1
|
Wang J, Wu J, Li R, Wang K, Xu S, Wu J, Wu F. Semipinacol Rearrangement of Iododifluorohomoallyl Alcohols and Its Application in the Allylic C-H Esterification Reactions. J Org Chem 2024; 89:3111-3122. [PMID: 38343173 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
We herein present a study on the Ag(I)-mediated semipinacol rearrangement of iododifluorohomoallyl alcohols, the resulting allylic difluoromethyl ketones underwent oxidative allylic C-H esterification under palladium catalysis in the absence of external ligand. This process yielded a range of difluoromethyl ketones derived from allyl esters in a single operation. The reaction features broad scope of o-nitrobenzoic acids and homoallylic iododifluoroalcohols affording the targeted molecules in synthetically useful yields. Control experiments illustrated that the silver salt acted as not only a Lewis acid to promote the cleavage of a C-I bond and furnish the semipinacol rearrangement but also a co-oxidant in the catalytic cycle for the allylic C-H esterification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junqi Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Green Fluoropharmaceutical Technology, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Jihong Wu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Green Fluoropharmaceutical Technology, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Ruowen Li
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Green Fluoropharmaceutical Technology, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Kaiji Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Green Fluoropharmaceutical Technology, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Shibo Xu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Green Fluoropharmaceutical Technology, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Jingjing Wu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Green Fluoropharmaceutical Technology, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Fanhong Wu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Green Fluoropharmaceutical Technology, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wesseler F, Lohmann S, Riege D, Halver J, Roth A, Pichlo C, Weber S, Takamiya M, Müller E, Ketzel J, Flegel J, Gihring A, Rastegar S, Bertrand J, Baumann U, Knippschild U, Peifer C, Sievers S, Waldmann H, Schade D. Phenotypic Discovery of Triazolo[1,5- c]quinazolines as a First-In-Class Bone Morphogenetic Protein Amplifier Chemotype. J Med Chem 2022; 65:15263-15281. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Wesseler
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technical University Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Compound Management and Screening Center COMAS, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology (MPI), 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Gutenbergstrasse 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefan Lohmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Gutenbergstrasse 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniel Riege
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Gutenbergstrasse 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jonas Halver
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technical University Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Aileen Roth
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Christian Pichlo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstraße 6, 50939 Cologne, Germany
| | - Sabrina Weber
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Biological Information Processing at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Masanari Takamiya
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Biological Information Processing at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Eva Müller
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jana Ketzel
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Gutenbergstrasse 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jana Flegel
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technical University Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Adrian Gihring
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Sepand Rastegar
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Biological Information Processing at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Jessica Bertrand
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Baumann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstraße 6, 50939 Cologne, Germany
| | - Uwe Knippschild
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Christian Peifer
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Gutenbergstrasse 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Sonja Sievers
- Compound Management and Screening Center COMAS, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology (MPI), 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227Dortmund, Germany
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technical University Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227Dortmund, Germany
| | - Dennis Schade
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Gutenbergstrasse 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
- Partner Site Kiel, DZHK, German Center for Cardiovascular Research, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
2-[Difluoro(phenylselenyl)methyl]benzo-1,3-thiazole. MOLBANK 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/m1450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This short note elaborates a concise protocol for the synthesis of 2-[difluoro(phenylselenyl)methyl]benzo-1,3-thiazole in two steps from the commercially available reagent 2-aminobenzenethiol. The structures of the synthesized compounds are confirmed by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and 19F-NMR spectroscopy, infrared (IR) spectra, and high-resolution mass spectrometry.
Collapse
|
4
|
Hennessy ET, Palkowitz MD, Saurí J, Sather AC. Two-Component Coupling of Carbodiimides and Hydrazides Provides Convergent Access to Biologically Active Compounds. Org Lett 2022; 24:6331-6334. [PMID: 36001635 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel, convergent synthesis of aminotriazoloquinazolines is reported. These heterocycles are reliably prepared via a "click-like" reaction between readily available aryl carbodiimides and acyl or aryl hydrazides. Such products are of particular interest with respect to their inhibitory activity against the A2A and A2B adenosine receptors, and the title two-component coupling reaction has greatly accelerated the discovery of potent/selective chemical matter in this space.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth T Hennessy
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Maximilian D Palkowitz
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Josep Saurí
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Aaron C Sather
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bampali K, Koniuszewski F, Silva LL, Rehman S, Vogel FD, Seidel T, Scholze P, Zirpel F, Garon A, Langer T, Willeit M, Ernst M. Tricyclic antipsychotics and antidepressants can inhibit α5-containing GABA A receptors by two distinct mechanisms. Br J Pharmacol 2022; 179:3675-3692. [PMID: 35088415 PMCID: PMC9314015 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Many psychotherapeutic drugs, including clozapine, display polypharmacology and act on GABAA receptors. Patients with schizophrenia show alterations in function, structure and molecular composition of the hippocampus, and a recent study demonstrated aberrant levels of hippocampal α5 subunit‐containing GABAA receptors. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of tricyclic compounds on α5 subunit‐containing receptor subtypes. Experimental Approach Functional studies of effects by seven antipsychotic and antidepressant medications were performed in several GABAA receptor subtypes by two‐electrode voltage‐clamp electrophysiology using Xenopus laevis oocytes. Computational structural analysis was employed to design mutated constructs of the α5 subunit, probing a novel binding site. Radioligand displacement data complemented the functional and mutational findings. Key Results The antipsychotic drugs clozapine and chlorpromazine exerted functional inhibition on multiple GABAA receptor subtypes, including those containing α5‐subunits. Based on a chlorpromazine binding site observed in a GABA‐gated bacterial homologue, we identified a novel site in α5 GABAA receptor subunits and demonstrate differential usage of this and the orthosteric sites by these ligands. Conclusion and Implications Despite high molecular and functional similarities among the tested ligands, they reduce GABA currents by differential usage of allosteric and orthosteric sites. The chlorpromazine site we describe here is a new potential target for optimizing antipsychotic medications with beneficial polypharmacology. Further studies in defined subtypes are needed to substantiate mechanistic links between the therapeutic effects of clozapine and its action on certain GABAA receptor subtypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantina Bampali
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Filip Koniuszewski
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Luca L Silva
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabah Rehman
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian D Vogel
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Seidel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Scholze
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Zirpel
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Arthur Garon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thierry Langer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthäus Willeit
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Margot Ernst
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Santrač A, Batinić B, Stamenić TT, Aranđelović J, Sharmin D, Knutson DE, Cook JM, Savić MM. Positive modulation of α5GABAA receptors leads to dichotomous effects in rats on memory pattern and GABRA5 expression in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Behav Brain Res 2022; 416:113578. [PMID: 34508769 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of α5GABAA receptors (α5GABAARs) are emerging as potential therapeutics for a range of neuropsychiatric disorders. However, their role in memory processing of healthy animals is not sufficiently examined. We tested the effects of MP-III-022 (1 mg/kg, 2.5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg), a PAM known to be selective for α5GABAARs and devoid of prominent side-effects, in different behavioral paradigms (Morris water maze, novel object recognition test and social novelty discrimination) and on GABRA5 expression in Wistar rats, 30 min and 24 h after intraperitoneal treatment administration. The lowest dose tested worsened short-term object memory. The same dose, administered two times in a span of 24 h, improved spatial and impaired object and, at a trend level, social memory. The highest dose had a detrimental effect on all types of long-term memory (object memory at a trend level) and short-term spatial memory, but improved short-term object and social memory. Distinct sets of expression changes were detected in both prefrontal cortex and two regions of the hippocampus, but the latter ones could be assessed as more consequential. An increase of GABRA5 mRNA in CA2 occurred in parallel with improvement of object and social, but impairment of spatial memory, while the opposite happened with a trend level change in CA1. Our study demonstrates the variability of the roles of the α5GABAAR based on its level of expression and localization, in dependence on the type and protocol of cognitive tasks, as well as the respective timing of pharmacological modulation and testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Santrač
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bojan Batinić
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tamara Timić Stamenić
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jovana Aranđelović
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dishary Sharmin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee and the Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, P.O.Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Daniel E Knutson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee and the Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, P.O.Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - James M Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee and the Milwaukee Institute of Drug Discovery, P.O.Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Miroslav M Savić
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pan J, Li H, Wu J, Wu F. Cobalt Catalyzed Addition of α, α-Difluoroiodomethyl Ketones to Alkenes/ Alkynes. J Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.121818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
8
|
Fan WT, Li Y, Wang D, Ji SJ, Zhao Y. Iron-Catalyzed Highly para-Selective Difluoromethylation of Arenes. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:20524-20530. [PMID: 33252232 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Direct functionalization of a C-H bond at either the meta or para position by only changing the catalyst system poses a significant challenge. We herein report the [Fe(TPP)Cl]-enabled, selective, C-H difluoromethylation of arenes using BrCF2CO2Et as the difluoromethylation source, which successfully altered the selectivity from the meta to the para position. A preliminary mechanistic study revealed the iron porphyrin complex not only activated the aromatic ring but also induced para selectivity due to the influence of ligand sterics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Tai Fan
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yuting Li
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Dongjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Shun-Jun Ji
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yingsheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kim DH, Kwon H, Choi JW, Shin CY, Cheong JH, Park SJ, Ryu JH. Roles of GABA A receptor α5 subunit on locomotion and working memory in transient forebrain ischemia in mice. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 102:109962. [PMID: 32428535 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The γ-aminobutyric acid A (GABAA) receptor, which contains a chloride channel, is a typical inhibitory neurotransmitter receptor in the central nervous system. Although the GABAergic neurotransmitter system has been discovered to be involved in various psychological behaviors, such as anxiety, convulsions, and cognitive function, its functional changes under conditions of ischemic pathological situation are still uncovered. In the present study, we attempted to elucidate the functional changes in the GABAergic system after transient forebrain ischemia in mice. A bilateral common carotid artery occlusion for 20 min was used to establish a model of transient forebrain ischemia/reperfusion (tI/R). Delayed treatment with diazepam, a positive allosteric modulator of the GABAA receptor, increased locomotor activity in the open field test and spontaneous alternations in the Y-maze test in tI/R mice, but not in shams. Delayed treatment with diazepam did not alter neuronal death or the number of GABAergic neurons in tI/R mice. However, tI/R induced changes in the protein levels of GABAA receptor subunits in the hippocampus. In particular, the most marked increase in the tI/R group was found in the level of α5 subunit of the GABAA receptor. Similar to delayed treatment with diazepam, delayed treatment with imidazenil, an α5-sensitive benzodiazepine, increased spontaneous alternations in the Y-maze in tI/R mice, whereas zolpidem, an α5-insensitive benzodiazepine, failed to show such effects. These results suggest that tI/R-induced changes in the level of the α5 subunit of the GABAA receptor can alter the function of GABAergic drugs in a mouse model of forebrain ischemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea; Institute of Convergence Bio-Health, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea.
| | - Huiyoung Kwon
- Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji Woong Choi
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chan Young Shin
- Departments of Pharmacology and Advanced Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Hoon Cheong
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea.
| | - Se Jin Park
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong Hoon Ryu
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bi D, Wen L, Wu Z, Shen Y. GABAergic dysfunction in excitatory and inhibitory (E/I) imbalance drives the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2020; 16:1312-1329. [PMID: 32543726 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To propose a new hypothesis that GABAergic dysfunction in excitatory and inhibitory (E/I) imbalance drives the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). BACKGROUND Synaptic dysfunction and E/I imbalance emerge decades before the appearance of cognitive decline in AD patients, which contribute to neurodegeneration. Initially, E/I imbalance was thought to occur first, due to dysfunction of the glutamatergic and cholinergic systems. However, new evidence has demonstrated that the GABAergic system, the counterpart of E/I balance and the major inhibitory neurotransmitter system in the central nervous system, is altered enormously and that this contributes to E/I imbalance and further AD pathogenesis. NEW HYPOTHESIS Alterations to the GABAergic system, induced by multiple AD pathogenic or risk factors, contribute to E/I imbalance and AD pathogenesis. MAJOR CHALLENGES FOR THE HYPOTHESIS This GABAergic hypothesis accounts for many critical questions and common challenges confronting a new hypothesis of AD pathogenesis. More specifically, it explains why amyloid beta (Aβ), β-secretase (BACE1), apolipoprotein E4 gene (APOE ε4), hyperactive glia cells, contributes to AD pathogenesis and why age and sex are the risk factors of AD. GABAergic dysfunction promotes the spread of Aβ pathology throughout the AD brain and associated cognitive impairments, and the induction of dysfunction induced by these varied risk factors shares this common neurobiology leading to E/I imbalance. In turn, some of these factors exacerbate GABAergic dysfunction and E/I imbalance. Moreover, the GABAergic system modulates various brain functions and thus, the GABAergic hypothesis accounts for nonamnestic manifestations. Furthermore, corrections of E/I balance through manipulation of GABAergic functions have shown positive outcomes in preclinical and clinical studies, suggesting the potential of the GABAergic system as a therapeutic target in AD. LINKAGE TO OTHER MAJOR THEORIES Dysfunction of the GABAergic system is induced by multiple critical signaling pathways, which include the existing major theories of AD pathogenesis, such as the Aβ and neuroinflammation hypotheses. In a new perspective, this GABAergic hypothesis accounts for the E/I imbalance and related excitotoxicity, which contribute to cognitive decline and AD pathogenesis. Therefore, the GABAergic system could be a key target to restore, at least partially, the E/I balance and cognitive function in AD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danlei Bi
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, University of Sciences and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Lang Wen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, University of Sciences and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zujun Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, University of Sciences and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yong Shen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, University of Sciences and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Maramai S, Benchekroun M, Ward SE, Atack JR. Subtype Selective γ-Aminobutyric Acid Type A Receptor (GABAAR) Modulators Acting at the Benzodiazepine Binding Site: An Update. J Med Chem 2019; 63:3425-3446. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Maramai
- Sussex Drug Discovery Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Mohamed Benchekroun
- Sussex Drug Discovery Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
- Équipe de Chimie Moléculaire, Laboratoire de Génomique Bioinformatique et Chimie Moléculaire, GBCM, EA7528, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, 2 rue Conté, 75003 Paris, France
| | - Simon E. Ward
- Medicines Discovery Institute, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K
| | - John R. Atack
- Medicines Discovery Institute, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chen G, Li C, Peng J, Yuan Z, Liu P, Liu X. Silver-promoted decarboxylative radical addition/annulation of oxamic acids with gem-difluoroolefins: concise access to CF 2-containing 3,4-dihydroquinolin-2-ones. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:8527-8532. [PMID: 31512696 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01236b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Described is a silver-promoted decarboxylative radical addition/annulation of oxamic acids with gem-difluoroalkenes. This reaction proceeded under mild reaction conditions with broad functional group compatibility, enabling the convenient synthesis of various structurally diverse CF2-containing 3,4-dihydroquinolin-2-ones that might find applications in medical chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guojun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, P. R. China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Solomon VR, Tallapragada VJ, Chebib M, Johnston G, Hanrahan JR. GABA allosteric modulators: An overview of recent developments in non-benzodiazepine modulators. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 171:434-461. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
14
|
Chandler CM, Reeves-Darby J, Jones SA, McDonald JA, Li G, Rahman MT, Cook JM, Platt DM. α5GABA A subunit-containing receptors and sweetened alcohol cue-induced reinstatement and active sweetened alcohol self-administration in male rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:1797-1806. [PMID: 30637435 PMCID: PMC6606346 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-5163-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE GABAA receptors containing the α5 subunit (i.e., α5GABAA receptors) appear to be critically involved in the reinforcing and subjective effects of alcohol. Their role in alcohol relapse remains unknown. OBJECTIVES Pharmacological approaches were used to probe the role of α5GABAA receptors in alcohol seeking induced by re-exposure to a sweetened alcohol-paired cue, as well as in alcohol + sucrose vs. sucrose self-administration. METHODS For reinstatement studies, rats were trained to self-administer alcohol under a fixed-ratio schedule in which responding was maintained by alcohol + sucrose deliveries and an alcohol-paired stimulus. Sweetened alcohol seeking was extinguished by eliminating solution deliveries and the sweetened alcohol-paired stimulus. During reinstatement tests, animals received pretreatments of an α5GABAA inverse agonist (L-655,708) or an agonist (QH-ii-066) prior to sessions in which presentation of the sweetened alcohol-paired stimulus was restored, but no solution was delivered. For self-administration studies, rats were trained to self-administer alcohol + sucrose or sucrose under a fixed-ratio schedule. Once stable, animals received pretreatments of QH-ii-066, L-655,708, the inverse agonist RY-023, or naltrexone. RESULTS L-655,708 attenuated reinstatement of sweetened alcohol seeking by alcohol + sucrose-paired cues; whereas sweetened alcohol-seeking behavior was augmented by QH-ii-066, albeit at different doses in different rats. Both L-655,708 and RY-023 selectively reduced alcohol + sucrose vs. sucrose self-administration. In contrast, naltrexone reduced both alcohol + sucrose and sucrose self-administration; whereas QH-ii-066 enhanced sucrose self-administration only. CONCLUSIONS α5GABAA receptors play a key role in the modulation of sweetened alcohol cue-induced reinstatement, as well as in alcohol + sucrose but not sucrose self-administration. Inverse agonist activity at α5GABAA receptors may offer a novel strategy for both the reduction of problematic drinking and the prevention of relapse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cassie M. Chandler
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216
| | - Jaren Reeves-Darby
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216
| | - Sherman A. Jones
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216
| | - J. Abigail McDonald
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216
| | - Guanguan Li
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211
| | - Md T. Rahman
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211
| | - James M. Cook
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211
| | - Donna M. Platt
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216,Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216,Correspondence: Donna M. Platt, Ph.D.; Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State St., Jackson, MS 39216, USA; phone: 601-984-5896; fax: 601-984-5899;
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Fuchibe K, Watanabe S, Takao G, Ichikawa J. Synthesis of (difluoromethyl)naphthalenes using the ring construction strategy: C-C bond formation on the central carbon of 1,1-difluoroallenes via Pd-catalyzed insertion. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:5047-5054. [PMID: 31049538 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00540d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The insertion of 1,1-difluoroallenes was carried out to form a C-C bond exclusively on their central carbon. o-Bromophenyl-bearing 1,1-difluoroallenes underwent intramolecular insertion in the presence of a palladium catalyst. Regioselective C-C bond formation occurred to form a six-membered carbocycle, leading to pharmaceutically and agrochemically promising difluoromethylated naphthalenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Fuchibe
- Division of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan.
| | - Shumpei Watanabe
- Division of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan.
| | - Go Takao
- Division of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan.
| | - Junji Ichikawa
- Division of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Xia ZH, Gao ZH, Dai L, Ye S. Visible-Light-Promoted Oxo-difluoroalkylation of Alkenes with DMSO as the Oxidant. J Org Chem 2019; 84:7388-7394. [PMID: 31083945 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Visible-light-promoted oxo-difluoroalkylation (acetylation and acetamidation) of alkenes with dimethyl sulfoxide as both the solvent and the oxidant was developed, affording the corresponding α,α-difluoro-γ-ketoacetates and acetamides in modest yields. Both terminal and internal alkenes worked well for the reaction. This reaction features simple starting materials, a green oxidant, mild reaction conditions, and highly functional products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Hao Xia
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Functional, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Science , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Zhong-Hua Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Functional, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Lei Dai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Functional, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Science , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Song Ye
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Functional, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Science , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhang T, Chen B, Wang W, Zhang Q, Wang P, Wan W, Deng H, Hao J, Jiang H. Copper‐Promoted Aryldifluoromethylenation of
N
‐Arylacrylamides to 3‐Benzo‐diazolyldifluoromethylene‐Substituted 2‐Oxindoles. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201900024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Zhang
- Department of ChemistryShanghai University Shanghai 200444 P. R. China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of ChemistryShanghai University Shanghai 200444 P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of ChemistryShanghai University Shanghai 200444 P. R. China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of ChemistryShanghai University Shanghai 200444 P. R. China
| | - Pingyang Wang
- Department of ChemistryShanghai University Shanghai 200444 P. R. China
| | - Wen Wan
- Department of ChemistryShanghai University Shanghai 200444 P. R. China
| | - Hongmei Deng
- Laboratory for MicrostructuresShanghai University Shanghai 200444 P. R. China
| | - Jian Hao
- Department of ChemistryShanghai University Shanghai 200444 P. R. China
| | - Haizhen Jiang
- Department of ChemistryShanghai University Shanghai 200444 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine ChemistryShanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Golovko AI, Ivanov MB, Golovko ES, Dolgo-Saburov VB, Zatsepin EP. The Neurochemical Mechanisms of the Pharmacological Activities of Inverse Agonists of the Benzodiazepine Binding Site. NEUROCHEM J+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712418030042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
19
|
Calvo-Flores Guzmán B, Vinnakota C, Govindpani K, Waldvogel HJ, Faull RL, Kwakowsky A. The GABAergic system as a therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2018; 146:649-669. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Calvo-Flores Guzmán
- Centre for Brain Research; Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences; Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging; University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
| | - Chitra Vinnakota
- Centre for Brain Research; Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences; Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging; University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
| | - Karan Govindpani
- Centre for Brain Research; Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences; Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging; University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
| | - Henry J. Waldvogel
- Centre for Brain Research; Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences; Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging; University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
| | - Richard L.M. Faull
- Centre for Brain Research; Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences; Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging; University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
| | - Andrea Kwakowsky
- Centre for Brain Research; Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences; Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging; University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Quercetin Reduces Cortical GABAergic Transmission and Alleviates MK-801-Induced Hyperactivity. EBioMedicine 2018; 34:201-213. [PMID: 30057312 PMCID: PMC6116474 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An imbalance between neuronal excitation and inhibition represents a core feature in multiple neuropsychiatry disorders, necessitating the development of novel strategies to calibrate the excitatory–inhibitory balance of therapeutics. Here we identify a natural compound quercetin that reduces prefrontal cortical GABAergic transmission and alleviates the hyperactivity induced by glutamatergic N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist MK-801. Quercetin markedly reduced the GABA-activated currents in a noncompetitive manner in cultured cortical neurons, and moderately inhibited spontaneous and electrically-evoked GABAergic inhibitory postsynaptic current in mouse prefrontal cortical slices. Notably, systemic and prefrontal-specific delivery of quercetin reduced basal locomotor activity in addition to alleviated the MK-801-induced hyperactivity. The effects of quercetin were not exclusively dependent on α5-subunit-containing A type GABA receptors (GABAARs), as viral-mediated, region-specific genetic knockdown of the α5-subunit in prefrontal cortex improved the MK-801-evoked psychotic symptom but reserved the pharmacological responsivity to quercetin. Both interventions together completely normalized the locomotor activity. Together, quercetin as a negative allosteric GABAAR modulator exerted antipsychotic activity, facilitating further therapeutic development for the excitatory–inhibitory imbalance disorders.
Collapse
|
21
|
Zeng JL, Chen Z, Zhang FG, Ma JA. Direct Regioselective [3 + 2] Cycloaddition Reactions of Masked Difluorodiazoethane with Electron-Deficient Alkynes and Alkenes: Synthesis of Difluoromethyl-Substituted Pyrazoles. Org Lett 2018; 20:4562-4565. [PMID: 30014703 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Phenylsulfone difluorodiazoethane (PhSO2CF2CHN2), an easy-to-prepare and bench-stable masked CF2-building block, has been developed. The synthetic utility of this reagent is demonstrated by a direct regioselective [3 + 2] cycloaddition with electron-deficient alkynes and alkenes. This protocol enables facile construction of an array of difluoromethyl-substituted pyrazoles in good to high yields under mild reaction conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Liang Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science & Engineering , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , P. R. China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science & Engineering , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , P. R. China
| | - Fa-Guang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science & Engineering , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , P. R. China
| | - Jun-An Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science & Engineering , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Yan SY, Zhang ZZ, Liu YH, Liao G, Li PX, Shi BF. Copper-Catalyzed C−H Ethoxycarbonyldifluoromethylation of Indoles and Pyrroles. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201800166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yi Yan
- Department of Chemistry; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuo-Zhuo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Hua Liu
- Department of Chemistry; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Liao
- Department of Chemistry; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 People's Republic of China
| | - Peng-Xiang Li
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering; Wuyi University; Jiangmen 529020 People's Republic of China
| | - Bing-Feng Shi
- Department of Chemistry; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Xu MY, Wong AHC. GABAergic inhibitory neurons as therapeutic targets for cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:733-753. [PMID: 29565038 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2017.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is considered primarily as a cognitive disorder. However, functional outcomes in schizophrenia are limited by the lack of effective pharmacological and psychosocial interventions for cognitive impairment. GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) interneurons are the main inhibitory neurons in the central nervous system (CNS), and they play a critical role in a variety of pathophysiological processes including modulation of cortical and hippocampal neural circuitry and activity, cognitive function-related neural oscillations (eg, gamma oscillations) and information integration and processing. Dysfunctional GABA interneuron activity can disrupt the excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) balance in the cortex, which could represent a core pathophysiological mechanism underlying cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia. Recent research suggests that selective modulation of the GABAergic system is a promising intervention for the treatment of schizophrenia-associated cognitive defects. In this review, we summarized evidence from postmortem and animal studies for abnormal GABAergic neurotransmission in schizophrenia, and how altered GABA interneurons could disrupt neuronal oscillations. Next, we systemically reviewed a variety of up-to-date subtype-selective agonists, antagonists, positive and negative allosteric modulators (including dual allosteric modulators) for α5/α3/α2 GABAA and GABAB receptors, and summarized their pro-cognitive effects in animal behavioral tests and clinical trials. Finally, we also discuss various representative histone deacetylases (HDAC) inhibitors that target GABA system through epigenetic modulations, GABA prodrug and presynaptic GABA transporter inhibitors. This review provides important information on current potential GABA-associated therapies and future insights for development of more effective treatments.
Collapse
|
24
|
Etherington LA, Mihalik B, Pálvölgyi A, Ling I, Pallagi K, Kertész S, Varga P, Gunn BG, Brown AR, Livesey MR, Monteiro O, Belelli D, Barkóczy J, Spedding M, Gacsályi I, Antoni FA, Lambert JJ. Selective inhibition of extra-synaptic α5-GABA A receptors by S44819, a new therapeutic agent. Neuropharmacology 2017; 125:353-364. [PMID: 28807671 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) GABAA receptors (GABAARs) mediate neuronal inhibition and are important therapeutic targets. GABAARs are composed of 5 subunits, drawn from 19 proteins, underpinning expression of 20-30 GABAAR subtypes. In the CNS these isoforms are heterogeneously expressed and exhibit distinct physiological and pharmacological properties. We report the discovery of S44819, a novel tricyclic oxazolo-2,3-benzodiazepine-derivative, that selectively inhibits α5-subunit-containing GABAARs (α5-GABAARs). Current α5-GABAAR inhibitors bind to the "benzodiazepine site". However, in HEK293 cells expressing recombinant α5-GABAARs, S44819 had no effect on 3H-flumazenil binding, but displaced the GABAAR agonist 3H-muscimol and competitively inhibited the GABA-induced responses. Importantly, we reveal that the α5-subunit selectivity is uniquely governed by amino acid residues within the α-subunit F-loop, a region associated with GABA binding. In mouse hippocampal CA1 neurons, S44819 enhanced long-term potentiation (LTP), blocked a tonic current mediated by extrasynaptic α5-GABAARs, but had no effect on synaptic GABAARs. In mouse thalamic neurons, S44819 had no effect on the tonic current mediated by δ-GABAARs, or on synaptic (α1β2γ2) GABAARs. In rats, S44819 enhanced object recognition memory and reversed scopolamine-induced impairment of working memory in the eight-arm radial maze. In conclusion, S44819 is a first in class compound that uniquely acts as a potent, competitive, selective antagonist of recombinant and native α5-GABAARs. Consequently, S44819 enhances hippocampal synaptic plasticity and exhibits pro-cognitive efficacy. Given this profile, S44819 may improve cognitive function in neurodegenerative disorders and facilitate post-stroke recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lori-An Etherington
- Division of Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee University, Dundee, DD19SY, Scotland, UK
| | - Balázs Mihalik
- Biotalentum Kft, Gödöllő, Aulich Lajos u. 26, 2100, Hungary
| | | | - István Ling
- Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, H1106, Budapest, Pf.100, Hungary
| | | | | | - Péter Varga
- Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, H1106, Budapest, Pf.100, Hungary
| | - Ben G Gunn
- Division of Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee University, Dundee, DD19SY, Scotland, UK
| | - Adam R Brown
- Division of Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee University, Dundee, DD19SY, Scotland, UK
| | - Matthew R Livesey
- Division of Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee University, Dundee, DD19SY, Scotland, UK
| | - Olivia Monteiro
- Division of Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee University, Dundee, DD19SY, Scotland, UK
| | - Delia Belelli
- Division of Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee University, Dundee, DD19SY, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Michael Spedding
- Institut de Recherches Servier, Croissy-sur-Seine, 78290, France
| | | | | | - Jeremy J Lambert
- Division of Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee University, Dundee, DD19SY, Scotland, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Learning and memory are dependent on interactive excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms. In this review, we discuss a mechanism called disinhibition, which is the release of an inhibitory constraint that effectively results in an increased activity in the target neurons (for example, principal or projection neurons). We focus on discussing the role of disinhibition in learning and memory at a basic level and in disease models with cognitive deficits and highlight a strategy to reverse cognitive deficits caused by excess inhibition, through disinhibition of α5-containing GABA
A receptors mediating tonic inhibition in the hippocampus, based on subtype-selective negative allosteric modulators as a novel class of drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanns Möhler
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Uwe Rudolph
- Laboratory of Genetic Neuropharmacology, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Li YL, Li J, Deng J. Practical Access to Difluoromethyl Ketones via Straightforward Decarboxylative Difluorination of β-Ketoacids. Adv Synth Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201601315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Long Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Deng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 People's Republic of China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Innovative Drug Research Centre; Chongqing University; 55 Daxuecheng South Road, Shapingba Chongqing 401331 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Liu K, Sui LC, Jin Q, Li DY, Liu PN. CuBr-mediated radical cascade difluoroacetamidation of acrylamides using α,α-difluoro-α-(TMS)-acetamides. Org Chem Front 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qo00209b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Radical cascade difluoroacetamidation of N-(arylsulfonyl)acrylamides with α,α-difluoro-α-(TMS)-acetamides has been achieved for the first time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Lin-Chao Sui
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Qiao Jin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Deng-Yuan Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Pei-Nian Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Chen H, Wang X, Guo M, Zhao W, Tang X, Wang G. Highly efficient and versatile synthesis of α,α-difluoro-γ-lactams via aminodifluoroalkylation of alkenes. Org Chem Front 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qo00611j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An efficient approach to α,α-difluoro-γ-lactam derivatives was developed using a copper/amine catalyst via a tandem radical cyclization pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongtai Chen
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- P. R. China
| | - Minjie Guo
- Institute for Molecular Design and Synthesis
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- P. R. China
| | - Wentao Zhao
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- P. R. China
| | - Xiangyang Tang
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- P. R. China
| | - Guangwei Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Shao C, Shi G, Zhang Y. Easy Access to Difluoromethylene-Containing Arene Analogues through Palladium-Catalysed C-H Olefination. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Changdong Shao
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering; Tongji University; 1239 Siping Road 200092 Shanghai P. R. China
- UNEP - Tongji Institute of Environment for Sustainable Development; Tongji University; 1239 Siping Road 200092 Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Guangfa Shi
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering; Tongji University; 1239 Siping Road 200092 Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Yanghui Zhang
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering; Tongji University; 1239 Siping Road 200092 Shanghai P. R. China
- UNEP - Tongji Institute of Environment for Sustainable Development; Tongji University; 1239 Siping Road 200092 Shanghai P. R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability; 1239 Siping Road 200092 Shanghai P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wang C, Chen Q, Guo Q, Liu H, Xu Z, Liu Y, Wang M, Wang R. Silver-Catalyzed Difluoroamidation of Activated Alkenes for the Construction of Difluorinated 3,3-Disubstituted Oxindoles. J Org Chem 2016; 81:5782-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical
Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical
Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Quanping Guo
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical
Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical
Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhaoqing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical
Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yubing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical
Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Mengran Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical
Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical
Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Li Y, Sun H, Chen Z, Xu H, Bu G, Zheng H. Implications of GABAergic Neurotransmission in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:31. [PMID: 26941642 PMCID: PMC4763334 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized pathologically by the deposition of β-amyloid peptides (Aβ) and the accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) composed of hyper-phosphorylated tau. Regardless of the pathological hallmarks, synaptic dysfunction is widely accepted as a causal event in AD. Of the two major types of synapses in the central nervous system (CNS): glutamatergic and GABAergic, which provide excitatory and inhibitory outputs respectively, abundant data implicate an impaired glutamatergic system during disease progression. However, emerging evidence supports the notion that disrupted default neuronal network underlies impaired memory, and that alterations of GABAergic circuits, either plays a primary role or as a compensatory response to excitotoxicity, may also contribute to AD by disrupting the overall network function. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of the involvement of Aβ, tau and apolipoprotein E4 (apoE4), the major genetic risk factor in late-onset AD (LOAD), in GABAergic neurotransmission and the potential of modulating the GABAergic function as AD therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University Xiamen, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University Xiamen, China
| | - Zhicai Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University Xiamen, China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen UniversityXiamen, China; Neurodegenerative Disease Research Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research InstituteLa Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Guojun Bu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen UniversityXiamen, China; Department of Neuroscience, Mayo ClinicJacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Hui Zheng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen UniversityXiamen, China; The Interdepartmental Program of Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of MedicineHouston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Mishra S, Mondal P, Ghosh M, Mondal S, Hajra A. Copper-catalyzed C–H ethoxycarbonyldifluoromethylation of imidazoheterocycles. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:1432-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob02363g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A regioselective copper-catalyzed ethoxycarbonyldifluoromethylation of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines has been developed through sp2 C–H bond functionalization with BrCF2CO2Et under ambient air.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subhajit Mishra
- Department of Chemistry
- Visva-Bharati (A Central University)
- Santiniketan
- India
| | - Pallab Mondal
- Department of Chemistry
- Visva-Bharati (A Central University)
- Santiniketan
- India
| | - Monoranjan Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry
- Visva-Bharati (A Central University)
- Santiniketan
- India
| | - Susmita Mondal
- Department of Chemistry
- Visva-Bharati (A Central University)
- Santiniketan
- India
| | - Alakananda Hajra
- Department of Chemistry
- Visva-Bharati (A Central University)
- Santiniketan
- India
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Ling I, Mihalik B, Etherington LA, Kapus G, Pálvölgyi A, Gigler G, Kertész S, Gaál A, Pallagi K, Kiricsi P, Szabó É, Szénási G, Papp L, Hársing LG, Lévay G, Spedding M, Lambert JJ, Belelli D, Barkóczy J, Volk B, Simig G, Gacsályi I, Antoni FA. A novel GABA(A) alpha 5 receptor inhibitor with therapeutic potential. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 764:497-507. [PMID: 26169564 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Novel 2,3-benzodiazepine and related isoquinoline derivatives, substituted at position 1 with a 2-benzothiophenyl moiety, were synthesized to produce compounds that potently inhibited the action of GABA on heterologously expressed GABAA receptors containing the alpha 5 subunit (GABAA α5), with no apparent affinity for the benzodiazepine site. Substitutions of the benzothiophene moiety at position 4 led to compounds with drug-like properties that were putative inhibitors of extra-synaptic GABAA α5 receptors and had substantial blood-brain barrier permeability. Initial characterization in vivo showed that 8-methyl-5-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1-benzothiophen-2-yl]-1,9-dihydro-2H-[1,3]oxazolo[4,5-h][2,3]benzodiazepin-2-one was devoid of sedative, pro-convulsive or motor side-effects, and enhanced the performance of rats in the object recognition test. In summary, we have discovered a first-in-class GABA-site inhibitor of extra-synaptic GABAA α5 receptors that has promising drug-like properties and warrants further development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- István Ling
- Chemical Research Division, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Mihalik
- Division of Preclinical Research, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lori-An Etherington
- Division of Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee University, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Gábor Kapus
- Division of Preclinical Research, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Adrienn Pálvölgyi
- Division of Preclinical Research, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Gigler
- Division of Preclinical Research, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Kertész
- Division of Preclinical Research, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Gaál
- Division of Preclinical Research, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Pallagi
- Division of Preclinical Research, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Kiricsi
- Division of Preclinical Research, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Éva Szabó
- Division of Preclinical Research, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Szénási
- Division of Preclinical Research, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lilla Papp
- Division of Preclinical Research, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László G Hársing
- Division of Preclinical Research, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Lévay
- Division of Preclinical Research, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Jeremy J Lambert
- Division of Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee University, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Delia Belelli
- Division of Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee University, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - József Barkóczy
- Chemical Research Division, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Volk
- Chemical Research Division, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gyula Simig
- Chemical Research Division, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Gacsályi
- Division of Preclinical Research, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc A Antoni
- Division of Preclinical Research, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Budapest, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Shao C, Shi G, Zhang Y, Pan S, Guan X. Palladium-catalyzed C-H ethoxycarbonyldifluoromethylation of electron-rich heteroarenes. Org Lett 2015; 17:2652-5. [PMID: 25965074 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b01024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The first Pd-catalyzed C-H ethoxycarbonyldifluoromethylation with BrCF2CO2Et has been developed. The use of a bidentate phosphine ligand (Xantphos) is critical for the reaction to occur. A variety of electron-rich heteroarenes, including indoles, furans, thiophenes, and pyrroles, can be ethoxycarbonyldifluoromethylated in moderate to excellent yields. The reactions take place at the C-H bonds adjacent to the heteroatoms with high regioselectivity. This method provides a new protocol for the introduction of difuoroalkyl groups into electron-rich heteroarenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changdong Shao
- †Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Department of Chemistry, and UNEP-Tongji Institute of Environment for Sustainable Development, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Guangfa Shi
- †Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Department of Chemistry, and UNEP-Tongji Institute of Environment for Sustainable Development, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Yanghui Zhang
- †Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Department of Chemistry, and UNEP-Tongji Institute of Environment for Sustainable Development, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Shulei Pan
- †Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Department of Chemistry, and UNEP-Tongji Institute of Environment for Sustainable Development, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohong Guan
- ‡College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Qu C, Xu P, Ma W, Cheng Y, Zhu C. A novel visible light mediated radical cyclization of enol lactones: a concise method for fluorinated polycyclic lactone scaffolds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc04881h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A novel visible light mediated cyclization of enol lactones with difluoroacyl arenes via a free radical tandem difluoroalkylation and C–C coupling of butenolides is presented. This strategy provides a facile approach to potential biological fluorinated γ-butyrolactones with excellent diastereoselectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanhua Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- P. R. China
| | - Pan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- P. R. China
| | - Wujiang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- P. R. China
| | - Yixiang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- P. R. China
| | - Chengjian Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Möhler H. The legacy of the benzodiazepine receptor: from flumazenil to enhancing cognition in Down syndrome and social interaction in autism. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2014; 72:1-36. [PMID: 25600365 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The study of the psychopharmacology of benzodiazepines continues to provide new insights into diverse brain functions related to vigilance, anxiety, mood, epileptiform activity, schizophrenia, cognitive performance, and autism-related social behavior. In this endeavor, the discovery of the benzodiazepine receptor was a key event, as it supplied the primary benzodiazepine drug-target site, provided the molecular link to the allosteric modulation of GABAA receptors and, following the recognition of GABAA receptor subtypes, furnished the platform for future, more selective drug actions. This review has two parts. In a retrospective first part, it acknowledges the contributions to the field made by my collaborators over the years, initially at Hoffmann-La Roche in Basle and later, in academia, at the University and the ETH of Zurich. In the second part, the new frontier of GABA pharmacology, targeting GABAA receptor subtypes, is reviewed with special focus on nonsedative anxiolytics, antidepressants, analgesics, as well as enhancers of cognition in Down syndrome and attenuators of symptoms of autism spectrum disorders. It is encouraging that a clinical trial has been initiated with a partial inverse agonist acting on α5 GABAA receptors in an attempt to alleviate the cognitive deficits in Down syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanns Möhler
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Sieghart W. Allosteric modulation of GABAA receptors via multiple drug-binding sites. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2014; 72:53-96. [PMID: 25600367 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
GABAA receptors are ligand-gated ion channels composed of five subunits that can be opened by GABA and be modulated by multiple pharmacologically and clinically important drugs. Over the time, hundreds of compounds from different structural classes have been demonstrated to modulate, directly activate, or inhibit GABAA receptors, and most of these compounds interact with more than one binding site at these receptors. Crystal structures of proteins and receptors homologous to GABAA receptors as well as homology modeling studies have provided insights into the possible location of ligand interaction sites. Some of these sites have been identified by mutagenesis, photolabeling, and docking studies. For most of these ligands, however, binding sites are not known. Due to the high flexibility of GABAA receptors and the existence of multiple drug-binding sites, the unequivocal identification of interaction sites for individual drugs is extremely difficult. The existence of multiple GABAA receptor subtypes with distinct subunit composition, the contribution of distinct subunit sequences to binding sites of different receptor subtypes, as well as the observation that even subunits not directly contributing to a binding site are able to influence affinity and efficacy of drugs, contribute to a unique pharmacology of each GABAA receptor subtype. Thus, each receptor subtype has to be investigated to identify a possible subtype selectivity of a compound. Although multiple binding sites make GABAA receptor pharmacology even more complicated, the exploitation of ligand interaction with novel-binding sites also offers additional possibilities for a subtype-selective modulation of GABAA receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Werner Sieghart
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Das D, Phillips C, Hsieh W, Sumanth K, Dang V, Salehi A. Neurotransmitter-based strategies for the treatment of cognitive dysfunction in Down syndrome. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014; 54:140-8. [PMID: 24842803 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is a multisystem disorder affecting the cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, neurological, hematopoietic, and musculoskeletal systems and is characterized by significant cognitive disability and a possible common pathogenic mechanism with Alzheimer's disease. During the last decade, numerous studies have supported the notion that the triplication of specific genes on human chromosome 21 plays a significant role in cognitive dysfunction in DS. Here we reviewed studies in trisomic mouse models and humans, including children and adults with DS. In order to identify groups of genes that contribute to cognitive disability in DS, multiple mouse models of DS with segmental trisomy have been generated. Over-expression of these particular genes in DS can lead to dysfunction of several neurotransmitter systems. Therapeutic strategies for DS have either focused on normalizing the expression of triplicated genes with important roles in DS or restoring the function of these systems. Indeed, our extensive review of studies on the pathogenesis of DS suggests that one plausible strategy for the treatment of cognitive dysfunction is to target the cholinergic, serotonergic, GABA-ergic, glutamatergic, and norepinephrinergic system. However, a fundamental strategy for treatment of cognitive dysfunction in DS would include reducing to normal levels the expression of specific triplicated genes in affected systems before the onset of neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Devsmita Das
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Ave., Palo Alto, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Cristy Phillips
- Department of Physical Therapy, P.O. Box 910, Arkansas State University, State University, AR, USA
| | - Wayne Hsieh
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Ave., Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Krithika Sumanth
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Ave., Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Van Dang
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Ave., Palo Alto, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Ahmad Salehi
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Ave., Palo Alto, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Xu P, Guo S, Wang L, Tang P. Silver-Catalyzed Oxidative Activation of Benzylic CH Bonds for the Synthesis of Difluoromethylated Arenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201400225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
40
|
Xu P, Guo S, Wang L, Tang P. Silver-Catalyzed Oxidative Activation of Benzylic CH Bonds for the Synthesis of Difluoromethylated Arenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:5955-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201400225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
41
|
Rudolph U, Möhler H. GABAA receptor subtypes: Therapeutic potential in Down syndrome, affective disorders, schizophrenia, and autism. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2013; 54:483-507. [PMID: 24160694 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-011613-135947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system plays a pivotal role in orchestrating the synchronicity of local networks and the functional coupling of different brain regions. Here we review the impact of the GABAA receptor subtypes on cognitive and emotional behavior, paying particular attention to five disease states: cognitive dysfunction and Down syndrome, anxiety disorders, depression, schizophrenia, and autism. Through the bidirectional modulation of tonic inhibition, α5-subunit-containing GABAA receptors permit the bidirectional modulation of cognitive processes, and a partial inverse agonist acting at the α5-subunit-containing GABAA receptor is in a clinical trial in individuals with Down syndrome. With regard to anxiety disorders, the viability of nonsedative anxiolytics based on the modulation of α2- and α3-subunit-containing GABAA receptors has been established in clinical proof-of-concept trials. Regarding the remaining three disease states, the GABA hypothesis of depression offers new options for antidepressant drug development; cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia are attributed to a cortical GABAergic deficit, and dysfunctional GABAergic inhibition is increasingly understood to contribute to the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Rudolph
- Laboratory of Genetic Neuropharmacology, McLean Hospital and Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts 02478;
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Guerrini G, Ciciani G. Benzodiazepine receptor ligands: a patent review (2006 – 2012). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2013; 23:843-66. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2013.782005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
43
|
Bundgaard C, Badolo L, Redrobe JP. RO4938581, a GABAAα5 modulator, displays strong CYP1A2 autoinduction properties in rats. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 85:1363-9. [PMID: 23415905 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Autoinduction in drug metabolism is a known phenomenon observed when a drug induces the enzymes responsible for its own metabolism. The potency, rate and extent of autoinduction following a given treatment paradigm may have therapeutic implications in clinic as well as for in vivo pharmacological assessments in animals. RO4938581, an imidazo-triazolo-benzodiazepine, is a novel GABAAα5 negative modulator recently pursued for the treatment of cognitive dysfunctions. As circulating plasma levels of RO4938581 were shown to decrease rapidly after repeated dosing in rats, with CYP1A2 being involved in the metabolism of the compound, we examined the potential role of RO4938581-mediated autoinduction of CYP1A2. Incubation of rat hepatocytes with RO4938581 revealed potent CYP1A2 induction with significant increase in enzymatic activity at concentrations of 0.1nM and RO4938581 was shown to be 700-fold more potent than β-napththoflavone. Ex vivo studies revealed a 7-fold increase in metabolic CYP1A2 activity in liver microsomes prepared from rats administered with 0.1mg/kg of RO4938581 24h before. This induction profile was reflected in vivo in pharmacokinetic studies in rats where an 8-fold reduction in plasma exposure was observed after a second dose. The reduction in plasma exposures due to CYP1A2 autoinduction were confirmed functionally in contextual fear conditioning paradigm in rats, where a positive pharmacological effect observed after acute drug administration disappeared completely after sub-chronic dosing. Together, these findings suggest that RO4938581 possesses potent CYP1A2 autoinductive properties in rats and may serve as a tool for mechanistic metabolism or drug-drug interaction studies encircling this enzyme in rats.
Collapse
|
44
|
Möhler H. Cognitive enhancement by pharmacological and behavioral interventions: the murine Down syndrome model. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:994-9. [PMID: 22898099 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The cognitive deficits in Down syndrome (DS) are attributed to an excessive hippocampal inhibition, which obstructs neuronal plasticity and normal learning and memory, a view which is largely based on studies of Ts65Dn mice, the best characterized mouse model of DS. The cognitive behavioral deficits of Ts65Dn mice can be rescued by reducing GABAergic inhibition, most selectively by partial inverse agonists acting on α(5) GABA-A receptors, of which one compound has recently entered clinical trials in DS. Most remarkably, the improved cognitive performance of Ts65Dn can persist for weeks and months after cessation of drug treatment, as demonstrated for the non-specific GABA antagonist pentylenetetrazole. The Alzheimer drugs, memantine and donepezil largely fail to show any benefit. Finally, repeated non-invasive sensory stimulation such as over-training or enriching the environment, are able to enhance the learning performance which underlines the reversibility of an obstructed neuronal plasticity in Ts65Dn mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanns Möhler
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Zurich and, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Redrobe JP, Elster L, Frederiksen K, Bundgaard C, de Jong IEM, Smith GP, Bruun AT, Larsen PH, Didriksen M. Negative modulation of GABAA α5 receptors by RO4938581 attenuates discrete sub-chronic and early postnatal phencyclidine (PCP)-induced cognitive deficits in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 221:451-68. [PMID: 22124672 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2593-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE A growing body of evidence suggests that negative modulation of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) GABA(A) α5 receptors may be a promising strategy for the treatment of certain facets of cognitive impairment; however, selective modulators of GABA(A) α5 receptors have not yet been tested in "schizophrenia-relevant" cognitive assay/model systems in animals. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to investigate the potential of RO4938581, a negative modulator of GABA(A) α5 receptors, and to attenuate cognitive impairments induced following sub-chronic (sub-PCP) and early postnatal PCP (neo-PCP) administration in the novel object recognition (NOR) and intra-extradimensional shift (ID/ED) paradigms in rats. Complementary in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo studies were performed to confirm negative modulatory activity of RO4938581 and to investigate animal model validity, concept validity and potential side effect issues, respectively. RESULTS In vitro studies confirmed the reported negative modulatory activity of RO4938581, whilst immunohistochemical analyses revealed significantly reduced parvalbumin-positive cells in the prefrontal cortex of sub-PCP- and neo-PCP-treated rats. RO4938581 (1 mg/kg) ameliorated both sub-PCP- and neo-PCP-induced cognitive deficits in NOR and ID/ED performance, respectively. In contrast, QH-II-066 (1 and 3 mg/kg), a GABA(A) α5 receptor positive modulator, impaired cognitive performance in the NOR task when administered to vehicle-treated animals. Additional studies revealed that both RO4938581 (1 mg/kg) and QH-II-066 (1 and 3 mg/kg) attenuated amphetamine-induced hyperactivity in rats. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these novel findings suggest that negative modulation of GABA(A) α5 receptors may represent an attractive treatment option for the cognitive impairments, and potentially positive symptoms, associated with schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John P Redrobe
- Synaptic Transmission I, Neuroscience Research DK, H Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Brickley SG, Mody I. Extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors: their function in the CNS and implications for disease. Neuron 2012; 73:23-34. [PMID: 22243744 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 494] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, research has identified extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptor populations that enable neurons to sense the low ambient GABA concentrations present in the extracellular space in order to generate a form of tonic inhibition not previously considered in studies of neuronal excitability. The importance of this tonic inhibition in regulating states of consciousness is highlighted by the fact that extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors (GABA(A)Rs) are believed to be key targets for anesthetics, sleep-promoting drugs, neurosteroids, and alcohol. The neurosteroid sensitivity of these extrasynaptic GABA(A)Rs may explain their importance in stress-, ovarian cycle-, and pregnancy-related mood disorders. Moreover, disruptions in network dynamics associated with schizophrenia, epilepsy, and Parkinson's disease may well involve alterations in the tonic GABA(A)R-mediated conductance. Extrasynaptic GABA(A)Rs may therefore present a therapeutic target for treatment of these diseases, with the potential to enhance cognition and aid poststroke functional recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen G Brickley
- Division of Cell & Molecular Biology, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Sinclair LI, Dineen PT, Malizia AL. Modulation of ion channels in clinical psychopharmacology: adults and younger people. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2012; 3:397-416. [PMID: 22111619 DOI: 10.1586/ecp.10.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the use of Na(+), Ca(2+) and Cl(-) channel modulators in psychiatric disease. Drugs that modulate ion channels have been used in psychiatry for more than a century, and in this review we critically evaluate clinical research that reports the therapeutic effects of drugs acting on GABA(A), voltage-gated Na(+) and voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels in pediatric and adult patients. As in other fields, the evidence underpinning the use of medicines in younger people is far less robust than for adults. In addition, we discuss some current developments and highlight clinical disorders in which current molecules could be further tested. Notable success stories, such as benzodiazepines (in sleep and anxiety disorders) and antiepileptics (in bipolar disorder), have been the result of serendipitous discoveries or refinements of serendipitous discoveries, as in all other major treatments in psychiatry. Genomic, high-throughput screening and molecular pharmacology discoveries may, however, guide further developments in the future. This could include increased research in promising targets that have been perceived as commercially risky, such as selective α-subunit GABA(A) receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey I Sinclair
- Psychopharmacology Unit, Department of Community Based Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Gharaghani S, Khayamian T, Keshavarz F. A structure-based QSAR and docking study on imidazo[1,5-a][1,2,4]-triazolo[1,5-d][1,4,]benzodiazepines as Selective GABA(A) α5 inverse agonists. Chem Biol Drug Des 2011; 78:612-21. [PMID: 21756285 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2011.01183.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
As three-dimensional (3D) structure of the GABA(A) α5 was not determined, the crystal structure of 2Vl0E at 3.3 Å resolution which is a ligand-gated K(+) channel was used as a template in homology modeling, and the result was used in molecular dynamic simulation for obtaining its conformation in a water sphere. The resulted conformation of the receptor was used for docking with the most potent of imidazo[1,5-a][1,2,4]-triazolo[1,5-d][1,4,] benzodiazepines drugs to find out binding sites and consequently the types of the interaction between the drugs and receptor. The results showed that π-π interaction of the drugs with three phenylalanine and tyrosine residues plays an important role in determining the potency of the inhibitors. The obtained information relating to the binding sites of the receptor was utilized for docking all the drugs into the receptor and find out optimized conformation for each drug, used in structure-based quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model for calculation of descriptors. Then, selected descriptors were related to the binding affinity and selectivity of the drugs using multiple linear regression and least squares-support vector regression. Finally, the results of target- and ligand-based QSAR models were compared, resulted the superiority of the structure-based QSAR to the ligand-based model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Gharaghani
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Barak S, Weiner I. Putative cognitive enhancers in preclinical models related to schizophrenia: The search for an elusive target. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011; 99:164-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 02/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
50
|
Vinkers CH, Mirza NR, Olivier B, Kahn RS. The inhibitory GABA system as a therapeutic target for cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia: investigational agents in the pipeline. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2011; 19:1217-33. [PMID: 20812877 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2010.513382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia include neuropsychological deficits in attention, working memory, learning and executive function. Because these cognitive deficits precede the onset of psychosis, are present in non-affected relatives and constitute the best predictor of functional outcome, they are a cardinal clinical feature in schizophrenia. Currently, no effective treatment for the cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia exists. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW There is evidence that the inhibitory GABA system is affected in schizophrenia, suggesting that cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia may be effectively treated by drugs that modulate the GABA(A) receptor. However, classical benzodiazepines produce cognitive impairments and are associated with numerous side effects. The recent development of compounds with selective efficacy for different α subunits at the benzodiazepine site of the GABA(A) receptor has renewed interest for the therapeutic potential of GABAergic drugs. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN This review summarizes the involvement of the inhibitory GABA system in the cognitive abnormalities of schizophrenia and discusses putative (selective) GABAergic cognition-enhancing drugs for schizophrenia. TAKE HOME MESSAGE If cognitive abnormalities in schizophrenic individuals are the result of GABAergic dysfunction, selectively modulating the GABA system could comprise a promising therapeutic intervention for cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christiaan H Vinkers
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|