tests in mouse melanoma cells (B16F10) showed that HA-SS-MP can kill melanoma cells effectively and with lower cytotoxicity, compared with the active ingredient, 6-MP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Tao
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, China, Chengdu
| | - Zong-ning Yin
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, China, Chengdu
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7
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Xu W, Li G, Long H, Fu G, Pu L. Glutathione responsive poly(HPMA) conjugate nanoparticles for efficient 6-MP delivery. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj02582k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
GSH-sensitive poly(HPMA)–PTA was developed and its antitumor effect on HepG2 cells was evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibing Xu
- College of Science
- Gansu Agriculture University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
| | - Guichen Li
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science
- Gansu Agricultural University
- Lanzhou 730070
- China
| | - Haitao Long
- College of Science
- Gansu Agriculture University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
| | - Guorui Fu
- College of Science
- Gansu Agriculture University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
| | - Lumei Pu
- College of Science
- Gansu Agriculture University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
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8
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Dai XL, Chen JM, Lu TB. Pharmaceutical cocrystallization: an effective approach to modulate the physicochemical properties of solid-state drugs. CrystEngComm 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce00707a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This highlight presents an update on applications of cocrystallization to modify properties relevant to efficacy, safety, and manufacturability of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia-Lin Dai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Jia-Mei Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Tianjin University of Technology
- Tianjin 300384
- China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Tong-Bu Lu
- Institute for New Energy Materials and Low Carbon Technologies
- Tianjin University of Technology
- Tianjin 300384
- China
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9
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Qiu J, Cheng R, Zhang J, Sun H, Deng C, Meng F, Zhong Z. Glutathione-Sensitive Hyaluronic Acid-Mercaptopurine Prodrug Linked via Carbonyl Vinyl Sulfide: A Robust and CD44-Targeted Nanomedicine for Leukemia. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:3207-3214. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b00846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Qiu
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory,
and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and
Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Ru Cheng
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory,
and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and
Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory,
and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and
Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Huanli Sun
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory,
and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and
Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Chao Deng
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory,
and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and
Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Fenghua Meng
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory,
and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and
Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhong
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory,
and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and
Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
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10
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Jia P, Ouyang R, Cao P, Tong X, Zhou X, Lei T, Zhao Y, Guo N, Chang H, Miao Y, Zhou S. Review: recent advances and future development of metal complexes as anticancer agents. J COORD CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2017.1349313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengpeng Jia
- University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruizhuo Ouyang
- University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Penghui Cao
- University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Tong
- Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Zhou
- University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian Lei
- University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuefeng Zhao
- University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Guo
- University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Haizhou Chang
- University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuqing Miao
- University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuang Zhou
- University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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11
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Yang Y, Zhou S, Ouyang R, Yang Y, Tao H, Feng K, Zhang X, Xiong F, Guo N, Zong T, Cao P, Li Y, Miao Y. Improvement in the Anticancer Activity of 6-Mercaptopurine via Combination with Bismuth(III). Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2017; 64:1539-1545. [PMID: 27803465 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c15-00949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
6-Mercaptopurine (6-MP) is a clinically important antitumor drug and its commercially available form is provided as monohydrate, belonging to biopharmaceuticals classification system (BCS) class II category. The combination of bismuth(III) (Bi(III)) with 6-MP was proved to significantly improve the anticancer activity of 6-MP, leading to the discovery of a new amorphous complex ([Bi(MP)3(NO3)2]NO3). The prepared [Bi(MP)3(NO3)2]NO3 was characterized by the matrix assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF)-MS, etc. Noticeably, according to the in vitro evaluations of cytotoxicity, cellular apoptotic, colony formation as well as cell migration, the anticancer activity of amorphous [Bi(MP)3(NO3)2]NO3 was found to be of high therapeutic effect over 6-MP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- University of Shanghai for Science and Technology
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12
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Shi L, Ding K, Sun X, Zhang L, Zeng T, Yin Y, Zheng H. Preparation, characterization, andin vitrodrug release behavior of glutathione-sensitive long-circulation micelles based on polyethylene glycol prodrug. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2016; 27:472-89. [DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2016.1140502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Suresh Kumar S, Athimoolam S, Sridhar B. Hydrogen bonding motifs, spectral characterization, theoretical computations and anticancer studies on chloride salt of 6-mercaptopurine: An assembly of corrugated lamina shows enhanced solubility. J Mol Struct 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2015.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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14
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Kumar GP, Sanganal JS, Phani A, Manohara C, Tripathi SM, Raghavendra H, Janardhana P, Amaresha S, Swamy K, Prasad R. Anti-cancerous efficacy and pharmacokinetics of 6-mercaptopurine loaded chitosan nanoparticles. Pharmacol Res 2015; 100:47-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Improving the dissolution and bioavailability of 6-mercaptopurine via co-crystallization with isonicotinamide. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:1036-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Nagendra R, Pai RS, Singh G. Design and optimization of novel in situ gel of mercaptopurine for sustained drug delivery. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-82502011000100011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mercaptopurine is a purine antagonist, belonging to the class of antimetabolites. Its oral absorption is erratic and variable throughout GIT, with bioavailability of 5-37% and belongs to Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) class IV. The focus of the present study was to improve solubility of mercaptopurine and to release the drug uniformly throughout the GIT by formulating into a novel in situ gel tablet. By in vitro swelling studies, xanthan gum was selected as the best gelling polymer and the tablets were prepared by direct compression. Sodium chloride was used as a release modifier to improve the release of drug from the tablet. A 32 full factorial design was applied to optimize the percentage of xanthan gum and sodium chloride to get desired swelling index and release profile. Tablets were evaluated for weight variation, hardness, friability, disintegration time, drug content, in vitro swelling studies and in vitro dissolution studies. The best optimized formulation showed good swelling index and extended the release up to 12 h, where as conventional tablet released the drug within 45 min. The results indicate that mercaptopurine loaded in situ gel tablet could be effective in sustaining drug release for a prolonged period of time throughout the GIT, which can possibly improve the oral bioavailability.
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17
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Kevadiya BD, Chettiar SS, Rajkumar S, Bajaj HC, Gosai KA, Brahmbhatt H. Evaluation of clay/poly (l-lactide) microcomposites as anticancer drug, 6-mercaptopurine reservoir through in vitro cytotoxicity, oxidative stress markers and in vivo pharmacokinetics. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 112:400-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Zhang X, Du F, Huang J, Lu W, Liu S, Yu J. Fabrication of biodegradable micelles with reduction-triggered release of 6-mercaptopurine profile based on disulfide-linked graft copolymer conjugate. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2012; 100:155-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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19
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Gong XY, Yin YH, Huang ZJ, Lu B, Xu PH, Zheng H, Xiong FL, Xu HX, Xiong X, Gu XB. Preparation, characterization and in vitro release study of a glutathione-dependent polymeric prodrug Cis-3-(9H-purin-6-ylthio)-acrylic acid-graft-carboxymethyl chitosan. Int J Pharm 2012; 436:240-7. [PMID: 22750430 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In this work, an amphiphilic polymeric prodrug Cis-3-(9H-purin-6-ylthio)-acrylic acid-graft-carboxymethyl chitosan (PTA-g-CMCS) was designed and synthesized. In aqueous solution, this grafted polymer can self-assemble into spherical micelles with a size ranging from 104 to 285 nm and zeta potential ranging from -12.3 to -20.1 mV. For the release study, less than 24% of 6-Mercaptopurine (6-MP) was released from PTA-g-CMCS1 in the media containing 2 and 100 μM glutathione (GSH), whereas 37%, 54% and 75% of 6-MP was released from the media with GSH of 1, 2 and 10mM, respectively. Besides, pH and drug content of the polymeric prodrug only presented slight influence on the 6-MP release. MTT assay demonstrated that this system had higher inhibition ratio on HL-60 cells (human promyelocytic leukemia cells) in the presence of GSH and lower cytotoxicity on mouse fibroblast cell line (L929). Therefore, this nano-sized system is glutathione-dependent, and it can be employed as a potential carrier for the controlled release of 6-MP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Gong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China
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20
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Tian Y, Mao S. Amphiphilic polymeric micelles as the nanocarrier for peroral delivery of poorly soluble anticancer drugs. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2012; 9:687-700. [PMID: 22519507 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2012.681299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many amphiphilic copolymers have recently been synthesized as novel promising micellar carriers for the delivery of poorly water-soluble anticancer drugs. Studies on the formulation and oral delivery of such micelles have demonstrated their efficacy in enhancing drug uptake and absorption, and exhibit prolonged circulation time in vitro and in vivo. AREAS COVERED In this review, literature on hydrophobic modifications of several hydrophilic polymers, including polyethylene glycol, chitosan, hyaluronic acid, pluronic and tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate, is summarized. Parameters influencing the properties of polymeric micelles for oral chemotherapy are discussed and strategies to overcome main barriers for polymeric micelles peroral absorption are proposed. EXPERT OPINION During the design of polymeric micelles for peroral chemotherapy, selecting or synthesizing copolymers with good compatibility with the drug is an effective strategy to increase drug loading and encapsulation efficiency. Stability of the micelles can be improved in different ways. It is recommended to take permeability, mucoadhesion, sustained release, and P-glycoprotein inhibition into consideration during copolymer preparation or to consider adding some excipients in the formulation. Furthermore, both the copolymer structure and drug loading methods should be controlled in order to get micelles with appropriate particle size for better absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Tian
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang, China
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