Synthesis of novel nitric oxide (NO)-releasing esters of timolol

Nitric oxide donating anti-glaucoma drugs: advances and prospects

Glaucoma is a disease that causes irreversible blindness. Reducing intraocular pressure (IOP) is the main treatment at present. Nitric oxide (NO), an endogenous gas signaling molecule, can increase aqueous humor outflow facility, inhibit aqueous humor production thereby reducing IOP, as well as regulate eye blood flow and protect the optic nerve. Therefore, NO donating anti-glaucoma drugs have broad research prospects. In this review, we summarize NO-mediated therapy for glaucoma, and the state of the art of some NO donating molecules, including latanoprostene bunod in market and some other candidate compounds, for the intervention of glaucoma, as well as prospects and challenges ahead in this field.

Sulfonamides and their isosters as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

Molecules containing the sulfonamide group (R-SO2NH2) as well as its structurally related isosters, sulfamido (R-NH-SO2NH2) and sulfamato (R-O-SO2NH2), constitute the most important class of inhibitors acting on the metalloenzyme carbonic anhydrase (EC 4.2.1.1). Despite their presence in the literature, in general the reports lack of a clear and organic overview linking the main structural features of the clinically used inhibitors with the therapeutic aspects. The current review is intended to highlight the structural basis of the interactions of sulfonamide-like groups within the active site of the carbonic anhydrases and will summarize the clinical use of the most interesting molecules for the treatment of relevant pathologies, such as glaucoma, obesity, cancer and CNS-affecting diseases.

Furazan and furoxan sulfonamides are strong α-carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and potential antiglaucoma agents

A series of furazan and furoxan sulfonamides were prepared and studied for their ability to inhibit human carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) isoforms hCA I, hCA II, hCA IX, and hCA XII. The simple methyl substituted products 3-5 were potent inhibitors. Differing structural modifications of these leads had differing effects on potency and selectivity. In particular, products in which the sulfonamide group is separated from the hetero ring by a phenylene bridge retained high potency only on the hCA XII isoform. The sulfonamides 3-5 exerted intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering effects in vivo in hypertensive rabbits more efficiently than dorzolamide. Some other products (39-42), although less effective in vitro hCA II/XII inhibitors, also effectively lowered IOP in two different animal models of glaucoma.