1
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Ranking strategies to support toxicity prediction: A case study on potential LXR binders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comtox.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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2
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Fessler MB. The challenges and promise of targeting the Liver X Receptors for treatment of inflammatory disease. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 181:1-12. [PMID: 28720427 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The Liver X Receptors (LXRs) are oxysterol-activated transcription factors that upregulate a suite of genes that together promote coordinated mobilization of excess cholesterol from cells and from the body. The LXRs, like other nuclear receptors, are anti-inflammatory, inhibiting signal-dependent induction of pro-inflammatory genes by nuclear factor-κB, activating protein-1, and other transcription factors. Synthetic LXR agonists have been shown to ameliorate atherosclerosis and a wide range of inflammatory disorders in preclinical animal models. Although this has suggested potential for application to human disease, systemic LXR activation is complicated by hepatic steatosis and hypertriglyceridemia, consequences of lipogenic gene induction in the liver by LXRα. The past several years have seen the development of multiple advanced LXR therapeutics aiming to avoid hepatic lipogenesis, including LXRβ-selective agonists, tissue-selective agonists, and transrepression-selective agonists. Although several synthetic LXR agonists have made it to phase I clinical trials, none have progressed due to unforeseen adverse reactions or undisclosed reasons. Nonetheless, several sophisticated pharmacologic strategies, including structure-guided drug design, cell-specific drug targeting, as well as non-systemic drug routes have been initiated and remain to be comprehensively explored. In addition, recent studies have identified potential utility for targeting the LXRs during therapy with other agents, such as glucocorticoids and rexinoids. Despite the pitfalls encountered to date in translation of LXR agonists to human disease, it appears likely that this accelerating field will ultimately yield effective and safe applications for LXR targeting in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Fessler
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, P.O. Box 12233, MD D2-01, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States.
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3
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Li Y, Wang L, Liu Z, Li C, Xu J, Gu Q, Xu J. Predicting selective liver X receptor β agonists using multiple machine learning methods. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2015; 11:1241-50. [DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00718b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The classification models for predicting selective LXRβ agonists were firstly established using multiple machine learning methods. The top models can predict selective LXRβ agonists with chemical structure diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Li
- Research Center for Drug Discovery & Institute of Human Virology
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Ling Wang
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Zhihong Liu
- Research Center for Drug Discovery & Institute of Human Virology
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Chanjuan Li
- Research Center for Drug Discovery & Institute of Human Virology
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Jiake Xu
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research
- School of Surgery
- The University of Western Australia
- Perth
- Australia
| | - Qiong Gu
- Research Center for Drug Discovery & Institute of Human Virology
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Jun Xu
- Research Center for Drug Discovery & Institute of Human Virology
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
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4
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Tice CM, Noto PB, Fan KY, Zhuang L, Lala DS, Singh SB. The Medicinal Chemistry of Liver X Receptor (LXR) Modulators. J Med Chem 2014; 57:7182-205. [PMID: 24832115 DOI: 10.1021/jm500442z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Colin M. Tice
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Paul B. Noto
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Kristi Yi Fan
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Linghang Zhuang
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Deepak S. Lala
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Suresh B. Singh
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
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5
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Høgmoen Åstrand OA, Gikling I, Sylte I, Rustan AC, Thoresen GH, Rongved P, Kase ET. Development of new LXR modulators that regulate LXR target genes and reduce lipogenesis in human cell models. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 74:258-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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6
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Loren J, Huang Z, Laffitte BA, Molteni V. Liver X receptor modulators: a review of recently patented compounds (2009 - 2012). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2013; 23:1317-35. [PMID: 23826715 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2013.814640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The development of small molecule agonists of the liver X receptors (LXRs) has been an area of interest for over a decade, given the critical role of those receptors in cholesterol metabolism, glucose homeostasis, inflammation, innate immunity and lipogenesis. Many potential indications have been characterized over time including atherosclerosis, diabetes, inflammation, Alzheimer's disease and cancer. However, concerns about the lipogenic effects of full LXRα/β agonists have required extensive efforts aimed at identifying LXRβ agonist with limited activity on the LXRα receptor to increase the safety margins. AREAS COVERED This review includes a summary of the LXR agonists that have reached the clinic and summarizes the patent applications for LXR modulators from September 2009 to December 2012 with emphasis on chemical matters, biological data associated with selected analogs and therapeutic indications. EXPERT OPINION As LXR agonists have the potential to be useful for many indications, the scientific community, despite setbacks due to on-target side effects, has maintained interest and devised strategies to overcome safety hurdles. While a clinical proof of concept still remains elusive, the recent advancement of compounds into the clinic highlights that acceptable safety margins in preclinical species have been achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Loren
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121 , USA +001 858 332 4736 ;
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7
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von Grafenstein S, Mihaly-Bison J, Wolber G, Bochkov VN, Liedl KR, Schuster D. Identification of novel liver X receptor activators by structure-based modeling. J Chem Inf Model 2012; 52:1391-400. [PMID: 22489742 PMCID: PMC3360526 DOI: 10.1021/ci300096c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) are members of the nuclear receptor family. Activators of LXRs are of high pharmacological interest as LXRs regulate cholesterol, fatty acid, and carbohydrate metabolism as well as inflammatory processes. On the basis of different X-ray crystal structures, we established a virtual screening workflow for the identification of novel LXR modulators. A two-step screening concept to identify active compounds included 3D-pharmacophore filters and rescoring by shape alignment. Eighteen virtual hits were tested in vitro applying a reporter gene assay, where concentration-dependent activity was proven for four novel lead structures. The most active compound 10, a 1,4-naphthochinone, has an estimated EC₅₀ of around 5 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne von Grafenstein
- Institute of General, Inorganic
and Theoretical Chemistry/Theoretical Chemistry and Center for Molecular
Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Judit Mihaly-Bison
- Department of Vascular Biology
and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse 17, A-1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Gerhard Wolber
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical
Chemistry, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin
Luise Strasse 2 + 4, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Valery N. Bochkov
- Department of Vascular Biology
and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse 17, A-1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Klaus R. Liedl
- Institute of General, Inorganic
and Theoretical Chemistry/Theoretical Chemistry and Center for Molecular
Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniela Schuster
- Computer-Aided Molecular Design
(CAMD) Group and CMBI, Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck,
Austria
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8
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A fragment-based approach for ligand binding affinity and selectivity for the liver X receptor beta. J Mol Graph Model 2012; 32:19-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2011.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Revised: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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9
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Li X, Yeh V, Molteni V. Liver X receptor modulators: a review of recently patented compounds (2007 - 2009). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2010; 20:535-62. [PMID: 20302451 DOI: 10.1517/13543771003621269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Liver X receptors (LXRs) are ligand activated transcription factors involved in cholesterol metabolism, glucose homeostasis, inflammation and lipogenesis. With the important physiological role of LXRs in reverse cholesterol transport (RCT), atherosclerosis is the best investigated therapeutic indication. While atherosclerosis is not yet clinically validated, Wyeth's LXRalpha/beta agonist LXR-623 indicated the key LXR target genes involved in RCT (ABCA1 and ABCG1) are upregulated in peripheral blood cells in a dose-dependent manner. While discontinued for CNS safety concerns, investigation of LXR-623 supports atherosclerosis as a clinical indication, and the possibility of identifying LXR agonists with profiles that avoid the strong lipogenic effects of full LXRalpha/beta agonists. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW Patents for LXR agonists from late 2006 up to August 2009 with emphasis on chemical matters and relationship to earlier disclosures, the biological data associated with selected analogues and therapeutic indications. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN An overview of the majority of LXR scaffolds with representative structure activity relationships as well as the companies that are the chief players in the field. TAKE HOME MESSAGE The future application of LXR agonists depends upon the discovery of LXR agents without lipogenic effects. Limiting activation of LXRalpha is a popular strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Li
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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10
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Hu B, Unwalla RJ, Goljer I, Jetter JW, Quinet EM, Berrodin TJ, Basso MD, Feingold IB, Nilsson AG, Wilhelmsson A, Evans MJ, Wrobel JE. Identification of phenylsulfone-substituted quinoxaline (WYE-672) as a tissue selective liver X-receptor (LXR) agonist. J Med Chem 2010; 53:3296-304. [PMID: 20350005 DOI: 10.1021/jm100034x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A series of phenyl sulfone substituted quinoxaline were prepared and the lead compound 13 (WYE-672) was shown to be a tissue selective LXR Agonist. Compound 13 demonstrated partial agonism for LXRbeta in kidney HEK-293 cells but did not activate Gal4 LXRbeta fusion proteins in huh-7 liver cells. Although 13 showed potent binding affinity to LXRbeta (IC(50) = 53 nM), it had little binding affinity for LXRalpha (IC(50) > 1.0 microM) and did not recruit any coactivator/corepressor peptides in the LXRalpha multiplex assay. However, compound 13 showed good agonism in THP-1 cells with respect to increasing ABCA1 gene expression and good potency on cholesterol efflux in THP-1 foam cells. In an eight-week lesion study in LDLR -/- mice, compound 13 showed reduction of aortic arch lesion progression and no plasma or hepatic triglyceride increase. These results suggest quinoxaline 13 may have an improved biological profile for potential use as a therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baihua Hu
- Chemical Sciences, Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, USA.
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11
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Ullrich JW, Morris R, Bernotas RC, Travins JM, Jetter J, Unwalla R, Quinet E, Nambi P, Feingold I, Huselton C, Enroth C, Wilhelmsson A, Goos-Nilsson A, Wrobel J. Synthesis of 4-(3-biaryl)quinoline sulfones as potent liver X receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:2903-7. [PMID: 20382019 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of 4-(3-biaryl)quinolines with sulfone substituents on the terminal aryl ring (8) was prepared as potential LXR agonists. High affinity LXRbeta ligands with generally modest binding selectivity over LXRalpha and excellent agonist potency in LXR functional assays were identified. Many compounds had LXRbeta binding IC(50) values <10 nM while the most potent had EC(50) values <1.0 nM in an ABCA1 mRNA induction assay in J774 mouse cells with efficacy comparable to T0901317. Sulfone 8a was further evaluated in LDL (-/-) mice and shown to reduce atherosclerotic lesion progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Ullrich
- Chemical Sciences, Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA.
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12
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Sugita K, Hashimoto Y, Motoshima K, Noguchi-Yachide T, Ishikawa M. Further Application of the Multi-Template Approach for Creation of Biological Response Modifiers: Discovery of a New Class of Multifunctional Anti-Diabetic Agents. HETEROCYCLES 2010. [DOI: 10.3987/rev-10-sr(e)7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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3-(3-Aryloxyaryl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine sulfones as liver X receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:521-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.11.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Revised: 11/18/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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14
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Travins JM, Bernotas RC, Kaufman DH, Quinet E, Nambi P, Feingold I, Huselton C, Wilhelmsson A, Goos-Nilsson A, Wrobel J. 1-(3-Aryloxyaryl)benzimidazole sulfones are liver X receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:526-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.11.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Revised: 11/17/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Hu B, Bernotas R, Unwalla R, Collini M, Quinet E, Feingold I, Goos-Nilsson A, Wilhelmsson A, Nambi P, Evans M, Wrobel J. Quinoline-3-carboxamide containing sulfones as liver X receptor (LXR) agonists with binding selectivity for LXRbeta and low blood-brain penetration. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 20:689-93. [PMID: 19962892 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.11.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Revised: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of quinoline-3-carboxamide containing sulfones was prepared and found to have good binding affinity for LXRbeta and moderate binding selectivity over LXRalpha. The 8-Cl quinoline analog 33 with a high TPSA score, displayed 34-fold binding selectivity for LXRbeta over LXRalpha (LXRbeta IC(50)=16nM), good activity for inducing ABCA1 gene expression in a THP macrophage cell line, desired weak potency in the LXRalpha Gal4 functional assay, and low blood-brain barrier penetration in rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baihua Hu
- Chemical Science, Collegeville, PA, USA.
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16
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4-(3-Aryloxyaryl)quinoline alcohols are liver X receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:8086-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Revised: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 10/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Bernotas RC, Singhaus RR, Kaufman DH, Travins JM, Ullrich JW, Unwalla R, Quinet E, Evans M, Nambi P, Olland A, Kauppi B, Wilhelmsson A, Goos-Nilsson A, Wrobel J. 4-(3-Aryloxyaryl)quinoline sulfones are potent liver X receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 20:209-12. [PMID: 19932617 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.10.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A series of 4-(3-aryloxyaryl)quinolines with sulfone substituents on the terminal aryl ring (7) was prepared as LXR agonists. High affinity LXR ligands with excellent agonist potency and efficacy in functional assays of LXR activity were identified. In general, these sulfone agonists were equal to or superior to previously described alcohol and amide analogs in terms of affinity, functional potency, and microsomal stability. Many of the sulfones had LXRbeta binding IC(50) values <10nM while the most potent compounds in an ABCA1 mRNA induction assay in J774 mouse cells had EC(50) values <10nM and were as efficacious as T0901317.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald C Bernotas
- Chemical Sciences, Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA.
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18
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Motoshima K, Noguchi-Yachide T, Sugita K, Hashimoto Y, Ishikawa M. Separation of alpha-glucosidase-inhibitory and liver X receptor-antagonistic activities of phenethylphenyl phthalimide analogs and generation of LXRalpha-selective antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:5001-14. [PMID: 19539483 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2009] [Revised: 05/22/2009] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Liver X receptor (LXR) alpha/beta dual agonists are candidate medicaments for the treatment of metabolic syndrome, because their biological actions include increasing cholesterol efflux mediated by LXRbeta. However, their clinical application is currently limited by their enhancing effect on triglyceride (TG) synthesis mediated by LXRalpha. Combination of an LXRalpha-selective antagonist with an LXRalpha/beta dual agonist may overcome this disadvantage. In the present work, structural development studies of phenethylphenyl phthalimide 9, which possesses LXRalpha/beta dual-antagonistic activity and alpha-glucosidase-inhibitory activity, led to the LXRalpha-selective antagonist 23f. Specific alpha-glucosidase inhibitors were also obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Motoshima
- Institute of Molecular & Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
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19
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Chinetti-Gbaguidi G, Staels B. Lipid ligand-activated transcription factors regulating lipid storage and release in human macrophages. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2009; 1791:486-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2009.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Revised: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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20
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Hu B, Unwalla R, Collini M, Quinet E, Feingold I, Goos-Nilsson A, Wihelmsson A, Nambi P, Wrobel J. Discovery and SAR of cinnolines/quinolines as liver X receptor (LXR) agonists with binding selectivity for LXRbeta. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:3519-27. [PMID: 19394832 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2009] [Revised: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of cinnolines/quinolines was prepared and it was found that 4-phenyl-cinnoline/quinolines with either a 2',3' or 2',5'-disubstituted benzyloxy moiety or the 1-Me-7-indole methoxy moiety on the meta position of the 4-phenyl ring showed good binding selectivity for LXRbeta over LXRalpha. The LXRbeta binding selective modulators displayed good activity for inducing ABCA1 gene expression in J774 macrophage cell line and poor efficacy in the LXRalpha Gal4 functional assay. 26, 37 and 41 were examined for their ability to induce SREBP-1c gene expression in Huh-7 liver cell line and they were weak partial agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baihua Hu
- Chemical and Screening Science, Wyeth Research, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA.
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21
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Quinet EM, Basso MD, Halpern AR, Yates DW, Steffan RJ, Clerin V, Resmini C, Keith JC, Berrodin TJ, Feingold I, Zhong W, Hartman HB, Evans MJ, Gardell SJ, DiBlasio-Smith E, Mounts WM, LaVallie ER, Wrobel J, Nambi P, Vlasuk GP. LXR ligand lowers LDL cholesterol in primates, is lipid neutral in hamster, and reduces atherosclerosis in mouse. J Lipid Res 2009; 50:2358-70. [PMID: 19318684 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m900037-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) are ligand-activated transcription factors that coordinate regulation of gene expression involved in several cellular functions but most notably cholesterol homeostasis encompassing cholesterol transport, catabolism, and absorption. WAY-252623 (LXR-623) is a highly selective and orally bioavailable synthetic modulator of LXR, which demonstrated efficacy for reducing lesion progression in the murine LDLR(-/-) atherosclerosis model with no associated increase in hepatic lipogenesis either in this model or Syrian hamsters. In nonhuman primates with normal lipid levels, WAY-252623 significantly reduced total (50-55%) and LDL-cholesterol (LDLc) (70-77%) in a time- and dose-dependent manner as well as increased expression of the target genes ABCA1/G1 in peripheral blood cells. Statistically significant decreases in LDLc were noted as early as day 7, reached a maximum by day 28, and exceeded reductions observed for simvastatin alone (20 mg/kg). Transient increases in circulating triglycerides and liver enzymes reverted to baseline levels over the course of the study. Complementary microarray analysis of duodenum and liver gene expression revealed differential activation of LXR target genes and suggested no direct activation of hepatic lipogenesis. WAY-252623 displays a unique and favorable pharmacological profile suggesting synthetic LXR ligands with these characteristics may be suitable for evaluation in patients with atherosclerotic dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine M Quinet
- Department of Cardiovascular/Metabolic Diseases and Nuclear Receptor Biology, Wyeth Research, Collegeville, PA, USA
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22
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Swahn BM, Macsari I, Viklund J, Ohberg L, Sjödin J, Neelissen J, Lindquist J. Liver X receptor agonists with selectivity for LXRbeta; N-aryl-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropionamides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:2009-12. [PMID: 19264481 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2008] [Revised: 02/09/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and SAR of a new series of LXR agonist is reported. The N-Aryl-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propionamide hits were found in a limited screen of the AstraZeneca compound collection. The effort to optimize these hits into LXRbeta selectivity is described. Compound 20 displayed desirable pharmacokinetic profile and up regulation of ABCA1 and ABCG1 mRNA in the brain were achieved when evaluated in vivo in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt-Marie Swahn
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, AstraZeneca R&D Södertälje, S-151 85 Södertälje, Sweden.
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23
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Ratni H, Blum-Kaelin D, Dehmlow H, Hartman P, Jablonski P, Masciadri R, Maugeais C, Patiny-Adam A, Panday N, Wright M. Discovery of tetrahydro-cyclopenta[b]indole as selective LXRs modulator. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:1654-7. [PMID: 19231176 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.01.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Revised: 01/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of tetrahydro-cyclopenta[b]indoles modulating the activity of the liver-X-receptor (LXR) were derived from a high throughput screening hit. The potency and selectivity for LXRbeta versus LXRalpha was improved. One compound, administered to wild-type mice modestly increased plasma HDL-cholesterol with no change in plasma triglycerides (TG) and reduced effects on liver TG content compared to T0901317. This novel series of LXR agonists shows promise to improve therapeutic efficacy with reduced potential to increase TG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassen Ratni
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Pharmaceuticals Division, Preclinical Research, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
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Bernotas RC, Singhaus RR, Kaufman DH, Ullrich J, Fletcher H, Quinet E, Nambi P, Unwalla R, Wilhelmsson A, Goos-Nilsson A, Farnegardh M, Wrobel J. Biarylether amide quinolines as liver X receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:1663-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Revised: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 12/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zhang Y, Chan JF, Cummins CL. Liver X Receptors as Therapeutic Targets for Managing Cholesterol: Implications for Atherosclerosis and Other Inflammatory Conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 4:29-40. [PMID: 20852746 DOI: 10.2217/17584299.4.1.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a disease characterized by excess cholesterol and inflammation in the blood vessels. The liver X receptors (alpha and beta) are members of the nuclear hormone receptor family that are activated by endogenous cholesterol metabolites. These receptors are widely expressed with a tissue distribution that includes the liver, intestine and macrophage. Upon activation, these receptors have been shown to increase reverse cholesterol transport from the macrophage back to the liver to aid in the removal of excess cholesterol. More recently, they have also been shown to inhibit the inflammatory response in macrophages. These functions are accomplished through direct regulation of gene transcription. Herein, we will describe the key benefits and potential risks of targeting the LXRs for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Mohler ML, He Y, Wu Z, Hwang DJ, Miller DD. Recent and emerging anti-diabetes targets. Med Res Rev 2009; 29:125-95. [DOI: 10.1002/med.20142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Wrobel J, Steffan R, Bowen SM, Magolda R, Matelan E, Unwalla R, Basso M, Clerin V, Gardell SJ, Nambi P, Quinet E, Reminick JI, Vlasuk GP, Wang S, Feingold I, Huselton C, Bonn T, Farnegardh M, Hansson T, Nilsson AG, Wilhelmsson A, Zamaratski E, Evans MJ. Indazole-Based Liver X Receptor (LXR) Modulators with Maintained Atherosclerotic Lesion Reduction Activity but Diminished Stimulation of Hepatic Triglyceride Synthesis. J Med Chem 2008; 51:7161-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jm800799q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jay Wrobel
- Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, and Karo Bio AB, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Robert Steffan
- Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, and Karo Bio AB, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - S. Marc Bowen
- Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, and Karo Bio AB, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Ronald Magolda
- Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, and Karo Bio AB, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Edward Matelan
- Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, and Karo Bio AB, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Rayomand Unwalla
- Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, and Karo Bio AB, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Michael Basso
- Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, and Karo Bio AB, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Valerie Clerin
- Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, and Karo Bio AB, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Stephen J. Gardell
- Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, and Karo Bio AB, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Ponnal Nambi
- Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, and Karo Bio AB, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Elaine Quinet
- Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, and Karo Bio AB, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Jason I. Reminick
- Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, and Karo Bio AB, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - George P. Vlasuk
- Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, and Karo Bio AB, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Shuguang Wang
- Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, and Karo Bio AB, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Irene Feingold
- Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, and Karo Bio AB, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Christine Huselton
- Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, and Karo Bio AB, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Tomas Bonn
- Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, and Karo Bio AB, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Mathias Farnegardh
- Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, and Karo Bio AB, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Tomas Hansson
- Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, and Karo Bio AB, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Annika Goos Nilsson
- Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, and Karo Bio AB, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Anna Wilhelmsson
- Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, and Karo Bio AB, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Edouard Zamaratski
- Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, and Karo Bio AB, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Mark J. Evans
- Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, and Karo Bio AB, Huddinge, Sweden
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LXR Agonists for the Treatment of Atherosclerosis: Recent Highlights. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(08)00007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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