Synthetic studies in butenonyl C-glycosides: Preparation of polyfunctional alkanonyl glycosides and their enzyme inhibitory activity

In the Search of Glycoside-Based Molecules as Antidiabetic Agents

This review is an effort to summarize recent developments in synthesis of O-glycosides and N-, C-glycosyl molecules with promising antidiabetic potential. Articles published after 2000 are included. First, the O-glycosides used in the treatment of diabetes are presented, followed by the N-glycosides and finally the C-glycosides constituting the largest group of antidiabetic drugs are described. Within each group of glycosides, we presented how the structure of compounds representing potential drugs changes and when discussing chemical compounds of a similar structure, achievements are presented in the chronological order. C-Glycosyl compounds mimicking O-glycosides structure, exhibit the best features in terms of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. Therefore, the largest part of the article is concerned with the description of the synthesis and biological studies of various C-glycosides. Also N-glycosides such as N-(β-d-glucopyranosyl)-amides, N-(β-d-glucopyranosyl)-ureas, and 1,2,3-triazolyl derivatives belong to the most potent classes of antidiabetic agents. In order to indicate which of the compounds presented in the given sections have the best inhibitory properties, a list of the best inhibitors is presented at the end of each section. In summary, the best inhibitors were selected from each of the summarizing figures and the results of the ranking were placed. In this way, the reader can learn about the structure of the compounds having the best antidiabetic activity. The compounds, whose synthesis was described in the article but did not appear on the figures presenting the structures of the most active inhibitors, did not show proper activity as inhibitors. Thus, the article also presents studies that have not yielded the desired results and show directions of research that should not be followed. In order to show the directions of the latest research, articles from 2018 to 2019 are described in a separate Sect. 5. In Sect. 6, biological mechanisms of action of the glycosides and patents of marketed drugs are described.

C-Glycosylated cinnamoylfuran derivatives as novel anti-cancer agents

Synthesis of C-glycosylated cinnamoylfuran derivatives and their cytotoxic effects on cancer cells (MCF-7 and HeLa) and normal cells is presented.

Synthesis and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity evaluation of N-substituted aminomethyl-β-d-glucopyranosides

A series of N-substituted 1-aminomethyl-β-d-glucopyranoside derivatives was prepared. These novel synthetic compounds were assessed in vitro for inhibitory activity against yeast α-glucosidase and both rat intestinal α-glucosidases maltase and sucrase. Most of the compounds displayed α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, with IC50 values covering the wide range from 2.3μM to 2.0mM. Compounds 19a (IC50=2.3μM) and 19b (IC50=5.6μM) were identified as the most potent inhibitors for yeast α-glucosidase, while compounds 16 (IC50=7.7 and 15.6μM) and 19e (IC50=5.1 and 10.4μM) were the strongest inhibitors of rat intestinal maltase and sucrase. Analysis of the kinetics of enzyme inhibition indicated that 19e inhibited maltase and sucrase in a competitive manner. The results suggest that the aminomethyl-β-d-glucopyranoside moiety can mimic the substrates of α-glucosidase in the enzyme catalytic site, leading to competitive enzyme inhibition. Moreover, the nature of the N-substituent has considerable influence on inhibitory potency.

Application of butenonyl-C-glucosides in the synthesis of pyrazolinyl-, aminopyrimidinyl- and biphenyl methyl-β-D-C-glucopyranosides

An access to different glycohybrids involving nucleophilic addition of N- and C-nucleophiles to the butenonyl glycosides followed by cyclization and subsequent reactions is reported. In the present communication, three different prototypes, β-D-glucopyranosylmethyl pyrazolines, β-D-glucopyranosylmethyl pyrimidines and β-D-glucopyranosylmethyl biphenyls, were prepared in moderate to good yields.