1
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Röhm S, Krämer A, Knapp S. Function, Structure and Topology of Protein Kinases. PROTEINKINASE INHIBITORS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2020_97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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2
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Akhtar N, Jabeen I, Jalal N, Antilla J. Structure-based pharmacophore models to probe anticancer activity of inhibitors of protein kinase B-beta (PKB β). Chem Biol Drug Des 2018; 93:325-336. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noreen Akhtar
- Research Centre for Modeling and Simulation (RCMS); National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST); Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Ishrat Jabeen
- Research Centre for Modeling and Simulation (RCMS); National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST); Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Nasir Jalal
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin City China
| | - Jon Antilla
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin City China
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3
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Chen SF, Cao Y, Han S, Chen JZ. Insight into the structural mechanism for PKBα allosteric inhibition by molecular dynamics simulations and free energy calculations. J Mol Graph Model 2014; 48:36-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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4
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Yilmaz OG, Olmez EO, Ulgen KO. Targeting the Akt1 allosteric site to identify novel scaffolds through virtual screening. Comput Biol Chem 2013; 48:1-13. [PMID: 24291487 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical data and tumor specimen studies report that AKT kinases are related to many human cancers. Therefore, identification and development of small molecule inhibitors targeting AKT and its signaling pathway can be therapeutic in treatment of cancer. Numerous studies report inhibitors that target the ATP-binding pocket in the kinase domains, but the similarity of this site, within the kinase family makes selectivity a major problem. The sequence identity amongst PH domains is significantly lower than that in kinase domains and developing more selective inhibitors is possible if PH domain is targeted. This in silico screening study is the first time report toward the identification of potential allosteric inhibitors expected to bind the cavity between kinase and PH domains of Akt1. Structural information of Akt1 was used to develop structure-based pharmacophore models comprising hydrophobic, acceptor, donor and ring features. The 3D structural information of previously identified allosteric Akt inhibitors obtained from literature was employed to develop a ligand-based pharmacophore model. Database was generated with drug like subset of ZINC and screening was performed based on 3D similarity to the selected pharmacophore hypotheses. Binding modes and affinities of the ligands were predicted by Glide software. Top scoring hits were further analyzed considering 2D similarity between the compounds, interactions with Akt1, fitness to pharmacophore models, ADME, druglikeness criteria and Induced-Fit docking. Using virtual screening methodologies, derivatives of 3-methyl-xanthine, quinoline-4-carboxamide and 2-[4-(cyclohexa-1,3-dien-1-yl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]phenol were proposed as potential leads for allosteric inhibition of Akt1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oya Gursoy Yilmaz
- Bogazici University, Department of Chemical Engineering, 34342 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Elif Ozkirimli Olmez
- Bogazici University, Department of Chemical Engineering, 34342 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Kutlu O Ulgen
- Bogazici University, Department of Chemical Engineering, 34342 Istanbul, Turkey.
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5
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Katkevica S, Salun P, Jirgensons A. Synthesis of 5-substituted 3-mercapto-1,2,4-triazoles via Suzuki–Miyaura reaction. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.06.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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6
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Fang Z, Grütter C, Rauh D. Strategies for the selective regulation of kinases with allosteric modulators: exploiting exclusive structural features. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:58-70. [PMID: 23249378 DOI: 10.1021/cb300663j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The modulation of kinase function has become an important goal in modern drug discovery and chemical biology research. In cancer-targeted therapies, kinase inhibitors have been experiencing an upsurge, which can be measured by the increasing number of kinase inhibitors approved by the FDA in recent years. However, lack of efficacy, limited selectivity, and the emergence of acquired drug resistance still represent major bottlenecks in the clinic and challenge inhibitor development. Most known kinase inhibitors target the active kinase and are ATP competitive. A second class of small organic molecules, which address remote sites of the kinase and stabilize enzymatically inactive conformations, is rapidly moving to the forefront of kinase inhibitor research. Such allosteric modulators bind to sites that are less conserved across the kinome and only accessible upon conformational changes. These molecules are therefore thought to provide various advantages such as higher selectivity and extended drug target residence times. This review highlights various strategies that have been developed to utilizing exclusive structural features of kinases and thereby modulating their activity allosterically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhizhou Fang
- Technische Universität Dortmund, Fakultät
Chemie − Chemische Biologie, Otto-Hahn-Strasse
6, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christian Grütter
- Technische Universität Dortmund, Fakultät
Chemie − Chemische Biologie, Otto-Hahn-Strasse
6, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Daniel Rauh
- Technische Universität Dortmund, Fakultät
Chemie − Chemische Biologie, Otto-Hahn-Strasse
6, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
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7
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Fei J, Zhou L, Liu T, Tang XY. Pharmacophore modeling, virtual screening, and molecular docking studies for discovery of novel Akt2 inhibitors. Int J Med Sci 2013; 10:265-75. [PMID: 23372433 PMCID: PMC3558715 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.5344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Akt2 is considered as a potential target for cancer therapy. In order to find novel Akt2 inhibitors which have different scaffolds, structure-based pharmacophore model and 3D-QSAR pharmacophore model were built and validated by different methods. Then, they were used for chemical databases virtual screening. The selected compounds were further analyzed and refined using drug-like filters and ADMET analysis. Finally, seven hits with different scaffolds were picked out for docking studies. These seven hits were predicted to have high inhibitory activity and good ADMET properties, they may act as novel leads for Akt2 inhibitors designing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Fei
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 610065, China
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8
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Uitdehaag JCM, Verkaar F, Alwan H, de Man J, Buijsman RC, Zaman GJR. A guide to picking the most selective kinase inhibitor tool compounds for pharmacological validation of drug targets. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 166:858-76. [PMID: 22250956 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01859.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To establish the druggability of a target, genetic validation needs to be supplemented with pharmacological validation. Pharmacological studies, especially in the kinase field, are hampered by the fact that many reference inhibitors are not fully selective for one target. Fortunately, the initial trickle of selective inhibitors released in the public domain has steadily swelled into a stream. However, rationally picking the most selective tool compound out of the increasing amounts of available inhibitors has become progressively difficult due to the lack of accurate quantitative descriptors of drug selectivity. A recently published approach, termed 'selectivity entropy', is an improved way of expressing selectivity as a single-value parameter and enables rank ordering of inhibitors. We provide a guide to select the best tool compounds for pharmacological validation experiments of candidate drug targets using selectivity entropy. In addition, we recommend which inhibitors to use for studying the biology of the 20 most investigated kinases that are clinically relevant: Abl (ABL1), AKT1, ALK, Aurora A/B, CDKs, MET, CSF1R (FMS), EGFR, FLT3, ERBB2 (HER2), IKBKB (IKK2), JAK2/3, JNK1/2/3 (MAPK8/9/10), MEK1/2, PLK1, PI3Ks, p38α (MAPK14), BRAF, SRC and VEGFR2 (KDR).
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9
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Kettle JG, Brown S, Crafter C, Davies BR, Dudley P, Fairley G, Faulder P, Fillery S, Greenwood H, Hawkins J, James M, Johnson K, Lane CD, Pass M, Pink JH, Plant H, Cosulich SC. Diverse Heterocyclic Scaffolds as Allosteric Inhibitors of AKT. J Med Chem 2012; 55:1261-73. [PMID: 22248236 DOI: 10.1021/jm201394e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason G. Kettle
- Oncology iMED, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Brown
- Oncology iMED, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Crafter
- Oncology iMED, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Barry R. Davies
- Oncology iMED, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Phillippa Dudley
- Oncology iMED, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Gary Fairley
- Oncology iMED, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Faulder
- Oncology iMED, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Shaun Fillery
- Oncology iMED, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Greenwood
- Oncology iMED, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Janet Hawkins
- Oncology iMED, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Michael James
- Oncology iMED, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Johnson
- Oncology iMED, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Clare D. Lane
- Oncology iMED, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Pass
- Oncology iMED, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer H. Pink
- Oncology iMED, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Plant
- Oncology iMED, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Sabina C. Cosulich
- Oncology iMED, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
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10
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Shomin CD, Restituyo E, Cox KJ, Ghosh I. Selection of cyclic-peptide inhibitors targeting Aurora kinase A: problems and solutions. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:6743-9. [PMID: 22004849 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The critical role of Aurora kinase in cell cycle progression and its deregulation in cancer has garnered significant interest. As such, numerous Aurora targeted inhibitors have been developed to date, almost all of which target the ATP cleft at the active site. These current inhibitors display polypharmacology; that is, they target multiple kinases, and some are being actively pursued as therapeutics. Currently, there are no general approaches for targeting Aurora at sites remote from the active site, which in the long term may provide new insights regarding the inhibition of Aurora as well as other protein kinases, and provide pharmacological tools for dissecting Aurora kinase biology. Toward this long term goal, we have recently developed a bivalent selection strategy that allows for the identification of cyclic peptides that target the surface of PKA, while the active site is blocked by an ATP-competitive compound. Herein, we extend this approach to Aurora kinase (Aurora A), which required significant optimization of selection conditions to eliminate background peptides that target the streptavidin matrix upon which the kinases are immobilized. Using our optimized selection conditions, we have successfully selected several cyclic peptide ligands against Aurora A. Two of these inhibitors demonstrated IC(50) values of 10 μM and were further interrogated. The CTRPWWLC peptide was shown to display a noncompetitive mode of inhibition suggesting that alternate sites on Aurora beyond the ATP and peptide substrate binding site may be potentially targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn D Shomin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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11
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Tinkering outside the kinase ATP box: allosteric (type IV) and bivalent (type V) inhibitors of protein kinases. Future Med Chem 2011; 3:29-43. [PMID: 21428824 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.10.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Many members of the protein kinase family have emerged as key targets for pharmacological intervention, most notably in cancer. However, the high sequence and structural homology shared by the more than 500 human protein kinases renders it exceedingly difficult to develop selective inhibitors. Most, if not all, existing inhibitors target multiple protein kinases. Current paradigm suggests that an inhibitor that targets multiple kinases and displays polypharmacology is not only acceptable but also often desirable as a therapeutic agent. However, as we move toward personalized medicine the currently acceptable promiscuity is likely to pose significant hurdles in terms of their therapeutic index, especially for diseases that necessitate long-term drug administration. Moreover, selective inhibitors are the only pharmacologically relevant route toward reagents for the dissection of complex signal transduction pathways. This article provides an overview of recent developments in the design of kinase inhibitors that display increasing selectivity by targeting regions outside the highly conserved ATP-binding pocket. These new approaches may pave the way to potentially new avenues for drug discovery while providing valuable tools for studying signal transduction.
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12
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Hers I, Vincent EE, Tavaré JM. Akt signalling in health and disease. Cell Signal 2011; 23:1515-27. [PMID: 21620960 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1078] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Akt (also known as protein kinase B or PKB) comprises three closely related isoforms Akt1, Akt2 and Akt3 (or PKBα/β/γ respectively). We have a very good understanding of the mechanisms by which Akt isoforms are activated by growth factors and other extracellular stimuli as well as by oncogenic mutations in key upstream regulatory proteins including Ras, PI3-kinase subunits and PTEN. There are also an ever increasing number of Akt substrates being identified that play a role in the regulation of the diverse array of biological effects of activated Akt; this includes the regulation of cell proliferation, survival and metabolism. Dysregulation of Akt leads to diseases of major unmet medical need such as cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular and neurological diseases. As a result there has been substantial investment in the development of small molecular Akt inhibitors that act competitively with ATP or phospholipid binding, or allosterically. In this review we will briefly discuss our current understanding of how Akt isoforms are regulated, the substrate proteins they phosphorylate and how this integrates with the role of Akt in disease. We will furthermore discuss the types of Akt inhibitors that have been developed and are in clinical trials for human cancer, as well as speculate on potential on-target toxicities, such as disturbances of heart and vascular function, metabolism, memory and mood, which should be monitored very carefully during clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingeborg Hers
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, UK
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13
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Deactivation of Akt by a small molecule inhibitor targeting pleckstrin homology domain and facilitating Akt ubiquitination. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:6486-91. [PMID: 21464312 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1019062108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate (PIP3) binding function of pleckstrin homology (PH) domain is essential for the activation of oncogenic Akt/PKB kinase. Following the PIP3-mediated activation at the membrane, the activated Akt is subjected to other regulatory events, including ubiquitination-mediated deactivation. Here, by identifying and characterizing an allosteric inhibitor, SC66, we show that the facilitated ubiquitination effectively terminates Akt signaling. Mechanistically, SC66 manifests a dual inhibitory activity that directly interferes with the PH domain binding to PIP3 and facilitates Akt ubiquitination. A known PH domain-dependent allosteric inhibitor, which stabilizes Akt, prevents the SC66-induced Akt ubiquitination. A cancer-relevant Akt1 (e17k) mutant is unstable, making it intrinsically sensitive to functional inhibition by SC66 in cellular contexts in which the PI3K inhibition has little inhibitory effect. As a result of its dual inhibitory activity, SC66 manifests a more effective growth suppression of transformed cells that contain a high level of Akt signaling, compared with other inhibitors of PIP3/Akt pathway. Finally, we show the anticancer activity of SC66 by using a soft agar assay as well as a mouse xenograft tumor model. In conclusion, in this study, we not only identify a dual-function Akt inhibitor, but also demonstrate that Akt ubiquitination could be chemically exploited to effectively facilitate its deactivation, thus identifying an avenue for pharmacological intervention in Akt signaling.
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14
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Cipolla L, Redaelli C, Granucci F, Zampella G, Zaza A, Chisci R, Nicotra F. Straightforward synthesis of novel Akt inhibitors based on a glucose scaffold. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:1291-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2009.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2009] [Revised: 11/26/2009] [Accepted: 12/13/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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15
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Desplat V, Moreau S, Gay A, Fabre SB, Thiolat D, Massip S, Macky G, Godde F, Mossalayi D, Jarry C, Guillon J. Synthesis and evaluation of the antiproliferative activity of novel pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline derivatives, potential inhibitors of Akt kinase. Part II. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2010; 25:204-15. [DOI: 10.3109/14756360903169881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Desplat
- PPF Médicaments-Parasitologie, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
| | - Stephane Moreau
- EA 4138 – Pharmacochimie, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
| | - Aurore Gay
- PPF Médicaments-Parasitologie, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
- EA 4138 – Pharmacochimie, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
| | - Solene Belisle Fabre
- EA 4138 – Pharmacochimie, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
| | - Denis Thiolat
- PPF Médicaments-Parasitologie, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
| | - Stephane Massip
- EA 4138 – Pharmacochimie, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
| | - Gregory Macky
- PPF Médicaments-Parasitologie, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
- EA 4138 – Pharmacochimie, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
| | - Frederic Godde
- Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, Université de Bordeaux – CNRS UMR 5248, Pessac, France
| | - Djavad Mossalayi
- PPF Médicaments-Parasitologie, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
| | - Christian Jarry
- EA 4138 – Pharmacochimie, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean Guillon
- EA 4138 – Pharmacochimie, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
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16
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Lee JY, Lee YG, Lee J, Yang KJ, Kim AR, Kim JY, Won MH, Park J, Yoo BC, Kim S, Cho WJ, Cho JY. Akt Cys-310-targeted inhibition by hydroxylated benzene derivatives is tightly linked to their immunosuppressive effects. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:9932-9948. [PMID: 20054000 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.074872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The hydroxylated benzene metabolite hydroquinone (HQ) is mainly generated from benzene, an important industrial chemical, and is also a common dietary component. Although numerous reports have addressed the tumorigenesis-inducing effects of HQ, few papers have explored its molecular regulatory mechanism in immunological responses. In this study we characterized Akt (protein kinase B)-targeted regulation by HQ and its derivatives, in suppressing inflammatory responses using cellular, molecular, biochemical, and immunopharmacological approaches. HQ down-regulated inflammatory responses such as NO production, surface levels of pattern recognition receptors, and cytokine gene expression with IC(50) values that ranged from 5 to 10 microm. HQ inhibition was mediated by blocking NF-kappaB activation via suppression of its translocation pathway, which is composed of Akt, I kappaB alpha kinase beta, and I kappaB alpha. Of the targets in this pathway, HQ directly targeted and bound to the sulfhydryl group of Cys-310 of Akt and sequentially interrupted the phosphorylation of both Thr-308 and Ser-473 by mediation of beta-mercaptoethanol, according to the liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy analysis of the interaction of HQ with an Akt-derived peptide. Therefore, our data suggest that Akt and its target site Cys-310 can be considered as a prime molecular target of HQ-mediated immunosuppression and for novel anti-Akt-targeted immunosuppressive drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yeon Lee
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology and Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701
| | - Yong Gyu Lee
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology and Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701
| | - Jaehwi Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756
| | - Keum-Jin Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Daejeon Regional Cancer Center, Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 310-010
| | - Ae Ra Kim
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology and Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701
| | - Joo Young Kim
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology and Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology and Institute of Neurodegeneration and Neuroregeneration, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chucheon 200-702
| | - Jongsun Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Daejeon Regional Cancer Center, Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 310-010
| | - Byong Chul Yoo
- Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang 410-769
| | - Sanghee Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-741
| | - Won-Jea Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Kwangju 500-757, Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology and Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701.
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Maira SM, Finan P, Garcia-Echeverria C. From the bench to the bed side: PI3K pathway inhibitors in clinical development. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2010; 347:209-39. [PMID: 20582534 DOI: 10.1007/82_2010_60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A number of intracellular kinase components of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway have been targeted over the past few years, leading to a new generation of anticancer agents that effectively and specifically disrupt this pathway in tumor cells. Here, progress in the identification and clinical evaluation of compounds designed to modulate the enzymatic activity of PI3K, Akt, mTOR, and Hsp90 is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saveur-Michel Maira
- Oncology Drug Discovery, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Vitry-sur-Seine Cedex, France
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18
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Xu J, Cheng G, Su D, Liu Y, Wang X, Hu Y. Directortho-Arylation ofN-Phenacylpyridinium Bromide by Palladium-Catalyzed CH-Bond Activation. Chemistry 2009; 15:13105-10. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200901399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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19
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Hopper DW, Crombie AL, Clemens JJ, Kwon S. Chapter 6.1: Six-Membered Ring Systems: Pyridine and Benzo Derivatives. PROGRESS IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-6380(09)70039-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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20
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Li Y, Liang J, Siu T, Hu E, Rossi MA, Barnett SF, Defeo-Jones D, Jones RE, Robinson RG, Leander K, Huber HE, Mittal S, Cosford N, Prasit P. Allosteric inhibitors of Akt1 and Akt2: discovery of [1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-f][1,6]naphthyridines with potent and balanced activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 19:834-6. [PMID: 19097777 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2008] [Revised: 12/03/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of [1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-f][1,6]naphthyridine allosteric dual inhibitors of Akt1 and 2 have been developed. These compounds have been shown to have potent dual Akt1 and 2 cell potency. The representative compound 13 provided potent inhibitory activity against Akt1 and 2 in vivo in a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., 770 Sumneytown Pike, WP14-2, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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Garcia-Echeverria C, Sellers WR. Drug discovery approaches targeting the PI3K/Akt pathway in cancer. Oncogene 2008; 27:5511-26. [PMID: 18794885 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2008.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The abnormal activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway has been validated by epidemiological and experimental studies as an essential step toward the initiation and maintenance of human tumors. Notable in this regard are the prevalent somatic genetic alterations leading to the inactivation of the tumor suppressor gene PTEN and gain-of-function mutations targeting PIK3CA--the gene encoding the catalytic phosphosinositide-3 kinase subunit p110 alpha. A number of the intracellular components of this pathway have been targeted as anticancer drug discovery activities leading to the current panoply of clinical trials of inhibitors of PI3K, Akt and HSP90 in man. This review summarizes current preclinical knowledge of modulators of the PI3K/Akt pathway in which drug discovery and development activities have been advanced focusing on both the relevant clinical stage inhibitors and other disclosed tool compounds targeting PI3K, PDK1, Akt and HSP90.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Garcia-Echeverria
- Oncology Drug Discovery, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.
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Insights into the PI3-K-PKB-mTOR signalling pathway from small molecules. J Chem Biol 2008; 1:49-62. [PMID: 19568798 DOI: 10.1007/s12154-008-0008-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Revised: 06/03/2008] [Accepted: 06/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This review describes the progress that has been made in understanding the PI3-K-PKB-mTOR signalling pathway by using small molecules as pharmacological probes. It briefly covers the structural characteristics, regulation of and downstream effects of several key regulators of PI3-K-PKB-mTOR signalling, then highlights the use of small molecules (by structural type) to selectively modulate specific components of the pathway.
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Discovery of potent and cell-active allosteric dual Akt 1 and 2 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:4186-90. [PMID: 18539456 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.05.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Revised: 05/18/2008] [Accepted: 05/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the improvement of cell potency in a class of allosteric Akt 1 and 2 inhibitors. Key discoveries include identifying the solvent exposed region of the molecule and appending basic amines to enhance the physiochemical properties of the molecules. Findings from the structure-activity relationships are discussed.
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Bilodeau MT, Balitza AE, Hoffman JM, Manley PJ, Barnett SF, Defeo-Jones D, Haskell K, Jones RE, Leander K, Robinson RG, Smith AM, Huber HE, Hartman GD. Allosteric inhibitors of Akt1 and Akt2: a naphthyridinone with efficacy in an A2780 tumor xenograft model. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:3178-82. [PMID: 18479914 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.04.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Revised: 04/22/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of naphthyridine and naphthyridinone allosteric dual inhibitors of Akt1 and 2 have been developed. These compounds have been optimized to have potent dual activity against the activated kinase as well as the activation of Akt in cells. One molecule in particular, compound 17, has potent inhibitory activity against Akt1 and 2 in vivo in a mouse lung and efficacy in a tumor xenograft model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark T Bilodeau
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., PO Box 4, West Point, PA 19486 USA.
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