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Mathes C, Riss B, Rüegger U, Hueber L, Dedic D, Fei Z, Reijer C, Königsberger K, Napp M, Schlama T, Dempsey G, Lustenberger P. Using a Johnson‐Claisen Rearrangement Strategy to Construct Azaindoles – A Streamlined and Concise Route for the Commercial Process of Fevipiprant. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Mathes
- Chemical and Analytical Development Novartis Pharma AG CH-4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Bernard Riss
- Chemical and Analytical Development Novartis Pharma AG CH-4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Ueli Rüegger
- Chemical and Analytical Development Novartis Pharma AG CH-4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Lukas Hueber
- Chemical and Analytical Development Novartis Pharma AG CH-4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Darija Dedic
- Chemical and Analytical Development Novartis Pharma AG CH-4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Zhongbo Fei
- Chemical and Analytical Development Suzhou Novartis Pharma Technology Company Ltd. Changshu, Jiangsu 215537 China
| | - Carolien Reijer
- Chemical and Analytical Development Novartis Pharma AG CH-4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Kurt Königsberger
- Chemical and Analytical Development Novartis Pharma AG CH-4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Matthias Napp
- Chemical and Analytical Development Novartis Pharma AG CH-4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Thierry Schlama
- Chemical and Analytical Development Novartis Pharma AG CH-4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Glen Dempsey
- Novartis Technical Operations/Small Molecules Novartis Ringaskiddy Limited Ringaskiddy, County Cork Ireland
| | - Philipp Lustenberger
- Chemical and Analytical Development Novartis Pharma AG CH-4056 Basel Switzerland
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Tzvetkov NT, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Antonov L. A simple approach to multifunctionalized N1-alkylated 7-amino-6-azaoxindole derivatives using their in situ stabilized tautomer form. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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3
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Review of the Structural and Dynamic Mechanisms of PPARγ Partial Agonism. PPAR Res 2015; 2015:816856. [PMID: 26435709 PMCID: PMC4578752 DOI: 10.1155/2015/816856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ) is a ligand activated transcription factor of the nuclear receptor superfamily that controls the expression of a variety of genes involved in fatty acid metabolism, adipogenesis, and insulin sensitivity. While endogenous ligands of PPARγ include fatty acids and eicosanoids, synthetic full agonists of the receptor, including members of the thiazolidinedione (TZD) class, have been widely prescribed for the treatment of type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Unfortunately, the use of full agonists has been hampered by harsh side effects with some removed from the market in many countries. In contrast, partial agonists of PPARγ have been shown to retain favourable insulin sensitizing effects while exhibiting little to no side effects and thus represent a new potential class of therapeutics for the treatment of T2DM. Partial agonists have been found to not only display differences in transcriptional and cellular outcomes, but also act through distinct structural and dynamic mechanisms within the ligand binding cavity compared to full agonists.
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Krautscheid Y, Senning CJÅ, Sartori SB, Singewald N, Schuster D, Stuppner H. Pharmacophore modeling, virtual screening, and in vitro testing reveal haloperidol, eprazinone, and fenbutrazate as neurokinin receptors ligands. J Chem Inf Model 2014; 54:1747-57. [PMID: 24849814 DOI: 10.1021/ci500106z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neurokinin receptors (NKRs) have been shown to be involved in many physiological processes, rendering them promising novel drug targets, but also making them the possible cause for side effects of several drugs. Aiming to answer the question whether the binding to NKRs could have a share in the side effects or even the desired effects of already licensed drugs, we generated a set of ligand-based common feature pharmacophore models based on the structural information about subtype-selective and nonselective NKR antagonists and screened an in-house database mainly composed of licensed drugs. The prospective pharmacological investigations of the virtual hits haloperidol, eprazinone, and fenbutrazate confirmed them to be NKR ligands in vitro. By the identification of licensed drugs as so far unknown NKR ligands, this study contributes to establishing an activity profile of the investigated compounds and confirms the presented pharmacophore models as useful tools for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Krautscheid
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, ‡Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry/CAMD Group, §Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Innsbruck and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI) , Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine (CCB), Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Thomae D, Jeanty M, Coste J, Guillaumet G, Suzenet F. Extending the Scope of the Aza-Fischer Synthesis of 4- and 6-Azaindoles. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201300167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Furukawa A, Arita T, Fukuzaki T, Satoh S, Mori M, Honda T, Matsui Y, Wakabayashi K, Hayashi S, Araki K, Ohsumi J. Substituents at the naphthalene C3 position of (−)-Cercosporamide derivatives significantly affect the maximal efficacy as PPARγ partial agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:1348-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.12.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2011] [Revised: 12/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Liu W, Lau F, Liu K, Wood HB, Zhou G, Chen Y, Li Y, Akiyama TE, Castriota G, Einstein M, Wang C, McCann ME, Doebber TW, Wu M, Chang CH, McNamara L, McKeever B, Mosley RT, Berger JP, Meinke PT. Benzimidazolones: a new class of selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) modulators. J Med Chem 2011; 54:8541-54. [PMID: 22070604 DOI: 10.1021/jm201061j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of benzimidazolone carboxylic acids and oxazolidinediones were designed and synthesized in search of selective PPARγ modulators (SPPARγMs) as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with improved safety profiles relative to rosiglitazone and pioglitazone, the currently marketed PPARγ full agonist drugs. Structure-activity relationships of these potent and highly selective SPPARγMs were studied with a focus on their unique profiles as partial agonists or modulators. A variety of methods, such as X-ray crystallographic analysis, PPARγ transactivation coactivator profiling, gene expression profiling, and mutagenesis studies, were employed to reveal the differential interactions of these new analogues with PPARγ receptor in comparison to full agonists. In rodent models of T2DM, benzimidazolone analogues such as (5R)-5-(3-{[3-(5-methoxybenzisoxazol-3-yl)benzimidazol-1-yl]methyl}phenyl)-5-methyloxazolidinedione (51) demonstrated efficacy equivalent to that of rosiglitazone. Side effects, such as fluid retention and heart weight gain associated with PPARγ full agonists, were diminished with 51 in comparison to rosiglitazone based on studies in two independent animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Liu
- Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States.
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Guasch L, Sala E, Valls C, Blay M, Mulero M, Arola L, Pujadas G, Garcia-Vallvé S. Structural insights for the design of new PPARgamma partial agonists with high binding affinity and low transactivation activity. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2011; 25:717-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s10822-011-9446-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Al-Najjar BO, Wahab HA, Tengku Muhammad TS, Shu-Chien AC, Ahmad Noruddin NA, Taha MO. Discovery of new nanomolar peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ activators via elaborate ligand-based modeling. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:2513-29. [PMID: 21482446 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Revised: 03/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Pavlikova N, Kortner TM, Arukwe A. Modulation of acute steroidogenesis, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and CYP3A/PXR in salmon interrenal tissues by tributyltin and the second messenger activator, forskolin. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 185:119-27. [PMID: 20211155 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
There are uncertainties regarding the role of sex steroids in sexual development and reproduction of gastropods, leading to the recent doubts as to whether organotin compounds do inhibit steroidogenic enzymes in these species. These doubts have led us to suspect that organotin compounds may affect other target molecules, particularly signal transduction molecules or secondary mediators of steroid hormone and lipid synthesis/metabolism. Therefore, we have studied the effects of TBT exposure through food on acute steroidogenesis, PPARs and CYP3A responses in the presence and absence of a cyclic AMP (cAMP) activator, forskolin. Two experiments were performed. Firstly, juvenile salmon were force-fed once with diet containing TBT doses (0.1, 1 and 10mg/kg fish) dissolved in ethanol and sampled after 72h. Secondly, fish exposed to solvent control and 10mg/kg TBT for 72h were transferred to new tanks and exposed to waterborne forskolin (200microg/L) for 2 and 4h. Our data show that juvenile salmon force-fed TBT showed modulations of multiple biological responses in interrenal tissues that include, steroidogenesis (cAMP/PKA activities; StAR and P450scc mRNA, and plasma cortisol), and mRNA for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) isoforms (alpha, beta, gamma), acyl-CoA oxidase-1 (ACOX1) and CYP3A/PXR (pregnan X receptor). In addition, forskolin produced differential effects on these responses both singly and also in combination with TBT. Overall, combined forskolin and TBT exposure produced higher effects compared with TBT exposure alone, for most of the responses (cortisol, PPARbeta, ACOX1 and CYP3A). Interestingly, forskolin produced PPAR isoform-specific effects when given singly or in combination with TBT. Several TBT mediated toxicity in fish that includes thymus reduction, decrease in numbers of lymphocytes, inhibition of gonad development and masculinization, including the imposex phenomenon have been reported. When these effects are considered with the present findings, it suggests that studies on mechanisms of action or field studies may reveal endocrine, reproductive or other effects of TBT at lower concentrations than those reported to date from subchronic tests of fishes. Since the metabolic fate of organotin compounds may contribute to the toxicity of these chemicals, the present findings may represent some new aspects of TBT toxicity not previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nela Pavlikova
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Furukawa A, Arita T, Satoh S, Wakabayashi K, Hayashi S, Matsui Y, Araki K, Kuroha M, Ohsumi J. Discovery of a novel selective PPARgamma modulator from (-)-Cercosporamide derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:2095-8. [PMID: 20219371 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.02.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Revised: 02/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In an investigation of (-)-Cercosporamide derivatives with a plasma glucose-lowering effect, we found that N-benzylcarboxamide derivative 4 was a partial agonist of PPARgamma. A SAR study of the substituents on carboxamide nitrogen afforded the N-(1-naphthyl)methylcarboxamide derivative 23 as the most potent selective PPARgamma modulator. An X-ray crystallography study revealed that compound 23 bounded to the PPARgamma ligand binding domain in a unique way without any interaction with helix12. Compound 23 displayed a potent plasma glucose-lowering effect in db/db mice without the undesirable increase in body fluid and heart weight that is typically observed when PPARgamma full agonists are administrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Furukawa
- Shinagawa R&D Center, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, 1-2-58, Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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Liu W, Liu K, Wood HB, McCann ME, Doebber TW, Chang CH, Akiyama TE, Einstein M, Berger JP, Meinke PT. Discovery of a Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor γ (PPARγ) Modulator with Balanced PPARα Activity for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes and Dyslipidemia. J Med Chem 2009; 52:4443-53. [DOI: 10.1021/jm900367w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Liu
- Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Kun Liu
- Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Harold B. Wood
- Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | | | - Thomas W. Doebber
- Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Ching H. Chang
- Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Taro E. Akiyama
- Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Monica Einstein
- Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Joel P. Berger
- Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Peter T. Meinke
- Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
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