1
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Wu W, Yan X, Li X, Ning Y, Hu L, Zhu L, Ouyang Q, Peng Y. Highly Enantioselective Synthesis of [1,2,4]Triazino[5,4- a]isoquinoline Derivatives via (3 + 3) Cycloaddition Reactions of Diazo Compounds and Isoquinolinium Methylides. Org Lett 2022; 24:3766-3771. [PMID: 35604766 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An array of chiral [1,2,4]triazino[5,4-a]isoquinoline derivatives were obtained in excellent yields (up to 98%) and with excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99% ee) via a new highly asymmetric (3 + 3) cycloaddition reaction of diazo compounds and isoquinolinium methylides, with a bifunctional chiral phase-transfer catalyst (PTC). Density functional theory calculations show that PTC has a bridge role in the deprotonation/protonation process. The obtained products were transformed into densely functionalized polycyclic heterocompounds with multiple stereocenters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiao Yan
- College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yanqiang Ning
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Lei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Qin Ouyang
- College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yungui Peng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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2
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Wang Z, Cherukupalli S, Xie M, Wang W, Jiang X, Jia R, Pannecouque C, De Clercq E, Kang D, Zhan P, Liu X. Contemporary Medicinal Chemistry Strategies for the Discovery and Development of Novel HIV-1 Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2022; 65:3729-3757. [PMID: 35175760 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Currently, HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are a major component of the highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) regimen. However, the occurrence of drug-resistant strains and adverse reactions after long-term usage have inevitably compromised the clinical application of NNRTIs. Therefore, the development of novel inhibitors with distinct anti-resistance profiles and better pharmacological properties is still an enormous challenge. Herein, we summarize state-of-the-art medicinal chemistry strategies for the discovery of potent NNRTIs, such as structure-based design strategies, contemporary computer-aided drug design, covalent-binding strategies, and the application of multi-target-directed ligands. The strategies described here will facilitate the identification of promising HIV-1 NNRTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Srinivasulu Cherukupalli
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Minghui Xie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Wenbo Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Xiangyi Jiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Ruifang Jia
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Christophe Pannecouque
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dongwei Kang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China.,China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China.,China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China.,China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
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3
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Xie R, Mei X, Ning J. Design, Synthesis and Insecticide Activity of Novel Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors: Triazolinone and Phthalimide Heterodimers. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2019; 67:345-350. [PMID: 30930439 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c18-00704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Based on the "cluster effect" and the structure characters of acetylcholinesterase (AChE; EC 3.1.1.7), a new series of 1,2,4-triazolin-3-one and phthalimide heterodimers were designed, synthesized, and evaluated as potent dual acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs). Most of the synthesized compounds showed good in vitro inhibitory activities towards both Drosophila melanogaster acetylcholinesterase (DmAChE) and Musca domestica acetylcholinesterase (MdAChE). Among them, 5g was found to be the most potent anti-AChE derivate (5g, IC50 = 8.07 µM to DmAChE, IC50 = 32.24 µM to MdAChE). It was 2.31- and 1.35-fold more active than the positive control ethion (CP, IC50 = 18.62 µM to DmAChE, IC50 = 43.56 µM to MdAChE). The docking model study revealed that 5g possessed the fitted spatial structure and bound to the central pocket and peripheral site of DmAChE. Moreover, most compounds demonstrated high insecticidal activity to Lipaphis erysimi and Tetranychus cinnabarinus at the concentration of 300 mg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruliang Xie
- National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, Zhangjiang Lab
| | - Xiangdong Mei
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
| | - Jun Ning
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
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4
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Wang Y, Wang J, Zhong P, Li Y, Lai CC, He Y. Molecular insight into the interaction mechanisms of an annulated pyrazole (DB08446) with HIV-1 RT: a QM and QM/QM′ study. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-018-2239-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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5
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Lim B, Park S, Park JH, Gam J, Kim S, Yang JW, Lee J. A metal-free and mild approach to 1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3H)-ones via oxidative C–C bond cleavage using molecular oxygen. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:2105-2113. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob03188b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A metal-free aerobic oxidative C–C bond cleavage reaction for the synthesis of 1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3H)-ones is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bumhee Lim
- College of Pharmacy
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical sciences
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Korea
| | - Seunggun Park
- College of Pharmacy
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical sciences
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Park
- College of Pharmacy
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical sciences
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Korea
| | - Jongsik Gam
- Department of Medicinal Bioscience
- College of Interdisciplinary & Creative Studies
- Konyang University
- Nonsan
- Korea
| | - Sanghee Kim
- College of Pharmacy
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical sciences
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Korea
| | - Jung Woon Yang
- Department of Energy Science
- Sungkyunkwan University
- Suwon 16419
- South Korea
| | - Jeeyeon Lee
- College of Pharmacy
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical sciences
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Korea
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6
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Zhang X, Zhang Q, Wu Y, Feng C, Xie C, Fan X, Li P. Polyaddition of Azide-Containing Norbornene-Based Monomer through Strain-Promoted 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reaction. Macromol Rapid Commun 2016; 37:1311-7. [PMID: 27240093 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201600233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Xi'an University of Technology; No. 5 South Jinhua Road Xi'an Shaanxi 710048 P. R. China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Xi'an University of Technology; No. 5 South Jinhua Road Xi'an Shaanxi 710048 P. R. China
| | - Yuzhen Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Xi'an University of Technology; No. 5 South Jinhua Road Xi'an Shaanxi 710048 P. R. China
| | - Chao Feng
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST); Xi'an Jiaotong University; No. 99 Yanxiang Road Xi'an Shaanxi 710054 P. R. China
| | - Chao Xie
- Department of Oral Implantology; State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology; School of Stomatology; The Fourth Military Medical University; No. 169 West Changle Road Xi'an Shaanxi 710032 P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Fan
- The Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry; Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology; School of Science; Northwestern Polytechnical University; No. 127 West Youyi Road Xi'an Shaanxi 710072 P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology (FIST); Xi'an Jiaotong University; No. 99 Yanxiang Road Xi'an Shaanxi 710054 P. R. China
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7
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Meng Q, Liu N, Huang B, Zhan P, Liu X. Novel fluorine-containing DAPY derivatives as potent HIV-1 NNRTIs: a patent evaluation of WO2014072419. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2015; 25:1477-86. [PMID: 26415039 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2016.1088832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Diarylpyrimidine (DAPY) derivatives, one family of HIV non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors (NNRTIs) with superior activities against wild-type (WT) HIV-1 and NNRTI-resistant strains, have attracted much attention in the past decade. A series of DAPY derivatives featuring a fluorine atom on the central ring were reported as novel NNRTIs in the patent WO2014072419. Some compounds exhibited robust potency against both WT and mutant strains, which were approximately equal to or higher than those of the reference drug TMC120. Moreover, it has become evident that fluorinated molecules have a remarkable record in many other potent NNRTIs. Thus, this survey provides a sampling of renowned fluorinated NNRTIs and their mode of action, with an analysis clarifying the functional roles and impact of fluorine substitution on antiviral potency. We envision that fluorinated NNRTIs will play a continuing role in affording anti-HIV drug candidates for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Meng
- a Shandong University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Medicinal Chemistry , 44, West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China ,
| | - Na Liu
- a Shandong University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Medicinal Chemistry , 44, West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China ,
| | - Boshi Huang
- a Shandong University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Medicinal Chemistry , 44, West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China ,
| | | | - Xinyong Liu
- a Shandong University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Medicinal Chemistry , 44, West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China ,
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8
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Li W, Li X, De Clercq E, Zhan P, Liu X. Discovery of potent HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors from arylthioacetanilide structural motif. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 102:167-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Microwave assisted synthesis, antifungal activity, and DFT study of some novel triazolinone derivatives. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:916059. [PMID: 25861651 PMCID: PMC4377350 DOI: 10.1155/2015/916059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of some novel 1,2,4-triazol-5(4H)-one derivatives were designed and synthesized under microwave irradiation via multistep reaction. The structures of 1,2,4-triazoles were confirmed by 1H NMR, MS, FTIR, and elemental analysis. The antifungal activities of 1,2,4-triazoles were determined. The antifungal activity results indicated that the compounds 5c, 5f, and 5h exhibited good activity against Pythium ultimum, and the compounds 5b and 5c displayed good activity against Corynespora cassiicola. Theoretical calculation of the compound 5c was carried out with B3LYP/6-31G (d). The full geometry optimization was carried out using 6-31G(d) basis set, and the frontier orbital energy and electrostatic potential were discussed, and the structure-activity relationship was also studied.
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10
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Abstract
The production of β-lactamase is one of the primary resistance mechanisms used by Gram-negative bacterial pathogens to counter β-lactam antibiotics, such as penicillins, cephalosporins and carbapenems. There is an urgent need to develop novel β-lactamase inhibitors in response to ever evolving β-lactamases possessing an expanded spectrum of β-lactam hydrolyzing activity. Whereas traditional high-throughput screening has proven ineffective against serine β-lactamases, fragment-based approaches have been successfully employed to identify novel chemical matter, which in turn has revealed much about the specific molecular interactions possible in the active site of serine and metallo β-lactamases. In this review, we summarize recent progress in the field, particularly: the identification of novel inhibitor chemotypes through fragment-based screening; the use of fragment-protein structures to understand key features of binding hot spots and inform the design of improved leads; lessons learned and new prospects for β-lactamase inhibitor development using fragment-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek A Nichols
- University of South Florida College of Medicine, Department of Molecular Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, MDC 3522, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Adam R Renslo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, 1700 4th Street, Byers Hall S504, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yu Chen
- University of South Florida College of Medicine, Department of Molecular Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, MDC 3522, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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11
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Discovery of MK-1439, an orally bioavailable non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor potent against a wide range of resistant mutant HIV viruses. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 24:917-22. [PMID: 24412110 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.12.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The optimization of a novel series of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) led to the identification of pyridone 36. In cell cultures, this new NNRTI shows a superior potency profile against a range of wild type and clinically relevant, resistant mutant HIV viruses. The overall favorable preclinical pharmacokinetic profile of 36 led to the prediction of a once daily low dose regimen in human. NNRTI 36, now known as MK-1439, is currently in clinical development for the treatment of HIV infection.
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12
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Zhang W, Zhu Y, Wei D, Tang M. Mechanisms of the cascade synthesis of substituted 4-amino-1,2,4-triazol-3-one from huisgen zwitterion and aldehyde hydrazone: A DFT study. J Comput Chem 2012; 33:715-22. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.22906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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13
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Gomez R, Jolly S, Williams T, Tucker T, Tynebor R, Vacca J, McGaughey G, Lai MT, Felock P, Munshi V, DeStefano D, Touch S, Miller M, Yan Y, Sanchez R, Liang Y, Paton B, Wan BL, Anthony N. Design and synthesis of pyridone inhibitors of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:7344-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Gu SX, Zhang X, He QQ, Yang LM, Ma XD, Zheng YT, Yang SQ, Chen FE. Synthesis and biological evaluation of naphthyl phenyl ethers (NPEs) as novel nonnucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:4220-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Zhan P, Chen X, Li D, Fang Z, De Clercq E, Liu X. HIV-1 NNRTIs: structural diversity, pharmacophore similarity, and implications for drug design. Med Res Rev 2011; 33 Suppl 1:E1-72. [PMID: 21523792 DOI: 10.1002/med.20241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) nowadays represent very potent and most promising anti-AIDS agents that specifically target the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). However, the effectiveness of NNRTI drugs can be hampered by rapid emergence of drug-resistant viruses and severe side effects upon long-term use. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop novel, highly potent NNRTIs with broad spectrum antiviral activity and improved pharmacokinetic properties, and more efficient strategies that facilitate and shorten the drug discovery process would be extremely beneficial. Fortunately, the structural diversity of NNRTIs provided a wide space for novel lead discovery, and the pharmacophore similarity of NNRTIs gave valuable hints for lead discovery and optimization. More importantly, with the continued efforts in the development of computational tools and increased crystallographic information on RT/NNRTI complexes, structure-based approaches using a combination of traditional medicinal chemistry, structural biology, and computational chemistry are being used increasingly in the design of NNRTIs. First, this review covers two decades of research and development for various NNRTI families based on their chemical scaffolds, and then describes the structural similarity of NNRTIs. We have attempted to assemble a comprehensive overview of the general approaches in NNRTI lead discovery and optimization reported in the literature during the last decade. The successful applications of medicinal chemistry strategies, crystallography, and computational tools for designing novel NNRTIs are highlighted. Future directions for research are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
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16
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Rich RL, Myszka DG. Grading the commercial optical biosensor literature-Class of 2008: 'The Mighty Binders'. J Mol Recognit 2010; 23:1-64. [PMID: 20017116 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Optical biosensor technology continues to be the method of choice for label-free, real-time interaction analysis. But when it comes to improving the quality of the biosensor literature, education should be fundamental. Of the 1413 articles published in 2008, less than 30% would pass the requirements for high-school chemistry. To teach by example, we spotlight 10 papers that illustrate how to implement the technology properly. Then we grade every paper published in 2008 on a scale from A to F and outline what features make a biosensor article fabulous, middling or abysmal. To help improve the quality of published data, we focus on a few experimental, analysis and presentation mistakes that are alarmingly common. With the literature as a guide, we want to ensure that no user is left behind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Rich
- Center for Biomolecular Interaction Analysis, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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17
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Davidson JP, Sarma K, Fishlock D, Welch MH, Sukhtankar S, Lee GM, Martin M, Cooper GF. A Synthesis of 3,5-Disubstituted Phenols. Org Process Res Dev 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/op900322u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James P. Davidson
- Chemical Synthesis, Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, U.S.A., Chemical Synthesis, Hoffmann-La Roche, 340 Kingsland Avenue, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, U.S.A
| | - Keshab Sarma
- Chemical Synthesis, Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, U.S.A., Chemical Synthesis, Hoffmann-La Roche, 340 Kingsland Avenue, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, U.S.A
| | - Dan Fishlock
- Chemical Synthesis, Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, U.S.A., Chemical Synthesis, Hoffmann-La Roche, 340 Kingsland Avenue, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, U.S.A
| | - Michael H. Welch
- Chemical Synthesis, Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, U.S.A., Chemical Synthesis, Hoffmann-La Roche, 340 Kingsland Avenue, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, U.S.A
| | - Sunil Sukhtankar
- Chemical Synthesis, Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, U.S.A., Chemical Synthesis, Hoffmann-La Roche, 340 Kingsland Avenue, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, U.S.A
| | - Gary M. Lee
- Chemical Synthesis, Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, U.S.A., Chemical Synthesis, Hoffmann-La Roche, 340 Kingsland Avenue, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, U.S.A
| | - Michael Martin
- Chemical Synthesis, Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, U.S.A., Chemical Synthesis, Hoffmann-La Roche, 340 Kingsland Avenue, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, U.S.A
| | - Gary F. Cooper
- Chemical Synthesis, Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, U.S.A., Chemical Synthesis, Hoffmann-La Roche, 340 Kingsland Avenue, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, U.S.A
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18
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Kennedy-Smith JJ, Arora N, Billedeau JR, Fretland J, Hang JQ, Heilek GM, Harris SF, Hirschfeld D, Javanbakht H, Li Y, Liang W, Roetz R, Smith M, Su G, Suh JM, Villaseñor AG, Wu J, Yasuda D, Klumpp K, Sweeney ZK. Synthesis and biological activity of new pyridone diaryl ether non-nucleoside inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. MEDCHEMCOMM 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0md00009d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Molecular docking and 3D-QSAR studies on triazolinone and pyridazinone, non-nucleoside inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. J Mol Model 2009; 16:1169-78. [PMID: 20013136 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-009-0625-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Accepted: 11/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are allosteric inhibitors of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Recently a series of Triazolinone and Pyridazinone were reported as potent inhibitors of HIV-1 wild type reverse transcriptase. In the present study, docking and 3D quantitative structure activity relationship (3D QSAR) studies involving comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) were performed on 31 molecules. Ligands were built and minimized using Tripos force field and applying Gasteiger-Hückel charges. These ligands were docked into protein active site using GLIDE 4.0. The docked poses were analyzed; the best docked poses were selected and aligned. CoMFA and CoMSIA fields were calculated using SYBYL6.9. The molecules were divided into training set and test set, a PLS analysis was performed and QSAR models were generated. The model showed good statistical reliability which is evident from the r2 nv, q2 loo and r2 pred values. The CoMFA model provides the most significant correlation of steric and electrostatic fields with biological activities. The CoMSIA model provides a correlation of steric, electrostatic, acceptor and hydrophobic fields with biological activities. The information rendered by 3D QSAR model initiated us to optimize the lead and design new potential inhibitors.
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20
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Loksha YM, Pedersen EB, Loddo R, La Colla P. Synthesis and anti-HIV-1 activity of 1-substiuted 6-(3-cyanobenzoyl) and [(3-cyanophenyl)fluoromethyl]-5-ethyl-uracils. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2009; 342:501-6. [PMID: 19637180 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.200900058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
1-Substiuted 6-(3-cyanobenzoyl) and [(3-cyanophenyl)fluoromethyl]-5-ethyl-uracils were synthesized and evaluated in cell-based assays against HIV-1 wild-type and its clinically relevant non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-resistant mutants. Some of the synthesized compounds showed activity against HIV-1 wild-type in the same range as Emivirine (MKC-442). 3-{[3-(Allyloxymethyl)-5-ethyl-2,6-dioxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrimidin-4-yl]fluoromethyl}-benzonitrile 11b showed moderate activity against the Y181C HIV-1 mutant strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser M Loksha
- Nucleic Acid Centre, Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
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21
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Integrating surface plasmon resonance biosensor-based interaction kinetic analyses into the lead discovery and optimization process. Future Med Chem 2009; 1:1399-414. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.09.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Surface plasmon resonance biosensor technology has come of age and become an important tool for drug discovery. It is a label-free biophysical technique for the kinetic analysis of molecular interactions that provides exceptionally information-rich data. Recent improvements in sensitivity, experimental design, data analysis and sample throughput makes it suitable for use throughout the drug-discovery process. This article outlines the use of SPR biosensor technology for small-molecule drug discovery and exemplifies how it complements other techniques. The technology is especially valuable for fragment-based lead discovery since it has the required sensitivity and throughput for screening of fragment libraries. Hits can be identified with respect to multiple criteria, defined by the experimental design used for screening. Expansion of hits and subsequent characterization and optimization of leads can be performed with a variety of experiments exploiting the kinetic resolution of the technology. Leads identified by this strategy can therefore be extensively characterized with respect to their interactions, with their target as well as with nontarget proteins. Although it may take some time for the methods to become well established, and for the research community to reach proficiency and fully embrace the information-rich data that can be obtained, it can be predicted that this technology will be widely used for drug discovery within the near future. It is expected that the technology will be particularly important for fragment-based strategies and integrated with other experimental technologies as well as with computational methods.
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22
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Chen Y, Shoichet BK. Molecular docking and ligand specificity in fragment-based inhibitor discovery. Nat Chem Biol 2009; 5:358-64. [PMID: 19305397 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 02/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fragment screens have successfully identified new scaffolds in drug discovery, often with relatively high hit rates (5%) using small screening libraries (1,000-10,000 compounds). This raises two questions: would other noteworthy chemotypes be found were one to screen all commercially available fragments (>300,000), and does the success rate imply low specificity of fragments? We used molecular docking to screen large libraries of fragments against CTX-M beta-lactamase. We identified ten millimolar-range inhibitors from the 69 compounds tested. The docking poses corresponded closely to the crystallographic structures subsequently determined. Notably, these initial low-affinity hits showed little specificity between CTX-M and an unrelated beta-lactamase, AmpC, which is unusual among beta-lactamase inhibitors. This is consistent with the idea that the high hit rates among fragments correlate to a low initial specificity. As the inhibitors were progressed, both specificity and affinity rose together, yielding to our knowledge the first micromolar-range noncovalent inhibitors against a class A beta-lactamase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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23
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Sweeney Z, Kennedy‐Smith J, Wu J, Arora N, Billedeau J, Davidson J, Fretland J, Hang J, Heilek G, Harris S, Hirschfeld D, Inbar P, Javanbakht H, Jernelius J, Jin Q, Li Y, Liang W, Roetz R, Sarma K, Smith M, Stefanidis D, Su G, Suh J, Villaseñor A, Welch M, Zhang F, Klumpp K. Diphenyl Ether Non‐Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors with Excellent Potency Against Resistant Mutant Viruses and Promising Pharmacokinetic Properties. ChemMedChem 2009; 4:88-99. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200800262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary K. Sweeney
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Roche Palo Alto, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304 (USA), Fax: (+1) 650‐852‐1311
| | - Joshua J. Kennedy‐Smith
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Roche Palo Alto, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304 (USA), Fax: (+1) 650‐852‐1311
| | - Jeffrey Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Roche Palo Alto, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304 (USA), Fax: (+1) 650‐852‐1311
| | - Nidhi Arora
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Roche Palo Alto, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304 (USA), Fax: (+1) 650‐852‐1311
| | - J. Roland Billedeau
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Roche Palo Alto, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304 (USA), Fax: (+1) 650‐852‐1311
| | - James P. Davidson
- Department of Chemical Synthesis, Roche Palo Alto, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304 (USA)
| | - Jennifer Fretland
- Department of Non‐Clinical Safety, Roche Palo Alto, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304 (USA)
| | - Julie Q. Hang
- Department of Viral Disease Biochemistry, Roche Palo Alto, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304 (USA)
| | - Gabrielle M. Heilek
- Department of Viral Disease Biology, Roche Palo Alto, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304 (USA)
| | - Seth F. Harris
- Department of Discovery Sciences and Technologies, Roche Palo Alto, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304 (USA)
| | - Donald Hirschfeld
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Roche Palo Alto, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304 (USA), Fax: (+1) 650‐852‐1311
| | - Petra Inbar
- Department of Discovery Pharmaceutics, Roche Palo Alto, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304 (USA)
| | - Hassan Javanbakht
- Department of Viral Disease Biology, Roche Palo Alto, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304 (USA)
| | - Jesper A. Jernelius
- Department of Chemical Synthesis, Roche Palo Alto, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304 (USA)
| | - Qingwu Jin
- Department of Chemical Synthesis, Roche Palo Alto, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304 (USA)
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Viral Disease Biochemistry, Roche Palo Alto, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304 (USA)
| | - Weiling Liang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Roche Palo Alto, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304 (USA), Fax: (+1) 650‐852‐1311
| | - Ralf Roetz
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Roche Palo Alto, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304 (USA), Fax: (+1) 650‐852‐1311
| | - Keshab Sarma
- Department of Chemical Synthesis, Roche Palo Alto, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304 (USA)
| | - Mark Smith
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Roche Palo Alto, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304 (USA), Fax: (+1) 650‐852‐1311
| | - Dimitrio Stefanidis
- Department of Discovery Pharmaceutics, Roche Palo Alto, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304 (USA)
| | - Guoping Su
- Department of Viral Disease Biology, Roche Palo Alto, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304 (USA)
| | - Judy M. Suh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Roche Palo Alto, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304 (USA), Fax: (+1) 650‐852‐1311
| | - Armando G. Villaseñor
- Department of Discovery Sciences and Technologies, Roche Palo Alto, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304 (USA)
| | - Michael Welch
- Department of Chemical Synthesis, Roche Palo Alto, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304 (USA)
| | - Fang‐Jie Zhang
- Department of Chemical Synthesis, Roche Palo Alto, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304 (USA)
| | - Klaus Klumpp
- Department of Viral Disease Biochemistry, Roche Palo Alto, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304 (USA)
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24
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Sweeney ZK, Harris SF, Arora N, Javanbakht H, Li Y, Fretland J, Davidson JP, Billedeau JR, Gleason SK, Hirschfeld D, Kennedy-Smith JJ, Mirzadegan T, Roetz R, Smith M, Sperry S, Suh JM, Wu J, Tsing S, Villaseñor AG, Paul A, Su G, Heilek G, Hang JQ, Zhou AS, Jernelius JA, Zhang FJ, Klumpp K. Design of Annulated Pyrazoles as Inhibitors of HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase. J Med Chem 2008; 51:7449-58. [DOI: 10.1021/jm800527x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary K. Sweeney
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Discovery Sciences and Technologies, Viral Disease Biology, Viral Disease Biochemistry, Non-Clinical Safety, and Chemical Synthesis, Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304
| | - Seth F. Harris
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Discovery Sciences and Technologies, Viral Disease Biology, Viral Disease Biochemistry, Non-Clinical Safety, and Chemical Synthesis, Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304
| | - Nidhi Arora
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Discovery Sciences and Technologies, Viral Disease Biology, Viral Disease Biochemistry, Non-Clinical Safety, and Chemical Synthesis, Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304
| | - Hassan Javanbakht
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Discovery Sciences and Technologies, Viral Disease Biology, Viral Disease Biochemistry, Non-Clinical Safety, and Chemical Synthesis, Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304
| | - Yu Li
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Discovery Sciences and Technologies, Viral Disease Biology, Viral Disease Biochemistry, Non-Clinical Safety, and Chemical Synthesis, Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304
| | - Jennifer Fretland
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Discovery Sciences and Technologies, Viral Disease Biology, Viral Disease Biochemistry, Non-Clinical Safety, and Chemical Synthesis, Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304
| | - James P. Davidson
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Discovery Sciences and Technologies, Viral Disease Biology, Viral Disease Biochemistry, Non-Clinical Safety, and Chemical Synthesis, Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304
| | - J. Roland Billedeau
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Discovery Sciences and Technologies, Viral Disease Biology, Viral Disease Biochemistry, Non-Clinical Safety, and Chemical Synthesis, Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304
| | - Shelley K. Gleason
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Discovery Sciences and Technologies, Viral Disease Biology, Viral Disease Biochemistry, Non-Clinical Safety, and Chemical Synthesis, Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304
| | - Donald Hirschfeld
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Discovery Sciences and Technologies, Viral Disease Biology, Viral Disease Biochemistry, Non-Clinical Safety, and Chemical Synthesis, Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304
| | - Joshua J. Kennedy-Smith
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Discovery Sciences and Technologies, Viral Disease Biology, Viral Disease Biochemistry, Non-Clinical Safety, and Chemical Synthesis, Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304
| | - Taraneh Mirzadegan
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Discovery Sciences and Technologies, Viral Disease Biology, Viral Disease Biochemistry, Non-Clinical Safety, and Chemical Synthesis, Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304
| | - Ralf Roetz
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Discovery Sciences and Technologies, Viral Disease Biology, Viral Disease Biochemistry, Non-Clinical Safety, and Chemical Synthesis, Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304
| | - Mark Smith
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Discovery Sciences and Technologies, Viral Disease Biology, Viral Disease Biochemistry, Non-Clinical Safety, and Chemical Synthesis, Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304
| | - Sarah Sperry
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Discovery Sciences and Technologies, Viral Disease Biology, Viral Disease Biochemistry, Non-Clinical Safety, and Chemical Synthesis, Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304
| | - Judy M. Suh
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Discovery Sciences and Technologies, Viral Disease Biology, Viral Disease Biochemistry, Non-Clinical Safety, and Chemical Synthesis, Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304
| | - Jeffrey Wu
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Discovery Sciences and Technologies, Viral Disease Biology, Viral Disease Biochemistry, Non-Clinical Safety, and Chemical Synthesis, Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304
| | - Stan Tsing
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Discovery Sciences and Technologies, Viral Disease Biology, Viral Disease Biochemistry, Non-Clinical Safety, and Chemical Synthesis, Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304
| | - Armando G. Villaseñor
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Discovery Sciences and Technologies, Viral Disease Biology, Viral Disease Biochemistry, Non-Clinical Safety, and Chemical Synthesis, Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304
| | - Amber Paul
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Discovery Sciences and Technologies, Viral Disease Biology, Viral Disease Biochemistry, Non-Clinical Safety, and Chemical Synthesis, Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304
| | - Guoping Su
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Discovery Sciences and Technologies, Viral Disease Biology, Viral Disease Biochemistry, Non-Clinical Safety, and Chemical Synthesis, Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304
| | - Gabrielle Heilek
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Discovery Sciences and Technologies, Viral Disease Biology, Viral Disease Biochemistry, Non-Clinical Safety, and Chemical Synthesis, Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304
| | - Julie Q. Hang
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Discovery Sciences and Technologies, Viral Disease Biology, Viral Disease Biochemistry, Non-Clinical Safety, and Chemical Synthesis, Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304
| | - Amy S. Zhou
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Discovery Sciences and Technologies, Viral Disease Biology, Viral Disease Biochemistry, Non-Clinical Safety, and Chemical Synthesis, Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304
| | - Jesper A. Jernelius
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Discovery Sciences and Technologies, Viral Disease Biology, Viral Disease Biochemistry, Non-Clinical Safety, and Chemical Synthesis, Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304
| | - Fang-Jie Zhang
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Discovery Sciences and Technologies, Viral Disease Biology, Viral Disease Biochemistry, Non-Clinical Safety, and Chemical Synthesis, Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304
| | - Klaus Klumpp
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Discovery Sciences and Technologies, Viral Disease Biology, Viral Disease Biochemistry, Non-Clinical Safety, and Chemical Synthesis, Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304
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