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Triazoles Synthesis & Applications as Nonsteroidal Aromatase Inhibitors for Hormone-Dependent Breast Cancer Treatment. HETEROATOM CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/5349279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the last few years, nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitors (AIs) have been emerged as promising agents for treating hormone-dependent breast cancer in postmenopausal women because of their inhibitory effect on estrogen synthesis. Indeed, these compounds can block the activity of aromatase, the enzyme that intervenes in the last steps of estrogen production pathway. Triazoles are the core structures of nonsteroidal AIs. The nitrogen atom of the triazole moiety plays a fundamental role in the aromatase functionality by interacting with the iron ions of the heme group. In general, AIs possess numerous advantages as they quench the last step of estrogen synthesis without any inhibitory effects on the production of other steroids produced via the same pathway. Some AIs as anastrozole, letrozole, and vorozole have already been approved by the Food and Drug Administration in the treatment of breast cancer. The previously mentioned compounds present severe and adverse effects as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), resistance onset on long-term treatments, and a higher risk of bone fractures. This review focuses intensively on the role of AIs in the treatment of hormone-sensitive types of cancers, especially the role of triazoles as nonsteroidal AIs. Also, the review provides an overview about the chemistry of triazoles along with the different methods by which the
-triazoles and s-triazoles are synthesized.
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2
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Nair JJ, van Staden J. Cytotoxic Agents in the Minor Alkaloid Groups of the Amaryllidaceae. PLANTA MEDICA 2021; 87:916-936. [PMID: 33706400 DOI: 10.1055/a-1380-1888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Over 600 alkaloids have to date been identified in the plant family Amaryllidaceae. These have been arranged into as many as 15 different groups based on their characteristic structural features. The vast majority of studies on the biological properties of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids have probed their anticancer potential. While most efforts have focused on the major alkaloid groups, the volume and diversity afforded by the minor alkaloid groups have promoted their usefulness as targets for cancer cell line screening purposes. This survey is an in-depth review of such activities described for around 90 representatives from 10 minor alkaloid groups of the Amaryllidaceae. These have been evaluated against over 60 cell lines categorized into 18 different types of cancer. The montanine and cripowellin groups were identified as the most potent, with some in the latter demonstrating low nanomolar level antiproliferative activities. Despite their challenging molecular architectures, the minor alkaloid groups have allowed for facile adjustments to be made to their structures, thereby altering the size, geometry, and electronics of the targets available for structure-activity relationship studies. Nevertheless, it was seen with a regular frequency that the parent alkaloids were better cytotoxic agents than the corresponding semisynthetic derivatives. There has also been significant interest in how the minor alkaloid groups manifest their effects in cancer cells. Among the various targets and pathways in which they were seen to mediate, their ability to induce apoptosis in cancer cells is most appealing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerald J Nair
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Scottsville, South Africa
| | - Johannes van Staden
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Scottsville, South Africa
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3
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Auxtero MD, Chalante S, Abade MR, Jorge R, Fernandes AI. Potential Herb-Drug Interactions in the Management of Age-Related Cognitive Dysfunction. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:124. [PMID: 33478035 PMCID: PMC7835864 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Late-life mild cognitive impairment and dementia represent a significant burden on healthcare systems and a unique challenge to medicine due to the currently limited treatment options. Plant phytochemicals have been considered in alternative, or complementary, prevention and treatment strategies. Herbals are consumed as such, or as food supplements, whose consumption has recently increased. However, these products are not exempt from adverse effects and pharmacological interactions, presenting a special risk in aged, polymedicated individuals. Understanding pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions is warranted to avoid undesirable adverse drug reactions, which may result in unwanted side-effects or therapeutic failure. The present study reviews the potential interactions between selected bioactive compounds (170) used by seniors for cognitive enhancement and representative drugs of 10 pharmacotherapeutic classes commonly prescribed to the middle-aged adults, often multimorbid and polymedicated, to anticipate and prevent risks arising from their co-administration. A literature review was conducted to identify mutual targets affected (inhibition/induction/substrate), the frequency of which was taken as a measure of potential interaction. Although a limited number of drugs were studied, from this work, interaction with other drugs affecting the same targets may be anticipated and prevented, constituting a valuable tool for healthcare professionals in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria D. Auxtero
- CiiEM, Interdisciplinary Research Centre Egas Moniz, Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal; (M.D.A.); (S.C.); (M.R.A.); (R.J.)
| | - Susana Chalante
- CiiEM, Interdisciplinary Research Centre Egas Moniz, Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal; (M.D.A.); (S.C.); (M.R.A.); (R.J.)
| | - Mário R. Abade
- CiiEM, Interdisciplinary Research Centre Egas Moniz, Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal; (M.D.A.); (S.C.); (M.R.A.); (R.J.)
| | - Rui Jorge
- CiiEM, Interdisciplinary Research Centre Egas Moniz, Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal; (M.D.A.); (S.C.); (M.R.A.); (R.J.)
- Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, School of Agriculture, Quinta do Galinheiro, 2001-904 Santarém, Portugal
- CIEQV, Life Quality Research Centre, IPSantarém/IPLeiria, Avenida Dr. Mário Soares, 110, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Ana I. Fernandes
- CiiEM, Interdisciplinary Research Centre Egas Moniz, Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal; (M.D.A.); (S.C.); (M.R.A.); (R.J.)
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4
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Soprani LC, Andrade JPD, Santos VDD, Alves-Araújo A, Bastida J, Silva CAG, Silveira D, Borges WDS, Jamal CM. Chemical evaluation and anticholinesterase activity of Hippeastrum puniceum (Lam.) Kuntz bulbs (Amaryllidaceae). BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902020000419154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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5
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A concise total synthesis of (−)-γ-lycorane via an aromatic C H alkylation of unactivated secondary alkyl iodide. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.151733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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6
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Varró G, Pálchuber P, Pogrányi B, Simon A, Hegedűs L, Kádas I. (±)-trans-Dihydronarciclasine and (±)-trans-dihydrolycoricidine analogues modified in their ring A: Evaluation of their anticancer activity and a SAR study. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 173:76-89. [PMID: 30986573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of (±)-trans-dihydronarciclasine and (±)-trans-dihydrolycoricidine derivatives with variously substituted ring A was synthesised and evaluated for their antiproliferative activity against 60 human tumour cell lines (NCI60), representing leukemia, melanoma, and cancers of the lung, colon, brain, ovary, breast, prostate, as well as kidney in vitro. Among the 13 alkaloids screened, (±)-trans-dihydronarciclasine showed the highest potency as a cytotoxic molecule. A structure-activity relationship (SAR) study indicated that the presence of a hydroxy group at position 7 and a rigid, 1,3-benzodioxole scaffold were essential for the antiproliferative activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Varró
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budafoki út 8, H-1111, Budapest, Hungary; Gedeon Richter Plc., Gyömrői út 19-21, H-1103, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Pálchuber
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budafoki út 8, H-1111, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Pogrányi
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budafoki út 8, H-1111, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Simon
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Szt. Gellért tér 4, H-1111, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Hegedűs
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budafoki út 8, H-1111, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Kádas
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budafoki út 8, H-1111, Budapest, Hungary.
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7
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Tasker SZ, Cowfer AE, Hergenrother PJ. Preparation of Structurally Diverse Compounds from the Natural Product Lycorine. Org Lett 2018; 20:5894-5898. [PMID: 30204451 PMCID: PMC6499378 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b02562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of a 52-member compound collection from the natural product lycorine is reported, highlighted by divergent cross-coupling and substitution strategies and an unusual ring rearrangement induced by reaction with aryne intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Z. Tasker
- Department of Chemistry, Roger Adams Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Amanda E. Cowfer
- Department of Chemistry, Roger Adams Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Paul J. Hergenrother
- Department of Chemistry, Roger Adams Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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9
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Yu WL, Nunns T, Richardson J, Booker-Milburn KI. Short, Gram-Scale Syntheses of β- and γ-Lycorane Using Two Distinct Photochemical Approaches. Org Lett 2018; 20:1272-1274. [PMID: 29446952 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b03960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of two diastereomeric members of the lycorane alkaloid family is reported. Although the routes are quite different in their approach, both involve the use of photochemistry as a key step, enabling the synthesis of gram quantities in the case of β-lycorane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai L Yu
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol , Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Thomas Nunns
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol , Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Jeffery Richardson
- Discovery Chemistry Synthesis Group, Lilly U.K. , Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham GU20 6PH, U.K
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10
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Xia J, Liu Y, Yao S, Li M, Zhu M, Huang K, Gao L, Xia T. Characterization and Expression Profiling of Camellia sinensis Cinnamate 4-hydroxylase Genes in Phenylpropanoid Pathways. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:E193. [PMID: 28763022 PMCID: PMC5575657 DOI: 10.3390/genes8080193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H), a cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase, participates in the synthesis of numerous polyphenoid compounds, such as flavonoids and lignins. However, the C4H gene number and function in tea plants are not clear. We screened all available transcriptome and genome databases of tea plants and three C4H genes were identified and named CsC4Ha, CsC4Hb, and CsC4Hc, respectively. Both CsC4Ha and CsC4Hb have 1518-bp open reading frames that encode 505-amino acid proteins. CsC4Hc has a 1635-bp open reading frame that encodes a 544-amino acid protein. Enzymatic analysis of recombinant proteins expressed in yeast showed that the three enzymes catalyzed the formation of p-coumaric acid (4-hydroxy trans-cinnamic acid) from trans-cinnamic acid. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis showed that CsC4Ha was highly expressed in the 4th leaf, CsC4Hb was highly expressed in tender leaves, while CsC4Hc was highly expressed in the young stems. The three CsC4Hs were induced with varying degrees by abiotic stress treatments. These results suggest they may have different subcellular localization and different physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxin Xia
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Rd, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China.
| | - Yajun Liu
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Rd, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China.
| | - Shengbo Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Rd, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China.
| | - Ming Li
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Rd, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China.
| | - Mengqing Zhu
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Rd, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China.
| | - Keyi Huang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Rd, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China.
| | - Liping Gao
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Rd, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China.
| | - Tao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Rd, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China.
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11
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Monaco A, Szulc BR, Rao ZX, Barniol-Xicota M, Sehailia M, Borges BMA, Hilton ST. Short Total Synthesis of (±)-γ-Lycorane by a Sequential Intramolecular Acylal Cyclisation (IAC) and Intramolecular Heck Addition Reaction. Chemistry 2017; 23:4750-4755. [PMID: 28217842 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
An intramolecular acylal cyclisation (IAC) approach to the synthesis of a range of bicyclic heterocycles is reported. As an example of the utility of the IAC reaction, the methodology was applied in a protecting-group-free five-step total synthesis of (±)-γ-lycorane, incorporating a new intramolecular Heck addition reaction to generate the pentacyclic core structure of the natural product in good yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Monaco
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Blanka R Szulc
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Zenobia X Rao
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Marta Barniol-Xicota
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, s/n, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Moussa Sehailia
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Bruno M A Borges
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Stephen T Hilton
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
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12
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Varró G, Hegedűs L, Simon A, Kádas I. An efficient stereoselective total synthesis of (±)-trans-dihydronarciclasine. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.02.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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He M, Qu C, Gao O, Hu X, Hong X. Biological and pharmacological activities of amaryllidaceae alkaloids. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra14666b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review discusses the recent developments on biological and pharmacological activities of amaryllidaceae alkaloids with IC50or EC50values since 2005, supporting the potential therapeutic possibilities for the use of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maomao He
- State Key Laboratory of Virology
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Wuhan University)
- Ministry of Education
- Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Wuhan 430071
| | - Chunrong Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Wuhan University)
- Ministry of Education
- Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Wuhan 430071
| | - Oude Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Wuhan University)
- Ministry of Education
- Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Wuhan 430071
| | - Xianming Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Wuhan University)
- Ministry of Education
- Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Wuhan 430071
| | - Xuechuan Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Virology
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Wuhan University)
- Ministry of Education
- Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Wuhan 430071
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Discovery of a new class of cinnamyl-triazole as potent and selective inhibitors of aromatase (cytochrome P450 19A1). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:4586-4589. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.07.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Nair JJ, Van Staden J. Traditional usage, phytochemistry and pharmacology of the South African medicinal plant Boophone disticha (L.f.) Herb. (Amaryllidaceae). JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 151:12-26. [PMID: 24211396 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Boophone disticha is the most common member of the South African Amaryllidaceae used extensively in traditional medicine of the various indigenous population groups, including the Sotho, Xhosa and Zulu as well as the San. This survey was carried out to identify and highlight areas relevant to the traditional usage of Boophone disticha. Pharmacological aspects were examined with the purpose of reconciling these with the traditional usage of the plant. In relation to phytochemical make-up, particular attention was paid on how its alkaloid constitution might corroborate the various biological effects manifested by the plant. MATERIALS AND METHODS Information gathering involved the use of four different database platforms, including Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, SciFinder(®) and Scopus. Arrangement and detailing of this information is as reflected in the various sections of the paper. RESULTS Sixteen categories were identified under which Boophone disticha finds use in traditional medicine. These were shown to include general usage purposes, such as 'cultural and dietary', 'well-being', 'personal injury', 'divinatory purposes', 'psychoactive properties' and 'veterinary uses'. Furthermore, traditional usage was seen to involve six body systems, including functions pertaining to the circulatory, gastrointestinal, muscular, neurological, respiratory and urinary systems. The four remaining categories relate to use for inflammatory conditions, cancer, malaria and tuberculosis. Overall, three areas were discernible in which Boophone disticha finds most usage, which are (i) ailments pertaining to the CNS, (ii) wounds and infections, and (iii) inflammatory conditions. In addition, several aspects pertaining to the toxic properties of the plant are discussed, including genotoxicity, mutagenicity and neurotoxicity. CONCLUSION The widespread ethnic usage of Boophone disticha has justified its standing as a flagship for the Amaryllidaceae and its relevance to South African traditional medicine. Furthermore, its promising pharmacological and phytochemical profiles have stimulated significant interest in the clinical realm, especially in the areas of cancer and motor neuron disease chemotherapy. These collective properties should prove useful in steering the progress of the plant towards a wider audience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerald J Nair
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
| | - Johannes Van Staden
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa.
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C1,C2-ether derivatives of the Amaryllidaceae alkaloid lycorine: retention of activity of highly lipophilic analogues against cancer cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 24:923-7. [PMID: 24393582 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.12.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
As a continuation of the studies aimed at the development of new anticancer agents derived from the Amaryllidaceae alkaloid lycorine, 35 C1,C2-ether analogues of this natural product were synthesized. The compounds were evaluated for antiproliferative activities in vitro in a panel of tumor cell lines with varied levels of apoptosis resistance. A strong correlation between the compound lipophilicity and anticancer activity was observed, indicating that cell permeability properties must be an important determinant in the design of lycorine-based anticancer agents. A theoretical docking model, consistent with the experimental observations, is presented.
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17
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Nair JJ, Rárová L, Strnad M, Bastida J, van Staden J. Alkaloids from Boophone haemanthoides (Amaryllidaceae). Nat Prod Commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1300801211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the South African Amaryllid Boophone haemanthoides was examined for its phytochemical composition and cytotoxicity. In the process eight alkaloid structures, including the new compound distichaminol, were identified in bulb ethanolic extracts. Of the isolates, lycorine and distichamine exhibited strong activities against human acute lymphoblastic leukemia (CEM), breast adenocarcinoma (MCF7) and cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa) cells with IC50s ranging from 1.8 to 9.2 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerald J. Nair
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
| | - Lucie Rárová
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Palacký University α Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jaume Bastida
- Departament de Productes Naturals, Facultat de Farmacia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Johannes van Staden
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
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McNulty J, Nielsen AJ, Brown CE, DiFrancesco BR, Vurgun N, Nair JJ, Crankshaw DJ, Holloway AC. Investigation of aryl halides as ketone bioisosteres: Refinement of potent and selective inhibitors of human cytochrome P450 19A1 (aromatase). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:6060-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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19
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Nair JJ, Bastida J, Codina C, Viladomat F, van Staden J. Alkaloids of the South African Amaryllidaceae: A Review. Nat Prod Commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1300800938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant family Amaryllidaceae is known for its horticultural and ornamental appeal as well as its medicinal value. In relation to these characteristics, trade in Amaryllid flower varieties (especially daffodils) is a multi-million dollar revenue generator for the floriculture industry. Of greater significance are the medicinal attributes of the family, which has already spawned the Alzheimer's prescription drug galanthamine, a potent and selective inhibitor of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, of significance in the progression of neurodegeneration associated with motor neuron diseases, with annual global sales of around $150 million. Furthermore, it is anticipated that an anticancer drug target related to the Amaryllidaceae alkaloid pancratistatin, presently under advanced clinical evaluation, will enter commercial circulation within the next decade. Members of the Amaryllidaceae are distributed through both tropical and subtropical regions of the globe, but are of prominence within three distinct geographical locations, including Andean South America, the Mediterranean basin, and southern Africa. The southern African zone is known to harbor at least a third of the worldwide complement of around 1000 species, many of which are widely utilized in the traditional medicinal practices of the indigenous people of the region. Given its therapeutic and economic value, its natural abundance in the southern African region, coupled to its widespread usage in ethnic medicine, the family Amaryllidaceae provides a diverse and accessible platform for phytochemical based drug discovery. A consolidation of its traditional usage as well as its chemical and pharmacological profiles will thus guide efforts aimed at maximizing this potential. In undertaking this survey of the Amaryllidaceae of southern African, we aimed to achieve these goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerald J. Nair
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
| | - Jaume Bastida
- Departament de Productes Naturals, Facultat de Farmacia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Codina
- Departament de Productes Naturals, Facultat de Farmacia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Viladomat
- Departament de Productes Naturals, Facultat de Farmacia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Johannes van Staden
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
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Nair JJ, van Staden J. Pharmacological and toxicological insights to the South African Amaryllidaceae. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 62:262-75. [PMID: 23994658 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The plant family Amaryllidaceae is of provenance in the South African region which is known to harbor about a third of the global complement of around 1000 species. It has widespread usage in the traditional medicinal practices of the indigenous peoples of the region. As a consequence and given its unique alkaloid principles, its members have provided a viable platform for phytochemical based drug discovery. The medicinal potential of the family has been realized through the commercialization of galanthamine as an Alzheimer's drug due to its potent and selective inhibitory activity against the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. Further promising chemotherapeutic candidates of the family reside with the phenanthridone class of alkaloids such as pancratistatin which exhibit potent and cell line specific antiproliferative properties with significant potential for clinical development. Despite these interesting medicinal attributes, plants of the Amaryllidaceae are known to be poisonous and several of them have been classified as such. This survey taking into consideration Amaryllidaceae plants native to South Africa aims to strike a balance between the medicinal potential of the family on one hand and its adverse and toxic effects on the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerald J Nair
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
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Konrath EL, Passos CDS, Klein-Júnior LC, Henriques AT. Alkaloids as a source of potential anticholinesterase inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. J Pharm Pharmacol 2013; 65:1701-25. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the key enzyme in the breakdown of acetylcholine, is currently the main pharmacological strategy available for Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this sense, many alkaloids isolated from natural sources, such as physostigmine, have been long recognized as acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitors. Since the approval of galantamine for the treatment of AD patients, the search for new anticholinesterase alkaloids has escalated, leading to promising candidates such as huperzine A. This review aims to summarize recent advances in current knowledge on alkaloids as AChE and BChE inhibitors, highlighting structure–activity relationship (SAR) and docking studies.
Key findings
Natural alkaloids belonging to the steroidal/triterpenoidal, quinolizidine, isoquinoline and indole classes, mainly distributed within Buxaceae, Amaryllidaceae and Lycopodiaceae, are considered important sources of alkaloids with anti-enzymatic properties. Investigations into the possible SARs for some active compounds are based on molecular modelling studies, predicting the mode of interaction of the molecules with amino acid residues in the active site of the enzymes. Following this view, an increasing interest in achieving more potent and effective analogues makes alkaloids good chemical templates for the development of new cholinesterase inhibitors.
Summary
The anticholinesterase activity of alkaloids, together with their structural diversity and physicochemical properties, makes them good candidate agents for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Luis Konrath
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carolina dos Santos Passos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos Klein-Júnior
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Amélia T Henriques
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Nair JJ, Bastida J, Viladomat F, van Staden J. Cytotoxic Agents of the Crinane Series of Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids. Nat Prod Commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1300800501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the alkaloid galanthamine, the plant family Amaryllidaceae has endowed the pharmaceutical community with a potent and selective inhibitor of the enzyme acetylcholinestersae (AChE), of prominence in the chemotherapeutic approach towards motor neuron diseases. Following on the commercial success of this prescription drug in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, it is anticipated that other drug candidates will in future emerge from the family. In this regard, the phenanthridones, exemplified by narciclasine and pancratistatin, of the lycorine series of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids have shown much promise as remarkably potent and selective anticancer agents, with a drug target of the series destined for the clinical market within the next decade. Given these interesting biological properties and their natural abundance, plants of the Amaryllidaceae have provided a diverse and accessible platform for phytochemical-based drug discovery. The crinane series of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids are also enriched with a significant array of biological properties. As a consequence of their close structural similarity to the anticancer agents of the lycorine series, the cytotoxic potential of crinane alkaloids has been realized through structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies involving targets of both semi-synthetic and natural origin, which has identified several members as leads with promising antiproliferative profiles. As the first of its kind, this review seeks to collate such information from the past few decades in advancing the crinane group as a viable platform for anticancer drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerald J. Nair
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
| | - Jaume Bastida
- Departament de Productes Naturals, Facultat de Farmacia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Viladomat
- Departament de Productes Naturals, Facultat de Farmacia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Johannes van Staden
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
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Triana-Vidal LE, Carvajal-Varona SM. Protective effect of galantamine against oxidative damage using human lymphocytes: a novel in vitro model. Arch Med Res 2013; 44:85-92. [PMID: 23357099 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease are characterized in the initial stages by an increase in reactive oxygen species that trigger apoptosis or programmed cell death. It has been suggested that the synthetic alkaloid galantamine may offer protection against this cell loss. This investigation sought to assess the protective effect of galantamine against oxidative damage induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) using human lymphocytes cultured in vitro as a model. METHODS Cell death can be measured indirectly using cell viability testing with trypan blue. Determination of the galantamine concentrations used was made possible by the negative correlation found between galantamine concentration and average mitotic index (MI). RESULTS Average viability of lymphocytes treated with low and medium concentrations of galantamine was significantly higher than the control. CONCLUSION Galantamine does indeed demonstrate a protective capacity against cell damage induced by hydrogen peroxide. This finding supports the possible use of the drug in treatment of neurodegenerative diseases related to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz Elena Triana-Vidal
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Naturales y de la Educación, Departamento de Biología, Grupo de Citogenética y Toxicología Genética, Universidad del Cauca, Popayán, Colombia.
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24
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Nieto-García O, Alonso R. Synthesis and cytotoxicity of (+/−)-7,9-dideoxy-pancratistatin analogues. Org Biomol Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob27127c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Nair JJ, Bastida J, Viladomat F, van Staden J. Cytotoxic Agents of the Crinane Series of Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids. Nat Prod Commun 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1200701234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the alkaloid galanthamine, the plant family Amaryllidaceae has endowed the pharmaceutical community with a potent and selective inhibitor of the enzyme acetylcholinestersae (AChE), of prominence in the chemotherapeutic approach towards motor neuron diseases. Following on the commercial success of this prescription drug in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, it is anticipated that other drug candidates will in future emerge from the family. In this regard, the phenanthridones, exemplified by narciclasine and pancratistatin, of the lycorine series of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids have shown much promise as remarkably potent and selective anticancer agents, with a drug target of the series destined for the clinical market within the next decade. Given these interesting biological properties and their natural abundance, plants of the Amaryllidaceae have provided a diverse and accessible platform for phytochemical-based drug discovery. The crinane series of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids are also enriched with a significant array of biological properties. As a consequence of their close structural similarity to the anticancer agents of the lycorine series, the cytotoxic potential of crinane alkaloids has been realized through structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies involving targets of both semi-synthetic and natural origin, which has identified several members as leads with promising antiproliferative profiles. As the first of its kind, this review seeks to collate such information from the past few decades in advancing the crinane group as a viable platform for anticancer drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerald J. Nair
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
| | - Jaume Bastida
- Departament de Productes Naturals, Facultat de Farmacia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Viladomat
- Departament de Productes Naturals, Facultat de Farmacia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Johannes van Staden
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
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Sevrioukova IF, Poulos TL. Understanding the mechanism of cytochrome P450 3A4: recent advances and remaining problems. Dalton Trans 2012; 42:3116-26. [PMID: 23018626 DOI: 10.1039/c2dt31833d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 (CYPs) represent a diverse group of heme-thiolate proteins found in almost all organisms. CYPs share a common protein fold but differ in substrate selectivity and catalyze a wide variety of monooxygenation reactions via activation of molecular oxygen. Among 57 human P450s, the 3A4 isoform (CYP3A4) is the most abundant and the most important because it metabolizes the majority of administered drugs. A remarkable feature of CYP3A4 is its extreme promiscuity in substrate specificity and cooperative substrate binding, which often leads to undesirable drug-drug interactions and toxic side effects. Owing to its importance in drug development and therapy, CYP3A4 has been the most extensively studied mammalian P450. In this review we provide an overview on recent progress and remaining problems in the CYP3A4 research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina F Sevrioukova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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27
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Nair JJ, Rárová L, Strnad M, Bastida J, van Staden J. Apoptosis-inducing effects of distichamine and narciprimine, rare alkaloids of the plant family Amaryllidaceae. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:6195-9. [PMID: 22921081 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Several of the Amaryllidaceae alkaloids are known for their cytotoxic properties, of which the lycorine group representatives are prominent for potent and cell line specific antiproliferative activities. As a distinct niche within the lycorine group, the phenanthridones, exemplified by narciclasine and pancratistatin, have shown much promise as remarkably selective cytotoxic agents and are presently at various stages of development, with a clinical candidate likely to appear on the market within the next decade. The crinane group of the Amaryllidaceae has also spawned several molecules, such as crinamine and haemanthamine, with promising cytotoxic activities. In the present study, the β-crinane distichamine as well as the phenanthridone narciprimine, both rare constituents of the Amaryllidaceae, are revealed as novel antiproliferative agents. Apoptosis-inducing effects are demonstrated for distichamine in human acute lymphoblastic leukemia (CEM) cells. These findings provide further insights to the structural details of the apoptosis-inducing pharmacophores resident within both series of alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerald J Nair
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
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28
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de Andrade JP, Pigni NB, Torras-Claveria L, Berkov S, Codina C, Viladomat F, Bastida J. Bioactive alkaloid extracts from Narcissus broussonetii: mass spectral studies. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 70:13-25. [PMID: 22673940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 04/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Plants of the Amaryllidaceae family are a well-known source of tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids with a wide range of biological activities, including antiviral, antitumoral, antiparasitic, psychopharmacological, and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory, among others. Recent advances in the use of GC or LC coupled to MS have allowed a chemically guided isolation of uncommon and bioactive alkaloids. In the present work, analytical methods were applied to study the alkaloid profile of Narcissus broussonetii, a plant endemic to North Africa. Using the GC-MS technique and an in-home mass fragmentation database, twenty-three alkaloids were identified, including the very rare dinitrogenous alkaloids obliquine, plicamine, and secoplicamine. Applying LC-ESI-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS, fragmentation profiles were found to be similar for obliquine and plicamine but different for secoplicamine. Pretazettine, a potent cytotoxic alkaloid, was also isolated from N. broussonetii, although its identification by GC-MS was only possible after a BSTFA-derivatization. The silylated crude methanolic extract only showed the presence of pretazettine-TMS, confirming that tazettine was formed after the alkaloid extraction. The same observation was made in Narcissus cultivars in which tazettine had been detected as the major alkaloid. As part of an ongoing project on MS of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids, the silylated tazettine and pretazettine were studied by GC-MS/MS, and found to differ in their fragmentation routes. Finally, the EtOAc extract of N. broussonetii showed notable in vitro activity against Trypanosoma cruzi, with an IC(50) value of 1.77 μg/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Paulo de Andrade
- Department of Natural Products, Plant Biology and Soil Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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McNulty J, Nair JJ, Vurgun N, Difrancesco BR, Brown CE, Tsoi B, Crankshaw DJ, Holloway AC. Discovery of a novel class of aldol-derived 1,2,3-triazoles: potent and selective inhibitors of human cytochrome P450 19A1 (aromatase). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:718-22. [PMID: 22079757 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of a novel five-component 1,2,3-triazole-containing pharmacophore that exhibits potent and selective inhibition of aromatase (CYP 450 19A1) is described. All compounds are derived from an initial aldol reaction of a phenylacetate derivative with an aromatic aldehyde. Structure-activity data generated from both syn- and anti-aldol adducts provides initial insights into the requirements for both potency and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- James McNulty
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ont., Canada L8S 4M1.
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Evdokimov NM, Lamoral-Theys D, Mathieu V, Andolfi A, Frolova LV, Pelly SC, van Otterlo WAL, Magedov IV, Kiss R, Evidente A, Kornienko A. In search of a cytostatic agent derived from the alkaloid lycorine: synthesis and growth inhibitory properties of lycorine derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:7252-61. [PMID: 22019045 PMCID: PMC3383042 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2011] [Revised: 08/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
As a continuation of our studies aimed at the development of a new cytostatic agent derived from an Amaryllidaceae alkaloid lycorine, we synthesized 32 analogues of this natural product. This set of synthetic analogues included compounds incorporating selective derivatization of the C1 versus C2 hydroxyl groups, aromatized ring C, lactamized N6 nitrogen, dihydroxylated C3-C3a olefin functionality, transposed olefin from C3-C3a to C2-C3 or C3a-C4, and C1 long-chain fatty esters. All synthesized compounds were evaluated for antiproliferative activities in vitro in a panel of tumor cell lines including those exhibiting resistance to proapoptotic stimuli and representing solid cancers associated with dismal prognoses, such as melanoma, glioblastoma, and non-small-cell lung cancer. Most active analogues were not discriminatory between cancer cells displaying resistance or sensitivity to apoptosis, indicating that these compounds are thus able to overcome the intrinsic resistance of cancer cells to pro-apoptotic stimuli. 1,2-Di-O-allyllycorine was identified as a lycorine analogue, which is 100 times more potent against a U373 human glioblastoma model than the parent natural product. Furthermore, a number of synthetic analogues were identified as promising for the forthcoming in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai M. Evdokimov
- Department of Chemistry, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, New Mexico 87801, USA
| | - Delphine Lamoral-Theys
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique, Toxicologie et Chimie Physique Appliquée and Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Véronique Mathieu
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anna Andolfi
- Dipartimento di Scienze, del Suolo, della Pianta, dell'Ambiente e delle Produzioni Animali, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Liliya V. Frolova
- Department of Chemistry, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, New Mexico 87801, USA
| | - Stephen C. Pelly
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Willem A. L. van Otterlo
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Igor V. Magedov
- Department of Chemistry, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, New Mexico 87801, USA
| | - Robert Kiss
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Dipartimento di Scienze, del Suolo, della Pianta, dell'Ambiente e delle Produzioni Animali, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Alexander Kornienko
- Department of Chemistry, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, New Mexico 87801, USA
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McNulty J, Thorat A, Vurgun N, Nair JJ, Makaji E, Crankshaw DJ, Holloway AC, Pandey S. Human cytochrome P450 liability studies of trans-dihydronarciclasine: a readily available, potent, and selective cancer cell growth inhibitor. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2011; 74:106-108. [PMID: 21105682 DOI: 10.1021/np100657w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The cytochrome P45O activities of the naturally occurring Amaryllidaceae alkaloid narciclasine (3), isolated from Narcissus pseudonarcissus, and synthetic derivative trans-dihydronarciclasine (5) are reported. While narciclasine was found to possess potent inhibitory activity to human CYP3A4, its dihydro analogue was inactive. This study revealed that the C1-C10b double bond is required for inhibition of this crucial metabolizing enzyme. Compound 5 also demonstrated no inhibition of the related human cytochromes CYP19 and CYP1A1. This study elevates the status of trans-dihydronarciclasine (5) as a highly privileged, readily available molecule, with potent and selective anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- James McNulty
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8S 4M1.
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McNulty J, Nair JJ, Singh M, Crankshaw DJ, Holloway AC, Bastida J. Cytochrome P450 3A4 Inhibitory Activity Studies within the Lycorine series of Alkaloids. Nat Prod Commun 2010. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1000500809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A mini-panel of semi-synthetic analogs of the Amaryllidaceae alkaloid lycorine was screened for cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) inhibitory activity, the most potent of which exhibited inhibition as low as 0.21 μM. Elements of this novel pharmacophore unravelled include bulky lipophilic substitution at C2 in conjunction with a small hydrogen bond donor/acceptor at C1, or bulky electron-rich substitution at C1 in conjunction with a vicinal hydrogen bond donor/acceptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- James McNulty
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Jerald J. Nair
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Mohini Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Denis J. Crankshaw
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Alison C. Holloway
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Jaume Bastida
- Departament de Productes Naturals, Facultat de Farmacia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
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McNulty J, Nair JJ, Little JRL, Brennan JD, Bastida J. Structure-activity studies on acetylcholinesterase inhibition in the lycorine series of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:5290-4. [PMID: 20655219 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.06.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of differentially functionalized analogs of the Amaryllidaceae alkaloid lycorine, accessed via a concise chemoselective silylation strategy, is described uncovering two of the most potent inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) identified to date in this series. Important elements of this novel pharmacophore were elucidated through structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James McNulty
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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McNulty J, Nair JJ, Singh M, Crankshaw DJ, Holloway AC. Potent and selective inhibition of human cytochrome P450 3A4 by seco-pancratistatin structural analogs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:2335-9. [PMID: 20189386 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.01.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Revised: 01/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
seco-Derivatives of the anticancer agent pancratistatin bearing the 2S,3S,4S,5S configuration were accessed via a novel, highly diastereoselective anti-aldol reaction. Structure-activity relationships reveal important insights into the seco-pancratistatin pharmacophore as a potent and selective inhibitor of human cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4), and highlight features of concern in advancing a potent, selective anticancer agent in the pancratistatin series.
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Affiliation(s)
- James McNulty
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ont., Canada L8S 4M1.
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Lamoral-Theys D, Andolfi A, Van Goietsenoven G, Cimmino A, Le Calvé B, Wauthoz N, Mégalizzi V, Gras T, Bruyère C, Dubois J, Mathieu V, Kornienko A, Kiss R, Evidente A. Lycorine, the main phenanthridine Amaryllidaceae alkaloid, exhibits significant antitumor activity in cancer cells that display resistance to proapoptotic stimuli: an investigation of structure-activity relationship and mechanistic insight. J Med Chem 2009; 52:6244-56. [PMID: 19788245 DOI: 10.1021/jm901031h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-two lycorine-related compounds were investigated for in vitro antitumor activity using four cancer cell lines displaying different levels of resistance to proapoptotic stimuli and two cancer cell lines sensitive to proapoptotic stimuli. Lycorine and six of its congeners exhibited potency in the single-digit micromolar range, while no compound appeared more active than lycorine. Lycorine also displayed the highest potential (in vitro) therapeutic ratio, being at least 15 times more active against cancer than normal cells. Our studies also showed that lycorine exerts its in vitro antitumor activity through cytostatic rather than cytotoxic effects. Furthermore, lycorine provided significant therapeutic benefit in mice bearing brain grafts of the B16F10 melanoma model at nontoxic doses. Thus, the results of the current study make lycorine an excellent lead for the generation of compounds able to combat cancers, which are naturally resistant to proapoptotic stimuli, such as glioblastoma, melanoma, non-small-cell-lung cancers, and metastatic cancers, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Lamoral-Theys
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique, Toxicologie et Chimie Physique Appliqueé, Institut de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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Structure-activity studies on seco-pancratistatin analogs: potent inhibitors of human cytochrome P450 3A4. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:5607-12. [PMID: 19713107 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Revised: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 08/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Two total syntheses of fully functionalized seco-analogs of the anticancer compound pancratistatin are reported. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies identified potent and selective inhibitors of human cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and revealed several core pharmacophoric elements. These studies identify potential roadblocks and will guide the further development of a viable selective clinical pancratistatin derivative.
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