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Babu A, Sinha A. Catalytic Tetrazole Synthesis via [3+2] Cycloaddition of NaN 3 to Organonitriles Promoted by Co(II)-complex: Isolation and Characterization of a Co(II)-diazido Intermediate. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:21626-21636. [PMID: 38764698 PMCID: PMC11097157 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c02567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
The [3+2] cycloaddition of sodium azide to nitriles to give 5-substituted 1H-tetrazoles is efficiently catalyzed by a Cobalt(II) complex (1) with a tetradentate ligand N,N-bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)quinolin-8-amine. Detailed mechanistic investigation shows the intermediacy of the cobalt(II) diazido complex (2), which has been isolated and structurally characterized. Complex 2 also shows good catalytic activity for the synthesis of 5-substituted 1H-tetrazoles. These are the first examples of cobalt complexes used for the [3+2] cycloaddition reaction for the synthesis of 1H-tetrazoles under homogeneous conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Babu
- Advanced Catalysis Facility,
Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore632 006, India
| | - Arup Sinha
- Advanced Catalysis Facility,
Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore632 006, India
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2
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Metwally NH, Eldaly SM. Design, Synthesis of New Pyrazoles and Chromenes as ERK‐2 Inhibitors, Apoptosis inducers and Cell cycle interrupters Based on Thiophene‐Chalcone Scaffold. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202202257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Salwa Magdy Eldaly
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Cairo University POX. 12613 Giza Egypt
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3
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Djukić MB, Jeremić MS, Filipović IP, Klisurić OR, Jelić RM, Popović S, Matić S, Onnis V, Matović ZD. Ruthenium(II) Complexes of Isothiazole Ligands: Crystal Structure, HSA/DNA Interactions, Cytotoxic Activity and Molecular Docking Simulations. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202002670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maja B. Djukić
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Kragujevac Radoja Domanovića 12 34000 Kragujevac Serbia
| | - Marija S. Jeremić
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Kragujevac Radoja Domanovića 12 34000 Kragujevac Serbia
| | - Ignjat P. Filipović
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Kragujevac Radoja Domanovića 12 34000 Kragujevac Serbia
| | - Olivera R. Klisurić
- Department of Physics Faculty of Sciences University of Novi Sad Trg Dositeja Obradovića 4 21000 Novi Sad Serbia
| | - Ratomir M. Jelić
- Department of Pharmacy Faculty of Medical Sciences University of Kragujevac Svetozara Markovića 69 34000 Kragujevac Serbia
| | - Suzana Popović
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research Faculty of Medical Sciences University of Kragujevac Svetozara Markovića 69 34000 Kragujevac Serbia
| | - Sanja Matić
- Department of Pharmacy Faculty of Medical Sciences University of Kragujevac Svetozara Markovića 69 34000 Kragujevac Serbia
| | - Valentina Onnis
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences Unit of Pharmaceutical, Pharmacological and Nutraceutical Sciences University of Cagliari University Campus, S.P. n° 8, Km 0.700 I-09042 Monserrato (CA) Italy
| | - Zoran D. Matović
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Kragujevac Radoja Domanovića 12 34000 Kragujevac Serbia
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4
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Singh A, Maji A, Mohanty A, Ghosh K. Copper-based catalysts derived from salen-type ligands: synthesis of 5-substituted-1 H-tetrazoles via [3+2] cycloaddition and propargylamines via A 3-coupling reactions. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj03081c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Base-metal copper(ii) complexes derived from unsymmetrical salen-type ligands were designed and synthesized using ligands L1H to L4H. These complexes were employed as catalysts for [3+2] cycloaddition and A3-coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshu Singh
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
- Roorkee 247667
- India
| | - Ankur Maji
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
- Roorkee 247667
- India
| | - Aurobinda Mohanty
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
- Roorkee 247667
- India
| | - Kaushik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
- Roorkee 247667
- India
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5
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Fadda AA, Bayoumy NM, Soliman NN, Eldiasty DM. Cyanoacetamide Intermediate in Heterocyclic Synthesis: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Hitherto New Dioxoisoindoline Heterocyclic Derivatives. J Heterocycl Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A. Fadda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Mansoura University; El-Gomhoria Street Mansoura 3551611152 Egypt
| | - Nesma M. Bayoumy
- Dental Biomaterials Department, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine; Delta University for Science and Technology; Costal International Road Gamasa 3551611152 Egypt
| | - Nanees N. Soliman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Mansoura University; El-Gomhoria Street Mansoura 3551611152 Egypt
| | - Doaa M. Eldiasty
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Mansoura University; El-Gomhoria Street Mansoura 3551611152 Egypt
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Rampogu S, Baek A, Zeb A, Lee KW. Exploration for novel inhibitors showing back-to-front approach against VEGFR-2 kinase domain (4AG8) employing molecular docking mechanism and molecular dynamics simulations. BMC Cancer 2018. [PMID: 29514608 PMCID: PMC5842552 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4050-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Angiogenesis is a process of formation of new blood vessels and is an important criteria demonstrated by cancer cells. Over a period of time, these cancer cells infect the other parts of the healthy body by a process called progression. The objective of the present article is to identify a drug molecule that inhibits angiogenesis and progression. Methods In this pursuit, ligand based pharmacophore virtual screening was employed, generating a pharmacophore model, Hypo1 consisting of four features. Furthermore, this Hypo1 was validated recruiting, Fischer’s randomization, test set method and decoy set method. Later, Hypo1 was allowed to screen databases such as Maybridge, Chembridge, Asinex and NCI and were further filtered by ADMET filters and Lipinski’s Rule of Five. A total of 699 molecules that passed the above criteria, were challenged against 4AG8, an angiogenic drug target employing GOLD v5.2.2. Results The results rendered by molecular docking, DFT and the MD simulations showed only one molecule (Hit) obeyed the back-to-front approach. This molecule displayed a dock score of 89.77, involving the amino acids, Glu885 and Cys919, Asp1046, respectively and additionally formed several important hydrophobic interactions. Furthermore, the identified lead molecule showed interactions with key residues when challenged with CDK2 protein, 1URW. Conclusion The lead candidate showed several interactions with the crucial residues of both the targets. Furthermore, we speculate that the residues Cys919 and Leu83 are important in the development of dual inhibitor. Therefore, the identified lead molecule can act as a potential inhibitor for angiogenesis and progression. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-4050-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailima Rampogu
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program), Systems and Synthetic Agrobiotech Center (SSAC), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Ayoung Baek
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program), Systems and Synthetic Agrobiotech Center (SSAC), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Amir Zeb
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program), Systems and Synthetic Agrobiotech Center (SSAC), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun Woo Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program), Systems and Synthetic Agrobiotech Center (SSAC), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Zhou S, Chen G. Design, synthesis, and bioactivity evaluation of antitumor sorafenib analogues. RSC Adv 2018; 8:37643-37651. [PMID: 35558629 PMCID: PMC9089424 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra08246d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant tumors are a serious threat to human health and are generally treated with chemical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyang Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hainan Normal University
- Haikou 571158
- China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Plant Chemistry of Ministry of Education
| | - Guangying Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hainan Normal University
- Haikou 571158
- China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Plant Chemistry of Ministry of Education
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Semenov VV, Lichitsky BV, Komogortsev AN, Dudinov AA, Krayushkin MM, Konyushkin LD, Atamanenko OP, Karmanova IB, Strelenko YA, Shor B, Semenova MN, Kiselyov AS. Synthesis and anti-mitotic activity of 6,7-dihydro-4H-isothiazolo[4,5-b]pyridin-5-ones: In vivo and cell-based studies. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 125:573-585. [PMID: 27718473 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.09.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of 3,7-diaryl-6,7-dihydroisothiazolo [4,5-b]pyridin-5(4H)-ones 8 and 9 was synthesized by multicomponent condensation of 3-aryl-5-isothiazolecarboxylic acid esters 4a-f with aromatic (or thienyl) aldehydes 7 and Meldrum's acid in an acidic medium. The targeted compounds were evaluated for their antimitotic microtubule destabilizing activity using in vivo phenotypic sea urchin embryo model and in vitro human cancer cell-based assays. Selected dihydroisothiazolopyridinones altered sea urchin egg cleavage in 2-10 nM concentrations together with significant cytotoxicity against cancer cells including chemoresistant cell lines (IC50 in submicromolar - low nanomolar concentration range). Both approaches confirmed antimitotic microtubule destabilizing mechanism of action of the izothiazole derivatives. Structure-activity relationship study determined the importance of p-methoxybenzene A-ring for the antiproliferative effect. The most potent compound 9b containing p-methoxybenzene A-ring and thiophene B-ring caused mitotic arrest and disintegration of cell microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor V Semenov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, RAS, Leninsky Prospect, 47, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Boris V Lichitsky
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, RAS, Leninsky Prospect, 47, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Andrey N Komogortsev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, RAS, Leninsky Prospect, 47, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Arkady A Dudinov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, RAS, Leninsky Prospect, 47, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Mikhail M Krayushkin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, RAS, Leninsky Prospect, 47, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Leonid D Konyushkin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, RAS, Leninsky Prospect, 47, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Olga P Atamanenko
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, RAS, Leninsky Prospect, 47, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Irina B Karmanova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, RAS, Leninsky Prospect, 47, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Yuri A Strelenko
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, RAS, Leninsky Prospect, 47, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Boris Shor
- Immune Pharmaceuticals LLC, 430 East 29th Street, Suite 940, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
| | - Marina N Semenova
- N. K. Kol'tsov Institute of Developmental Biology, RAS, Vavilov Street, 26, 119334, Moscow, Russian Federation; Chemical Block Ltd., 3 Kyriacou Matsi, 3723, Limassol, Cyprus.
| | - Alex S Kiselyov
- Life Sciences Center, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutsky Per., 9, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141700, Russian Federation.
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Fadda AA, Rabie R, Etman HA. Synthesis of Thiazolinone, Aminopyrazole, Pyrazolopyrimidine, and Pyrazolotriazine Derivatives Starting from 1-Naphthyl-2-Cyanoacetamide. J Heterocycl Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.2669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A. Fadda
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science; Mansoura University; Mansoura Egypt
| | - Ramy Rabie
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science; Mansoura University; Mansoura Egypt
| | - Hassan A. Etman
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science; Mansoura University; Mansoura Egypt
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10
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Development of anti-angiogenic tyrosine kinases inhibitors: molecular structures and binding modes. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2016; 77:905-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-016-2961-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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11
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Cyanoacetylation of amines: recent advances in preparation methods and their synthetic uses in the formation of biologically active compounds. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-015-2055-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Zhou G, Shi QS, Huang XM, Xie XB, Chen YB. Insights intoPseudomonas aeruginosaATCC9027 Resistance to Isothiazolones Through Proteomics. Microb Drug Resist 2015; 21:140-8. [DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2014.0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhou
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Shan Shi
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Mo Huang
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Bao Xie
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Ben Chen
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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Fadda AA, Rabie R, Etman HA, Fouda AAS. 1-Naphthyl-2-cyanoacetamide in heterocyclic synthesis: synthesis and evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of some new pyridine, pyrimidine, and naphtho[2,1-b]oxazine derivatives. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-014-1864-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Synthesis and evaluation of novel benzophenone-thiazole derivatives as potent VEGF-A inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 87:274-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.09.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Zhou G, Shi QS, Ouyang YS, Chen YB. Involvement of outer membrane proteins and peroxide-sensor genes in Burkholderia cepacia resistance to isothiazolone. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 30:1251-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-013-1538-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Wang C, Dong J, Zhang Y, Wang F, Gao H, Li P, Wang S, Zhang J. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of biphenyl urea derivatives as novel VEGFR-2 inhibitors. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md00192j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Musumeci F, Radi M, Brullo C, Schenone S. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors: drugs and new inhibitors. J Med Chem 2012; 55:10797-822. [PMID: 23098265 DOI: 10.1021/jm301085w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The recent launch onto the market of five VEGFR inhibitors indicates the therapeutic value of these agents and the importance of the research in the field of angiogenesis inhibitors for future oncologic therapy. In this Perspective we briefly report the inhibitors that are in clinical use, while we dedicate two wider sections to the compounds that are in clinical trials and to the new derivatives appearing in the literature. We especially consider the medicinal chemistry aspect of the topic and report the structure-activity relationship studies and the binding mode of some inhibitors as well as the biological data of the compounds discovered in the past 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Musumeci
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
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Bezbaruah P, Gogoi J, Rao KS, Gogoi P, Boruah RC. Microwave-assisted novel and efficient one-pot synthesis of fused steroidal and non-steroidal isothiazoles. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Garozzo A, Stivala A, Tempera G, Castro A. Antipoliovirus activity and mechanism of action of 3-methylthio-5-phenyl-4-isothiazolecarbonitrile. Antiviral Res 2010; 88:325-8. [PMID: 20955736 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Revised: 09/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies described the synthesis and the antiviral activity of 3,4,5-trisubstituted isothiazole derivatives that were found to be particularly effective against enteroviruses. Compound 3-methylthio-5-phenyl-4-isothiazolecarbonitrile (IS-2) exhibited an interesting anti-poliovirus activity with a high selectivity index. In the present study we investigated the mechanism of action of this compound. Studies on the time of IS-2 addition to poliovirus type 1 infected cells suggested that the compound may inhibit some early process of viral replication. In order to determine its mechanism of action, we evaluated the rate of attachment and internalization of purified [³H]uridine-labeled poliovirus to HEp-2 cells in the presence or absence of IS-2. No effect on poliovirus adsorption and internalization to host cells was detected. We also investigated the influence of the compound on virus uncoating using labeled poliovirus and measuring the radioactivity of oligoribonucleotides formed from viral RNA susceptible to ribonuclease. These experiments demonstrated that poliovirus uncoating is influenced by IS-2 action.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Garozzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Microbiologiche e Ginecologiche, Università di Catania, Italy.
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