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Choi K. The Structure-property Relationships of Clinically Approved Protease Inhibitors. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:1441-1463. [PMID: 37031455 DOI: 10.2174/0929867330666230409232655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteases play important roles in the regulation of many physiological processes, and protease inhibitors have become one of the important drug classes. Especially because the development of protease inhibitors often starts from a substrate- based peptidomimetic strategy, many of the initial lead compounds suffer from pharmacokinetic liabilities. OBJECTIVE To reduce drug attrition rates, drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics studies are fully integrated into modern drug discovery research, and the structure-property relationship illustrates how the modification of the chemical structure influences the pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties of drug compounds. Understanding the structure- property relationships of clinically approved protease inhibitor drugs and their analogues could provide useful information on the lead-to-candidate optimization strategies. METHODS About 70 inhibitors against human or pathogenic viral proteases have been approved until the end of 2021. In this review, 17 inhibitors are chosen for the structure- property relationship analysis because detailed pharmacological and/or physicochemical data have been disclosed in the medicinal chemistry literature for these inhibitors and their close analogues. RESULTS The compiled data are analyzed primarily focusing on the pharmacokinetic or toxicological deficiencies found in lead compounds and the structural modification strategies used to generate candidate compounds. CONCLUSION The structure-property relationships hereby summarized how the overall druglike properties could be successfully improved by modifying the structure of protease inhibitors. These specific examples are expected to serve as useful references and guidance for developing new protease inhibitor drugs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kihang Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea (ROK)
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2
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Li K, Qu Y, An Y, Breinlinger E, Webster MP, Wen H, Ding D, Zhao M, Shi X, Wang J, Su W, Cui W, Satz AL, Yang H, Kuai L, Little A, Peng X. DNA-Compatible Copper-Catalyzed Oxidative Amidation of Aldehydes with Non-Nucleophilic Arylamines. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:2092-2097. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. 288 Middle Fu Te Road, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Yi Qu
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. 288 Middle Fu Te Road, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Yulong An
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. 288 Middle Fu Te Road, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Eric Breinlinger
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Matthew P. Webster
- Research and Development, AbbVie, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Huanan Wen
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. 288 Middle Fu Te Road, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Duanchen Ding
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. 288 Middle Fu Te Road, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Meng Zhao
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. 288 Middle Fu Te Road, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Xiaodong Shi
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. 288 Middle Fu Te Road, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Jiangong Wang
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. 288 Middle Fu Te Road, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Wenji Su
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. 288 Middle Fu Te Road, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Weiren Cui
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. 288 Middle Fu Te Road, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Alexander L. Satz
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. 288 Middle Fu Te Road, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Hongfang Yang
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. 288 Middle Fu Te Road, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Letian Kuai
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. 288 Middle Fu Te Road, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Andrew Little
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Xuanjia Peng
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. 288 Middle Fu Te Road, Shanghai 200131, China
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Athanasiou C, Cournia Z. From Computers to Bedside: Computational Chemistry Contributing to FDA Approval. BIOMOLECULAR SIMULATIONS IN STRUCTURE-BASED DRUG DISCOVERY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527806836.ch7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Athanasiou
- Biomedical Research Foundation; Academy of Athens; 4 Soranou Ephessiou 11527 Athens Greece
| | - Zoe Cournia
- Biomedical Research Foundation; Academy of Athens; 4 Soranou Ephessiou 11527 Athens Greece
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New series of 6-substituted coumarin derivatives as effective factor Xa inhibitors: Synthesis, in vivo antithrombotic evaluation and molecular docking. Bioorg Chem 2014; 52:31-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 11/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ebrahimi SM, Mahdavi M, Emami S, Saeedi M, Asadi M, Firoozpour L, Khoobi M, Divsalar K, Shafiee A, Foroumadi A. Green and Catalyst-Free One-Pot Synthesis of Anthranilamide Schiff Bases: An Approach Toward Sirtinol. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2013.833627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mostafa Ebrahimi
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medicinal Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdavi
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medicinal Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Saeed Emami
- b Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center , Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences , Sari , Iran
| | - Mina Saeedi
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medicinal Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Mehdi Asadi
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medicinal Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Loghman Firoozpour
- c Drug Design and Development Research Center , Tehran University of Medicinal Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Mehdi Khoobi
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medicinal Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Kouros Divsalar
- d Neuroscience Research Center , Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medicinal Sciences , Kerman , Iran
| | - Abbas Shafiee
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medicinal Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Alireza Foroumadi
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medicinal Sciences , Tehran , Iran
- c Drug Design and Development Research Center , Tehran University of Medicinal Sciences , Tehran , Iran
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Verma A, Giridhar R, Kanhed A, Sinha A, Modh P, Yadav MR. Novel 2-aminobenzamides as potential orally active antithrombotic agents. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4:32-6. [PMID: 24900559 DOI: 10.1021/ml300217f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In an effort to develop potent antithrombotic agents, a series of novel 2-aminobenzamide derivatives were synthesized and screened for their in vivo antithrombotic activity. Among the 23 compounds tested, compound (8g) showed the most promising antithrombotic activity, which was comparable with clinically used aspirin or warfarin, but at variance with these standard drugs, 8g did not exhibit the increased bleeding time, suggesting its potential as a novel antithrombotic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Verma
- Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Technology & Engineering, Kalabhavan, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390001 Gujarat, India
| | - Rajani Giridhar
- Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Technology & Engineering, Kalabhavan, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390001 Gujarat, India
| | - Ashish Kanhed
- Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Technology & Engineering, Kalabhavan, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390001 Gujarat, India
| | - Anshuman Sinha
- Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Technology & Engineering, Kalabhavan, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390001 Gujarat, India
| | - Pratik Modh
- Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Technology & Engineering, Kalabhavan, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390001 Gujarat, India
| | - Mange R. Yadav
- Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Technology & Engineering, Kalabhavan, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390001 Gujarat, India
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Synthesis of N,N-dialkylaminobenzonitriles and halo-(N,N-dialkyl)benzamidines by reaction of halobenzonitriles with lithium amides. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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8
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Straub A, Roehrig S, Hillisch A. Oral, Direct Thrombin and Factor Xa Inhibitors: The Replacement for Warfarin, Leeches, and Pig Intestines? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:4574-90. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201004575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Orale, direkte Thrombin- und Faktor-Xa-Hemmer: Kommt die Ablösung für Warfarin, Blutegel und Schweinedärme? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201004575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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10
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Lee YK, Player MR. Developments in factor Xa inhibitors for the treatment of thromboembolic disorders. Med Res Rev 2011; 31:202-83. [DOI: 10.1002/med.20183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Pinto DJP, Smallheer JM, Cheney DL, Knabb RM, Wexler RR. Factor Xa Inhibitors: Next-Generation Antithrombotic Agents. J Med Chem 2010; 53:6243-74. [PMID: 20503967 DOI: 10.1021/jm100146h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donald J. P. Pinto
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey, 08543
| | - Joanne M. Smallheer
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey, 08543
| | - Daniel L. Cheney
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey, 08543
| | - Robert M. Knabb
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey, 08543
| | - Ruth R. Wexler
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey, 08543
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de Candia M, Lopopolo G, Altomare C. Novel factor Xa inhibitors: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2010; 19:1535-80. [PMID: 19743898 DOI: 10.1517/13543770903270532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD New oral anticoagulants with favorable safety profiles and fixed doses are required for the management of thromboembolism and stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation. Among them, fXa inhibitors (the so-called xabans) are attractive options that can overcome limitations (e.g., bleeding) of the current oral antithrombotic therapy. The rational design of small-molecule direct fXa inhibitors, whose importance is testified by the growing number of publications and patents recently registered, has been fully supported by the X-ray crystallography of enzyme-ligand complexes. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW Pubmed, SciFinder Scholar, ISI web of knowledge(SM), http://ep.espacenet.com/ and Google websites were used as the main sources for literature retrieving, and > 100 patents filed between 2006 and April 2009, reviewed and discussed herein, highlight the variety among the P1 and P4 moieties on suitable scaffolds. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN The replacement of the benzamidine P1 moiety, which characterizes the first generation, with less basic bioisosteric or nonpolar neutral P1 groups led to the disclosure of numerous fXa inhibitors with high potency, selectivity and oral bioavailability. Novel selective fXa inhibitors with stable pharmacokinetics, better therapeutic windows and ease-of-use than the existing anticoagulants are currently under advanced stage clinical trials. TAKE-HOME MESSAGE Available data from Phase II and Phase III studies reflect the drive towards fXa inhibitors as potentially more effective and safer antithrombotic drugs. Their development is expected to address two major needs for anticoagulation, namely safety and ease-of-use, and to significantly affect the anticoagulant market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Modesto de Candia
- University of Bari, Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Via E. Orabona 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy
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Zhang P, Huang W, Wang L, Bao L, Jia ZJ, Bauer SM, Goldman EA, Probst GD, Song Y, Su T, Fan J, Wu Y, Li W, Woolfrey J, Sinha U, Wong PW, Edwards ST, Arfsten AE, Clizbe LA, Kanter J, Pandey A, Park G, Hutchaleelaha A, Lambing JL, Hollenbach SJ, Scarborough RM, Zhu BY. Discovery of betrixaban (PRT054021), N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-(4-(N,N-dimethylcarbamimidoyl)benzamido)-5-methoxybenzamide, a highly potent, selective, and orally efficacious factor Xa inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:2179-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.02.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Revised: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 02/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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