Tricyclic HIV integrase inhibitors: VI. SAR studies of ‘benzyl flipped’ C3-substituted pyrroloquinolines

Quinolines and isoquinolines as HIV-1 inhibitors: Chemical structures, action targets, and biological activities

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), a lentivirus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), poses a serious threat to global public health. Since the advent of the first drug zidovudine, a number of anti-HIV agents acting on different targets have been approved to combat HIV/AIDS. Among the abundant heterocyclic families, quinoline and isoquinoline moieties are recognized as promising scaffolds for HIV inhibition. This review intends to highlight the advances in diverse chemical structures and abundant biological activity of quinolines and isoquinolines as anti-HIV agents acting on different targets, which aims to provide useful references and inspirations to design and develop novel HIV inhibitors for medicinal chemists.

Machine intelligence-guided selection of optimized inhibitor for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from natural products

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) connects to the cluster of differentiation (CD4) and any of the entry co-receptors (CCR5 and CXCR4); followed by unloading the viral genome, reverse transcriptase, and integrase enzymes within the host cell. The co-receptors facilitate the entry of virus and vital enzymes, leading to replication and pre-maturation of viral particles within the host. The protease enzyme transforms the immature viral vesicles into the mature virion. The pivotal role of co-receptors and enzymes in homeostasis and growth makes the crucial target for anti-HIV drug discovery, and the availability of X-ray crystal structures is an asset. Here, we used the machine intelligence-driven framework (A-HIOT) to identify and optimize target-based potential hit molecules for five significant protein targets from the ZINC15 database (natural products dataset). Following validation with dynamic motion behavior analysis and molecular dynamics simulation, the optimized hits were evaluated using in silico ADMET filtration. Furthermore, three molecules were screened, optimized, and validated: ZINC00005328058 for CCR5 and protease, ZINC000254014855 for CXCR4 and integrase, and ZINC000000538471 for reverse transcriptase. In clinical trials, the ZINC000254014855 and ZINC000254014855 were passed in primary screens for vif-HIV-1, and we reported the specific receptor as well as interactions. As a result, the validated molecules may be investigated further in experimental studies targeting specific receptors in order to design and synergize an anti-HIV regimen.

Pyrroloaryls and pyrroloheteroaryls: Inhibitors of the HIV fusion/attachment, reverse transcriptase and integrase

Heterocyclic compounds execute a very important role in drug design and discovery. This article provides the basic milestones of the research for pyrroloaryl and pyrroloheteroaryl based components targeting HIV viral replication cycle. Anti-HIV activity is elaborated for several classes of pyrrolo-compounds as pyrrolopyridines, pyrrolopyrimidines, pyrrolopyridazines, pyrrolobenzodiazepinones, pyrrolobenzothiazepines, pyrrolobenzoxazepinones, pyrrolophenanthridines, pyrroloquinoxalines, pyrrolotriazines, pyrroloquinolines, pyrrolopyrazinones, pyrrolothiatriazines, arylthiopyrroles and pyrrolopyrazolones targeting two essential HIV enzymes, reverse transcriptase and integrase as well as attachment/fusion of HIV virons to the host CD-4 cell. Such attempts were resulted in a discovery of highly potent anti-HIV agents suitable for clinical trials, for example, BMS-378806, BMS-585248, BMS-626529, BMS-663068, BMS-488043 and BMS-663749, etc. as anti-HIV attachment agents, triciribine, QX432, BI-1 and BI-2 as HIV RT inhibitors which are in preclinical or clinical development. Mechanism of action of compounds presented in this article towards the suppression of HIV attachment/fusion as well as against the activities of HIV enzymes reverse transcriptase and integrase has been discussed. Relationships of new compounds' molecular framework and HIV viral target has been overviewed in order to facilitate further construction of promising anti-HIV agents in future drug discovery process.

Targeting HIV-1 integrase with strand transfer inhibitors

HIV-1 integrase (IN) is a retroviral enzyme essential for integration of genetic material into the DNA of the host cell and hence for viral replication. The absence of an equivalent enzyme in humans makes IN an interesting target for anti-HIV drug design. This review briefly overviews the structural and functional properties of HIV-1 IN. We analyze the binding modes of the established drugs, clinical candidates and a comprehensive library of leads based on innovative chemical scaffolds of HIV-1 IN strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs). Computational clustering techniques are applied for identifying structural features relating to bioactivity. From bio- and chemo-informatics analyses, we provide novel insights into structure-activity relationships of INSTIs and elaborate new strategies for design of innovative inhibitors.