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Sun Q, Yu W, Gong M, Ma J, Liu G, Mei T, Luo X. Xanthine oxidase immobilized cellulose membrane-based colorimetric biosensor for screening and detecting the bioactivity of xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 275:133450. [PMID: 38944077 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase (XO) is a typical target for hyperuricemia and gout, for which there are only three commercial xanthine oxidase inhibitors (XOIs): febuxostat, topiroxostat and allopurinol. However, these inhibitors have problems such as low bioactivity and several side effects. Therefore, the development of novel XOIs with high bioactivity for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout is urgently needed. In this work we constructed a XO immobilized cellulose membrane colorimetric biosensor (XNCM) by the TEMPO oxidation, amide bond coupling and nitro blue tetrazolium chloride (NBT) loading method. As expected, the XNCM was able to detect xanthine, with high selectivity and sensitivity by colorimetric method with a distinctive color change from yellow to purple, which can be easily observed by the naked-eye in just 8 min without any complex instrumentation. In addition, the XNCM sensor performed screening of 21 different compounds and have been successfully pre-screened out XOIs with biological activity. Most importantly, the XNCM was able to quantitatively detect the IC50 values of two commercial inhibitors (febuxostat and allopurinol). All the results confirmed that the XNCM is a simple and effective tool which can be used for the accelerated screening of XOIs and has the potential to uncover additional XOIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Sun
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Hubei key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Key Laboratory of Novel Biomass-based Environmental and Energy Materials in Petroleum, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, PR China
| | - Wenlong Yu
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Hubei key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Key Laboratory of Novel Biomass-based Environmental and Energy Materials in Petroleum, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, PR China
| | - Mixue Gong
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Hubei key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Key Laboratory of Novel Biomass-based Environmental and Energy Materials in Petroleum, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, PR China
| | - Jingfang Ma
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Hubei key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Key Laboratory of Novel Biomass-based Environmental and Energy Materials in Petroleum, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, PR China
| | - Genyan Liu
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Hubei key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Key Laboratory of Novel Biomass-based Environmental and Energy Materials in Petroleum, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, PR China.
| | - Tao Mei
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China.
| | - Xiaogang Luo
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Hubei key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Key Laboratory of Novel Biomass-based Environmental and Energy Materials in Petroleum, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, PR China.
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Maghsoud Y, Dong C, Cisneros GA. Investigation of the Inhibition Mechanism of Xanthine Oxidoreductase by Oxipurinol: A Computational Study. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:4190-4206. [PMID: 37319436 PMCID: PMC10405278 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c00624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) is an enzyme found in various organisms. It converts hypoxanthine to xanthine and urate, which are crucial steps in purine elimination in humans. Elevated uric acid levels can lead to conditions like gout and hyperuricemia. Therefore, there is significant interest in developing drugs that target XOR for treating these conditions and other diseases. Oxipurinol, an analogue of xanthine, is a well-known inhibitor of XOR. Crystallographic studies have revealed that oxipurinol directly binds to the molybdenum cofactor (MoCo) in XOR. However, the precise details of the inhibition mechanism are still unclear, which would be valuable for designing more effective drugs with similar inhibitory functions. In this study, molecular dynamics and quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics calculations are employed to investigate the inhibition mechanism of XOR by oxipurinol. The study examines the structural and dynamic effects of oxipurinol on the pre-catalytic structure of the metabolite-bound system. Our results provide insights on the reaction mechanism catalyzed by the MoCo center in the active site, which aligns well with experimental findings. Furthermore, the results provide insights into the residues surrounding the active site and propose an alternative mechanism for developing alternative covalent inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazdan Maghsoud
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Chao Dong
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, The University of Texas Permian Basin, Odessa, Texas 79762, United States
| | - G Andrés Cisneros
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
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3
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Maghsoud Y, Dong C, Cisneros GA. Computational Characterization of the Inhibition Mechanism of Xanthine Oxidoreductase by Topiroxostat. ACS Catal 2023; 13:6023-6043. [PMID: 37547543 PMCID: PMC10399974 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c01245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase (XO) is a member of the molybdopterin-containing enzyme family. It interconverts xanthine to uric acid as the last step of purine catabolism in the human body. The high uric acid concentration in the blood directly leads to human diseases like gout and hyperuricemia. Therefore, drugs that inhibit the biosynthesis of uric acid by human XO have been clinically used for many years to decrease the concentration of uric acid in the blood. In this study, the inhibition mechanism of XO and a new promising drug, topiroxostat (code: FYX-051), is investigated by employing molecular dynamics (MD) and quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) calculations. This drug has been reported to act as both a noncovalent and covalent inhibitor and undergoes a stepwise inhibition by all its hydroxylated metabolites, which include 2-hydroxy-FYX-051, dihydroxy-FYX-051, and trihydroxy-FYX-051. However, the detailed mechanism of inhibition of each metabolite remains elusive and can be useful for designing more effective drugs with similar inhibition functions. Hence, herein we present the computational investigation of the structural and dynamical effects of FYX-051 and the calculated reaction mechanism for all of the oxidation steps catalyzed by the molybdopterin center in the active site. Calculated results for the proposed reaction mechanisms for each metabolite's inhibition reaction in the enzyme's active site, binding affinities, and the noncovalent interactions with the surrounding amino acid residues are consistent with previously reported experimental findings. Analysis of the noncovalent interactions via energy decomposition analysis (EDA) and noncovalent interaction (NCI) techniques suggests that residues L648, K771, E802, R839, L873, R880, R912, F914, F1009, L1014, and A1079 can be used as key interacting residues for further hybrid-type inhibitor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazdan Maghsoud
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Chao Dong
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, The University of Texas Permian Basin, Odessa, Texas 79762, United States
| | - G Andrés Cisneros
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States; Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
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Ten Years Milestones in Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors Discovery: Febuxostat-Based Inhibitors Trends, Bifunctional Derivatives, and Automatized Screening Assays. ORGANICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/org3040026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase (XO) is an enzyme involved in the oxidative process of hypoxanthine and xanthine to uric acid (UA). This process also produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) as byproducts. Both UA and ROS are dangerous for human health, and some health conditions trigger upregulation of XO activity, which results in many diseases (cancer, atherosclerosis, hepatitis, gout, and others) given the worsened scenario of ROS and UA overproduction. So, XO became an attractive target to produce and discover novel selective drugs based on febuxostat, the most recent XO inhibitor out of only two approved by FDA. Under this context, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE) have been successfully applied to rapidly and easily screen for bioactive compounds, isolated or in complex natural matrixes, that act as enzyme inhibitors through the use of an immobilized enzyme reactor (IMER). This article’s goal is to present advances comprising febuxostat-based XO inhibitors as a new trend, bifunctional moieties capable of inhibiting XO and modulating ROS activity, and in-flow techniques employing an IMER in HPLC and CE to screen for synthetic and natural compounds that act as XO inhibitors.
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Jiang C, Chen Y, Gao P, Zhang S, Jia X, Yuan Y. Direct Transformation of Nitrogen-Containing Methylheteroarenes to Heteroaryl Nitrile by Sodium Nitrite. Org Lett 2022; 24:6341-6345. [PMID: 35993577 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The cyanation reaction of methylheteroarenes with acetyl chloride and sodium nitrite via the radical process in high yields is reported. According to the control experiments, the reaction mechanism underwent radical progress. It is very useful in the pharmacy industry due to its metal-free and easy treatment conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhui Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Yuqin Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Pan Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Shuwei Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Xiaodong Jia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Yu Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
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Singh A, Heer S, Kaur K, Gulati HK, Kumar N, Sharma A, Singh JV, Bhagat K, Kaur G, Kaur K, Singh H, Chadha R, Bedi PMS. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of isatin-indole-3-carboxaldehyde hybrids as a new class of xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2022; 355:e2200033. [PMID: 35315115 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of triazole-linked isatin-indole-3-carboxaldehyde hybrids based on the febuxostat skeleton and its binding site interactions were rationally designed and synthesized as potential xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Among the synthesized hybrids, A19 showed the most potent xanthine oxidase inhibition (IC50 = 0.37 µM) with the mixed-type inhibitory scenario. Structure-activity relationship studies revealed that methoxy (OCH3 ) substitution on position 5 of the isatin nucleus and a two-carbon distance between isatin and the triazole moiety is most tolerable for the inhibitory potential. Various binding interactions of A19 with the binding site of xanthine oxidase are also streamlined by molecular docking studies, which showcase the favorable binding pattern for xanthine oxidase inhibition by the hybrid. Furthermore, molecular dynamic studies were performed that suggest the stability of the enzyme-hybrid complex. Overall, the study suggests that hybrid A19 can act as an effective hit lead for further development of potent xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atamjit Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Shilpa Heer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Komalpreet Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Harmandeep K Gulati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Nitish Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Anchal Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Jatinder V Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Kavita Bhagat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Gurinder Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Kirandeep Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Harbinder Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Renu Chadha
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Punjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Preet M S Bedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India.,Drug and Pollution Testing Laboratory, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
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7
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Zhang L, Tian J, Cheng H, Yang Y, Yang Y, Ye F, Xiao Z. Identification of novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors via virtual screening with enhanced characterization of molybdopterin binding groups. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 230:114101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Yang H, Li X, Li G, Huang H, Yang W, Jiang X, Sen M, Liu J, Liu Y, Pan Y, Wang G. Accurate quantitative determination of affinity and binding kinetics for tight binding inhibition of xanthine oxidase. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 139:111664. [PMID: 34243606 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The accurate quantitative determination of affinity and binding kinetics (BK) for tight binding inhibition is extraordinary important from both the continuous optimization of compounds, particularly in developing structure-activity relationships (SAR), and the prediction of in vivo target occupancy (TO). Due to the unique properties for tight binding inhibition that the inhibitors are characterized by the ultrahigh-affinity, relatively fast association to the target enzyme combined with extremely slow dissociation of the inhibitor-enzyme binary complex, the classical steady state equilibrium methods are no longer valid. Here, we made several recommendations of how to design the optimal experiments and apply special mathematical calculation approaches to quantitatively evaluate the accurate affinity and BK as the examples of two tight binding inhibitors against the xanthine oxidase (XO), as well as compared the differences in the results calculated from the different data analytical methods and analyzed the influence of these differences on the XO engagement in human. Analysis of the results displayed that the accurate apparent dissociation constant (Ki*,app) was 0.2 ± 0.06 nM for topiroxotstat and was 0.45 ± 0.2 nM for febuxostat; that on-rate (kon) was (4.3 ± 1.1) × 106 M-1s-1 for topiroxotstat and was(133.3 ± 3.5) × 106 M-1s-1 for febuxostat, and off-rate (koff) was (1.0±0.2) × 10-5 s-1 for topiroxotstat and was ≤ 0.16 × 10-5 s-1for febuxostat. Moreover, there were significant differences in the Ki*,app and koff values estimated using the appropriate specialized methods for tight binding inhibition versus classical steady state equilibrium methods, with the substantial differences of 14-fold and 32-fold reduction for topiroxostat, respectively, and of 9.6-fold and ≥ 213-fold reduction for febuxostat, while the kon values remain the moderate differences for the two inhibitors. The obvious greater AUC of XO engagement time courses and longer durations of above 70% engagement by the appropriate specialized methods for tight binding inhibition were observed that the results display the differences of 70.1% and 88%, respectively for topiroxostat and of 38.1% and 35.0%, respectively for febuxostat in human liver cell than by classical steady state equilibrium methods. Again, our studies provide several valuable recommendations of the optimal experiment protocols and appropriate analytical approaches for accurately quantitatively assessing the affinity and BK parameters as well as demonstrate the ability of our recommended methods to generate reliable data for tight binding inhibitors against XO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Xueyan Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Gang Li
- Beijing Adamadle Biotech Co., Ltd., Beijing 100102, China
| | - Huating Huang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Wenning Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Xiaoquan Jiang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Muli Sen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Yanli Pan
- Institute of Information on Traditional Chinese Medicine China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Guopeng Wang
- Zhongcai Health (Beijing) Biological Technology Development Co., Ltd., Beijing 101500, China.
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Sassetti E, Clausen MH, Laraia L. Small-Molecule Inhibitors of Reactive Oxygen Species Production. J Med Chem 2021; 64:5252-5275. [PMID: 33856791 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in physiological cellular processes including differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis by acting as signaling molecules or regulators of transcription factors. The maintenance of appropriate cellular ROS levels is termed redox homeostasis, a balance between their production and neutralization. High concentrations of ROS may contribute to severe pathological events including cancer, neurodegenerative, and cardiovascular diseases. In recent years, approaches to target the sources of ROS production directly in order to develop tool compounds or potential therapeutics have been explored. Herein, we briefly outline the major sources of cellular ROS production and comprehensively review the targeting of these by small-molecule inhibitors. We critically assess the value of ROS inhibitors with different mechanisms-of-action, including their potency, mode-of-action, known off-target effects, and clinical or preclinical status, while suggesting future avenues of research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Sassetti
- Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mads H Clausen
- Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Luca Laraia
- Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Alghamdi AA, Althumali JS, Almalki MMM, Almasoudi AS, Almuntashiri AH, Almuntashiri AH, Mohammed AI, Alkinani AA, Almahdawi MS, Mahzari MAH. An Overview on the Role of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors in Gout Management. ARCHIVES OF PHARMACY PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.51847/rkcpaycprc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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11
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Abdizadeh R, Heidarian E, Hadizadeh F, Abdizadeh T. Investigation of pyrimidine analogues as xanthine oxidase inhibitors to treat of hyperuricemia and gout through combined QSAR techniques, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2020.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Yang Y, Zhang L, Tian J, Ye F, Xiao Z. Identification of xanthine oxidase inhibitors through hierarchical virtual screening. RSC Adv 2020; 10:27752-27763. [PMID: 35516940 PMCID: PMC9055609 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra03143g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As a critical enzyme for the uric acid production, xanthine oxidase (XO) has emerged as a primary drug target for antihyperuricemic therapy. A hierarchical virtual screening integrating both ligand-based and structure-based approaches was applied herein to identify potent XO inhibitors. Four compounds, which were previously reported as XO inhibitors, were recognized through the virtual screening protocol, and compound H3, which is distinct from the structures of known XO inhibitors, was identified as a new chemotype inhibitor with IC50 of 2.6 μM. The binding mode of H3 was further investigated by molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The results suggested the feasibility to discover new chemotypes of XO inhibitors via integrated virtual screening strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100050 China +86-10-63189228
| | - Lei Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100050 China +86-10-63189228
| | - Jinying Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100050 China
| | - Fei Ye
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100050 China
| | - Zhiyan Xiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100050 China +86-10-63189228
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13
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Novel 3-[4-alkoxy-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl) phenyl]-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5(4H)-ones as promising xanthine oxidase inhibitors: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation. Bioorg Chem 2020; 95:103564. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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14
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Luna G, Dolzhenko AV, Mancera RL. Inhibitors of Xanthine Oxidase: Scaffold Diversity and Structure-Based Drug Design. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:714-743. [PMID: 30740924 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase (XO) is the enzyme responsible for the catabolism of purines and their conversion into uric acid. XO is thus the target for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout. For more than 50 years the only XO inhibitor drug available on the market was the purine analogue allopurinol. In the last decade there has been a resurgence in the search for new inhibitors of XO, as the activity of XO and hyperuricemia have also been associated with a variety of conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, and other cardiovascular diseases. In recent years the non-purine inhibitor febuxostat was approved in Europe and the USA for the treatment of hyperuricemia. This drug was followed by another XO inhibitor called topiroxostat. This review discusses the molecular structures and activities of the multiple classes of inhibitors that have been developed since the discovery of allopurinol, with a brief review of the molecular interactions between inhibitors and XO active site residues for the most important molecules. The challenges ahead for the discovery of new inhibitors of XO with novel chemical structures are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Luna
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
| | - Anton V Dolzhenko
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Ricardo L Mancera
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
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Hosoya T, Ishikawa T, Ogawa Y, Sakamoto R, Ohashi T. Multicenter, Open-Label Study of Long-Term Topiroxostat (FYX-051) Administration in Japanese Hyperuricemic Patients with or Without Gout. Clin Drug Investig 2019; 38:1135-1143. [PMID: 30219951 PMCID: PMC6267543 DOI: 10.1007/s40261-018-0699-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives Topiroxostat—a novel selective xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor—has been reported to reduce serum urate levels. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of long-term topiroxostat administration in Japanese hyperuricemic patients with or without gout. Methods This multicenter, open-label study evaluated the efficacy and safety of long-term twice-daily oral topiroxostat administration in patients with or without gout. The initial topiroxostat dosage was 40–80 mg/day, and the maintenance dosage was 120 mg/day, which was increased to 240 mg/day at 40 mg increments if the serum urate level exceeded 6.0 mg/dL. Results Serum urate level, which was the primary endpoint, decreased stably over time and showed significant reduction on the final visit (38.44% ± 13.34%) compared with that at the baseline. Both urinary albumin/creatinine ratio and mean blood pressure significantly improved. The overall incidence rate of adverse drug reactions to topiroxostat was 67.8%; on the final visit, the rate of adverse drug reactions was 66.7% with 120 mg/day, 72.2% with 160 mg/day, 53.8% with ≥ 200 mg/day, and 100% with the other dosages. On the final visit, the incidence of gouty arthritis, for which a causal relationship with topiroxostat could not be ruled out, was 4.1% overall, 4.8% with 120 mg/day, 0% with 160 mg/day, and 7.7% with ≥ 200 mg/day. Conclusions We verified the efficacy and safety of 58-week oral topiroxostat administration at stepwise increments to up to 240 mg/day. Study Registration JAPIC CTI-101068.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Hosoya
- Department of Pathophysiology and Therapy in Chronic Kidney Disease, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Ishikawa
- Medical Affairs Department, Reliability and Quality Assurance Division, Fuji Yakuhin Co., Ltd., 4-383, Sakuragi-cho, Omiya-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama, 330-9508, Japan.
| | - Yoshimi Ogawa
- Clinical Development Department, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., LTD., Aichi, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Sakamoto
- R&D Planning Department, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., LTD., Aichi, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Ohashi
- Medical R&D Division, Fuji Yakuhin Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
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Abstract
In classical medicinal chemistry, nitrile groups were commonly considered as bioisosteres of carbonyl, hydroxyl and carboxyl groups, as well as halogen atoms. However, there is a lack of in-depth understanding about the structural and energetic characteristics of nitrile groups in protein–ligand interactions. Here, we have surveyed the Protein Data Bank and ChEMBL databases with the goal of characterizing such protein–ligand interactions for nitrile-containing compounds. We discuss the versatile roles of nitrile groups in improving binding affinities, and give special attention to examples of displacing and mimicking binding-site waters by nitrile groups. We expect that this review article will further inspire medicinal chemists to exploit nitrile groups rationally in structure-based drug design.
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Benn CL, Dua P, Gurrell R, Loudon P, Pike A, Storer RI, Vangjeli C. Physiology of Hyperuricemia and Urate-Lowering Treatments. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:160. [PMID: 29904633 PMCID: PMC5990632 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gout is the most common form of inflammatory arthritis and is a multifactorial disease typically characterized by hyperuricemia and monosodium urate crystal deposition predominantly in, but not limited to, the joints and the urinary tract. The prevalence of gout and hyperuricemia has increased in developed countries over the past two decades and research into the area has become progressively more active. We review the current field of knowledge with emphasis on active areas of hyperuricemia research including the underlying physiology, genetics and epidemiology, with a focus on studies which suggest association of hyperuricemia with common comorbidities including cardiovascular disease, renal insufficiency, metabolic syndrome and diabetes. Finally, we discuss current therapies and emerging drug discovery efforts aimed at delivering an optimized clinical treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pinky Dua
- Pfizer Ltd., Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Andrew Pike
- DMPK, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - R Ian Storer
- IMED Biotech Unit, Medicinal Chemistry, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Ali MR, Kumar S, Afzal O, Shalmali N, Ali W, Sharma M, Bawa S. 2-Benzamido-4-methylthiazole-5-carboxylic Acid Derivatives as Potential Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors and Free Radical Scavengers. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2017; 350. [PMID: 28133790 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201600313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The new chemical entities febuxostat and topiroxostat have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, opening new avenues for exploiting different heterocycles other than purines as xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitors. A different series of substituted 2-benzamido-4-methylthiazole-5-carboxylic acid derivatives (5a-r) was synthesized and characterized by the collective use of IR, 1 H and 13 C NMR, and mass spectroscopy, for the treatment of gout and hyperuricemia. In vitro studies of the synthesized derivatives revealed that the presence of a fluoro group at the para position in 5b (IC50 = 0.57 μm) and a chloro group in 5c (IC50 = 0.91 μm) signifies excellent XO inhibitory activity among the series, along with their DPPH free radial scavenging activity. In vivo serum uric acid inhibition studies established that 5b and 5c displayed 62 and 53% uric acid inhibition, respectively. Studies on enzyme kinetics indicated that 5b acts as a mixed type inhibitor. In silico prediction by various softwares also helped in the recognition of potent XO inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Rahmat Ali
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | - Obaid Afzal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | - Nishtha Shalmali
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | - Wazid Ali
- Hamdard Institute of Medical Science, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | - Manju Sharma
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | - Sandhya Bawa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
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Hosoya T, Sasaki T, Ohashi T. Clinical efficacy and safety of topiroxostat in Japanese hyperuricemic patients with or without gout: a randomized, double-blinded, controlled phase 2b study. Clin Rheumatol 2016; 36:649-656. [PMID: 27832384 PMCID: PMC5323498 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-016-3474-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Topiroxostat, a selective xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor, is used in Japan for the treatment of hyperuricemic patients with or without gout. In terms of the effectiveness of topiroxostat in lowering serum urate levels, the dose-response relationship has been evaluated; however, it remains to be verified. A randomized, multi-center, double-blinded study of topiroxostat was performed for Japanese hyperuricemic patients with or without gout. During the 16-week study, 157 Japanese hyperuricemic patients with or without gout were randomly assigned to receive a placebo, topiroxostat at 120 or 160 mg/day, or allopurinol at 200 mg/day. The primary endpoint of this study was to determine the lowering rate of serum uric acid levels compared to those of baseline at the end of administration. A dose-response relationship (regarding decreases in the serum urate levels) was confirmed for the placebo and topiroxostat at 120 and at 160 mg/day. Moreover, at the end of administration, the lowering rate of serum urate levels was determined to be -44.8% in the topiroxostat 160-mg/day group. No significant difference in the incidence of adverse events was observed among all groups, including the allopurinol group. The serum urate-lowering effect of topiroxostat was found to have a dose-response relationship in Japanese hyperuricemic patients with or without gout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Hosoya
- Department of Pathophysiology and Therapy in Chronic Kidney Disease, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomomitsu Sasaki
- Development Department, Medical R&D Division, Fuji Yakuhin Co., Ltd., 4-383, Sakuragi-cho, Omiya-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama, 330-9508, Japan.
| | - Tetsuo Ohashi
- Development Department, Medical R&D Division, Fuji Yakuhin Co., Ltd., 4-383, Sakuragi-cho, Omiya-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama, 330-9508, Japan
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Molecular modelling studies of 3,5-dipyridyl-1,2,4-triazole derivatives as xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitors using 3D-QSAR, Topomer CoMFA, molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulations. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2016.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kamijo-Ikemori A, Sugaya T, Hibi C, Nakamura T, Murase T, Oikawa T, Hoshino S, Hisamichi M, Hirata K, Kimura K, Shibagaki Y. Renoprotective effect of the xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor topiroxostat on adenine-induced renal injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 310:F1366-76. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00517.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to reveal the effect of a xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) inhibitor, topiroxostat (Top), compared with another inhibitor, febuxostat (Feb), in an adenine-induced renal injury model. We used human liver-type fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP) chromosomal transgenic mice, and urinary L-FABP, a biomarker of tubulointerstitial damage, was used to evaluate tubulointerstitial damage. Male transgenic mice ( n = 24) were fed a 0.2% (wt/wt) adenine-containing diet. Two weeks after the start of this diet, renal dysfunction was confirmed, and the mice were divided into the following four groups: the adenine group was given only the diet containing adenine, and the Feb, high-dose Top (Top-H), and low-dose Top (Top-L) groups were given diets containing Feb (3 mg/kg), Top-H (3 mg/kg), and Top-L (1 mg/kg) in addition to adenine for another 2 wk. After withdrawal of the adenine diet, each medication was continued for 2 wk. Serum creatinine levels, the degree of macrophage infiltration, tubulointerstitial damage, renal fibrosis, urinary 15-F2t-isoprostane levels, and renal XOR activity were significantly attenuated in the kidneys of the Feb, Top-L, and Top-H groups compared with the adenine group. Serum creatinine levels in the Top-L and Top-H groups as well as renal XOR in the Top-H group were significantly lower than those in the Feb group. Urinary excretion of L-FABP in both the Top-H and Top-L groups was significantly lower than in the adenine and Feb groups. In conclusion, Top attenuated renal damage in an adenine-induced renal injury model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Kamijo-Ikemori
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Anatomy, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sugaya
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
- CMIC Holdings Company, Limited, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Chihiro Hibi
- Biopharmaceutical Study Group, Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Company, Limited, Mie, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- Biopharmaceutical Study Group, Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Company, Limited, Mie, Japan
| | - Takayo Murase
- Radioisotope and Chemical Analysis Center, Laboratory Management Department, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Company, Limited, Mie, Japan
| | | | - Seiko Hoshino
- Department of Anatomy, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mikako Hisamichi
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Hirata
- Department of Anatomy, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Yugo Shibagaki
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
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Hosoya T, Ogawa Y, Hashimoto H, Ohashi T, Sakamoto R. Comparison of topiroxostat and allopurinol in Japanese hyperuricemic patients with or without gout: a phase 3, multicentre, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, active-controlled, parallel-group study. J Clin Pharm Ther 2016; 41:290-7. [PMID: 27109450 DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.12391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE There are no clinical reports that have compared topiroxostat, a selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor, with allopurinol in serum urate-lowering efficacy. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of topiroxostat and allopurinol in Japanese hyperuricemic patients with or without gout. METHODS A phase 3, multicentre, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, active-controlled, parallel-group study conducted in Japan. Patients who had inadequate serum urate levels (a gout patient: serum urate level ≥416·4 μmol/L; an asymptomatic hyperuricemic patient with specific complications (urinary lithiasis, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and/or diabetes): serum urate level ≥475·8 μmol/L; and an asymptomatic hyperuricemic patient with no specific complications: serum urate level ≥535·3 μmol/L) were randomized to topiroxostat 120 mg/day or allopurinol 200 mg/day, with an equal allocation ratio, for 16 weeks. To prevent the onset of gouty arthritis by rapid serum urate reduction, these doses were increased in a stepwise manner. The primary efficacy endpoint was the per cent change in serum urate level from baseline to the final visit. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Overall, 206 patients were randomly assigned to topiroxostat and allopurinol. Two hundred and three patients (allopurinol: n = 105, topiroxostat: n = 98) received at least one dose of the study drug and had their serum urate level assessed at least once. The baseline characteristics were comparable between groups. The mean age of patients was 53·0 ± 11·4 years and 99% of patients were male. The primary efficacy endpoint was -34·3 ± 11·1% in the allopurinol group (n = 105) and -36·3 ± 12·7% in the topiroxostat group (n = 98). Non-inferiority of the serum urate-lowering efficacy of topiroxostat to allopurinol was proved by the predefined non-inferiority margin (95% confidence interval, -5·3 to 1·3%). The overall incidences of adverse events and adverse drug reactions were similar between both groups. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION Topiroxostat 120 mg/day provides non-inferior serum urate reduction compared with allopurinol 200 mg/day and is well tolerated in Japanese hyperuricemic patients with or without gout.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hosoya
- Department of Pathophysiology and Therapy in Chronic Kidney Disease, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Ogawa
- Drug Development Center, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co. Ltd., Aichi, Japan
| | - H Hashimoto
- Drug Development Center, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co. Ltd., Aichi, Japan
| | - T Ohashi
- Medical R&D Division, Fuji Yakuhin Co. Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - R Sakamoto
- Drug Development Center, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co. Ltd., Aichi, Japan
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Hosoya T, Sasaki T, Hashimoto H, Sakamoto R, Ohashi T. Clinical efficacy and safety of topiroxostat in Japanese male hyperuricemic patients with or without gout: an exploratory, phase 2a, multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Pharm Ther 2016; 41:298-305. [PMID: 27079434 DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.12392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE In Japan, although topiroxostat, a selective xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor, has been used for the treatment of patients with hyperuricemia including gout, no published randomized controlled studies evaluating the dose-dependent relationship with respect to the serum urate-lowering efficacy have been reported. The aim of this study was to evaluate the dose-dependent relationship with serum urate-lowering efficacy and safety of topiroxostat in Japanese hyperuricemic patients including gout. METHODS We conducted an exploratory, phase 2a, multicentre, randomized, double-blind, 8-week, placebo-controlled study in Japanese hyperuricemic patients with or without gout. The study arms were placebo and topiroxostat 40, 60, 80 or 120 mg/day. The primary efficacy endpoint was the per cent change in serum urate level from baseline to the final visit. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION One hundred and eighty-seven eligible patients were randomized and 186 received at least one dose of the study drug. The study results demonstrated a dose-dependent serum urate reduction effect ranging from 40 to 120 mg/day (P < 0·001, Jonckheere-Terpstra test). The mean per cent change in serum urate level from baseline at the final visit was -30·8% in the 120-mg group and 1·6% with placebo, with a between-group difference of -32·4% ([95% confidence interval, -38·9% to -25·9%]; P < 0·001). Incidences of overall adverse events (AEs) in the topiroxostat groups were comparable to those in the placebo group; however, the incidence of AEs in the 120-mg group was statistically lower than that in the placebo group. The incidences of gouty arthritis were not statistically but numerically higher in the topiroxostat 80- and 120-mg groups. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSIONS A dose-dependent serum urate-lowering efficacy of topiroxostat was observed in Japanese hyperuricemic male patients with or without gout. Further clinical studies aimed at evaluating the long-term safety and clinical efficacy are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hosoya
- Department of Pathophysiology and Therapy in Chronic Kidney Disease, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Sasaki
- Medical R&D Division, Fuji Yakuhin Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - H Hashimoto
- Drug Development Center, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd., Aichi, Japan
| | - R Sakamoto
- Drug Development Center, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd., Aichi, Japan
| | - T Ohashi
- Medical R&D Division, Fuji Yakuhin Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
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Sathisha KR, Gopal S, Rangappa KS. Antihyperuricemic effects of thiadiazolopyrimidin-5-one analogues in oxonate treated rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 776:99-105. [PMID: 26875636 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Hyperuricemia is a risk factor for not only gout, but also to a variety of disorders that affect the vital organ systems of the human body. The xanthine oxidase (XO) is the key enzyme in the production of uric acid and its inhibition can inhibit hyperuricemia. Although, XO inhibitor allopurinol is widely prescribed antigout agent but its use is not without any side effects. Previously, we described the synthesis of four novel thiadiazolopyrimidin-5-one analogues as effective XO inhibitors and molecular docking studies also confirmed this. When these analogues were tested in potassium oxonate treated rats, their serum uric acid and creatinine levels were dropped significantly from 4.85±0.03 mg/dl to 1.21±0.01 mg/dl and 0.92±0.02 mg/dl to 0.40±0.02 mg/dl respectively. Among the pyrimidine analogues tested, 6a was most potent. Histological examinations of both liver and kidney tissues exhibited severe necrosis in oxonate treated rats and pyrimidine analogues could significantly attenuate this with a correlative inhibitory profile of hepatic XO from the same rats. Our results demonstrate antihyperuricemic effect of novel thiadiazolopyrimidin-5-one analogues in oxonate treated rats, which can be further explored not only as antigout therapeutics but also in other systems where hyperuricemia is the driving cause of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadanuru R Sathisha
- Department of Studies in Microbiology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, India; Department of Studies in Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, India
| | - Shubha Gopal
- Department of Studies in Microbiology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, India.
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Ali MR, Kumar S, Afzal O, Shalmali N, Sharma M, Bawa S. Development of 2-(Substituted Benzylamino)-4-Methyl-1, 3-Thiazole-5-Carboxylic Acid Derivatives as Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors and Free Radical Scavengers. Chem Biol Drug Des 2015; 87:508-16. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Md Rahmat Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard; New Delhi 110062 India
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard; New Delhi 110062 India
| | - Obaid Afzal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard; New Delhi 110062 India
| | - Nishtha Shalmali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard; New Delhi 110062 India
| | - Manju Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology; Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard; New Delhi 110062 India
| | - Sandhya Bawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard; New Delhi 110062 India
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Qi D, You J, Wang X, Zhang Y. Synthesis, Crystal Structures and Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activity of 2-(Benzylthio)-5-[1-(4-Fluorobenzyl)-3-Phenyl-1H-Pyrazol-5-Yl]-1,3,4-Oxadiazoles Derivatives. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.3184/174751915x14474176305729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A synthetic route for the preparation of 2-(benzylthio)-5-[1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-3-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]-1,3,4-oxadiazoles derivatives from ethyl 3-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxylate has been developed. The configurations of the intermediate 1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thione and 3-bromobenzylthio substituted 1,3,4-oxadiazole were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The in vitro xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of these compounds was evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deqiang Qi
- School of Science and Technology, Zhejiang International Studies University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, P.R. China
| | - Jinzong You
- School of Science and Technology, Zhejiang International Studies University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, P.R. China
| | - Xuejie Wang
- School of Science and Technology, Zhejiang International Studies University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, P.R. China
| | - Yiping Zhang
- School of Science and Technology, Zhejiang International Studies University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, P.R. China
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Synthesis, crystal structures, fluorescence and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of pyrazole-based 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives. J Mol Struct 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2015.07.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Kumar D, Kaur G, Negi A, Kumar S, Singh S, Kumar R. Synthesis and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of 5,6-dihydropyrazolo/pyrazolo[1,5-c]quinazoline derivatives. Bioorg Chem 2014; 57:57-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hosoya T, Ohno I, Nomura S, Hisatome I, Uchida S, Fujimori S, Yamamoto T, Hara S. Effects of topiroxostat on the serum urate levels and urinary albumin excretion in hyperuricemic stage 3 chronic kidney disease patients with or without gout. Clin Exp Nephrol 2014; 18:876-84. [PMID: 24448692 PMCID: PMC4271138 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-014-0935-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background
Topiroxostat, a selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor, shows effective reduction in the serum urate level in hyperuricemic patients with or without gout. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of topiroxostat in hyperuricemic stage 3 chronic kidney disease patients with or without gout. Methods The study design was a 22-week, randomized, multicenter, double-blind study. The enrolled patients were randomly assigned to treatment with topiroxostat 160 mg/day (n = 62) or to the placebo (n = 61). The endpoints were the percent change in the serum urate level, change in the estimated glomerular filtration rate, the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio, the proportion of patients with serum urate levels of 356.88 μmol/L or less, blood pressure, and serum adiponectin. Results After 22 weeks, although the changes in the estimated glomerular filtration rate and blood pressure were not significant, the percent change in the serum urate level (−45.38 vs. −0.08 %, P < 0.0001) and the percent change in urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (−33.0 vs. −6.0 %, P = 0.0092) were found to have decreased in the topiroxostat as compared with the placebo. Although the incidence of ‘alanine aminotransferase increased’ was higher in the topiroxostat, serious adverse event rates were similar in the two groups. Conclusion Topiroxostat 160 mg effectively reduced the serum urate level in the hyperuricemic stage 3 chronic kidney disease patients with or without gout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Hosoya
- Department of Pathophysiology and Therapy in Chronic Kidney Disease, Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan,
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Lü JM, Yao Q, Chen C. 3,4-Dihydroxy-5-nitrobenzaldehyde (DHNB) is a potent inhibitor of xanthine oxidase: a potential therapeutic agent for treatment of hyperuricemia and gout. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 86:1328-37. [PMID: 23994369 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Hyperuricemia, excess of uric acid in the blood, is a clinical problem that causes gout and is also considered a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The enzyme xanthine oxidase (XO) produces uric acid during the purine metabolism; therefore, discovering novel XO inhibitors is an important strategy to develop an effective therapy for hyperuricemia and gout. We found that 3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrobenzaldehyde (DHNB), a derivative of the natural substance protocatechuic aldehyde, potently inhibited XO activity with an IC₅₀ value of 3 μM. DHNB inhibited XO activity in a time-dependent manner, which was similar to that of allopurinol, a clinical XO inhibitory drug. DHNB displayed potent mixed-type inhibition of the activity of XO, and showed an additive effect with allopurinol at the low concentration. Structure-activity relationship studies of DHNB indicated that the aldehyde moiety, the catechol moiety, and nitration at C-5 were required for XO inhibition. DHNB interacted with the molybdenum center of XO and was slowly converted to its carboxylic acid at a rate of 10⁻¹⁰ mol/L/s. In addition, DHNB directly scavenged free radical DPPH and ROS, including ONOO⁻ and HOCl. DHNB effectively reduced serum uric acid levels in allantoxanamide-induced hyperuricemic mice. Furthermore, mice orally given a large dose (500 mg/kg) of DHNB did not show any side effects, while 42% of allopurinol (500 mg/kg)-treated mice died and their offspring lost their fur. Thus, DHNB could be an outstanding candidate for a novel XO inhibitory drug that has potent activity and low toxicity, as well as antioxidant activity and a distinct chemical structure from allopurinol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ming Lü
- Molecular Surgeon Research Center, Division of Surgical Research, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Trisubstituted thiophene analogues of 1-thiazolyl-2-pyrazoline, super oxidase inhibitors and free radical scavengers. Bioorg Med Chem 2012. [PMID: 23177727 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase (XO) generates superoxide anions and H(2)O(2) for the self-defence system of organism. Abnormal production of this superoxide's (reactive oxygen species) is responsible for a number of complications including inflammation, metabolic disorder, cellular aging, reperfusion damage, atherosclerosis and carcinogenesis. Series of novel trisubstituted thiophenyl-1-thiazolyl-2-pyrazoline libraries are synthesized containing 2,5-dichloro thiophene, 5-chloro-2-(benzylthio) thiophene and 5-chlorothiophene-2-sulphonamide, from chalcones in PEG-400 as green solvent. Superoxide (XO) inhibitory and free radical scavenging activities were also figured out with molecular modeling analysis, bearing in mind their possible future for super oxide inhibitor (Gout) therapeutics, compound 3k shows interesting superoxide inhibitory and free radical scavenger activity with IC(50)=6.2 μM, in comparison with allopurinol.
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Noninvasive determination of 2-[18F]-fluoroisonicotinic acid hydrazide pharmacokinetics by positron emission tomography in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:6284-90. [PMID: 23006755 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01644-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a global pandemic requiring sustained therapy to facilitate curing and to prevent the emergence of drug resistance. There are few adequate tools to evaluate drug dynamics within infected tissues in vivo. In this report, we evaluated a fluorinated analog of isoniazid (INH), 2-[(18)F]fluoroisonicotinic acid hydrazide (2-[(18)F]-INH), as a probe for imaging Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected mice by dynamic positron emission tomography (PET). We developed a tail vein catheter system to safely deliver drugs to M. tuberculosis aerosol-infected mice inside sealed biocontainment devices. Imaging was rapid and noninvasive, and it could simultaneously visualize multiple tissues. Dynamic PET imaging demonstrated that 2-[(18)F]-INH was extensively distributed and rapidly accumulated at the sites of infection, including necrotic pulmonary TB lesions. Compared to uninfected animals, M. tuberculosis-infected mice had a significantly higher PET signal within the lungs (P < 0.05) despite similar PET activity in the liver (P > 0.85), suggesting that 2-[(18)F]-INH accumulated at the site of the pulmonary infection. Furthermore, our data indicated that similar to INH, 2-[(18)F]-INH required specific activation and accumulated within the bacterium. Pathogen-specific metabolism makes positron-emitting INH analogs attractive candidates for development into imaging probes with the potential to both detect bacteria and yield pharmacokinetic data in situ. Since PET imaging is currently used clinically, this approach could be translated from preclinical studies to use in humans.
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Beedkar SD, Khobragade CN, Chobe SS, Dawane BS, Yemul O. Novel thiazolo-pyrazolyl derivatives as xanthine oxidase inhibitors and free radical scavengers. Int J Biol Macromol 2012; 50:947-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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B-Rao C, Kulkarni-Almeida A, Katkar KV, Khanna S, Ghosh U, Keche A, Shah P, Srivastava A, Korde V, Nemmani KV, Deshmukh NJ, Dixit A, Brahma MK, Bahirat U, Doshi L, Sharma R, Sivaramakrishnan H. Identification of novel isocytosine derivatives as xanthine oxidase inhibitors from a set of virtual screening hits. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:2930-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Fleming FF, Yao L, Ravikumar PC, Funk L, Shook BC. Nitrile-containing pharmaceuticals: efficacious roles of the nitrile pharmacophore. J Med Chem 2010; 53:7902-17. [PMID: 20804202 PMCID: PMC2988972 DOI: 10.1021/jm100762r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1119] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fraser F Fleming
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282-1530, USA.
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