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Zhang L, Peng XM, Damu GLV, Geng RX, Zhou CH. Comprehensive review in current developments of imidazole-based medicinal chemistry. Med Res Rev 2013; 34:340-437. [PMID: 23740514 DOI: 10.1002/med.21290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 473] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Imidazole ring is an important five-membered aromatic heterocycle widely present in natural products and synthetic molecules. The unique structural feature of imidazole ring with desirable electron-rich characteristic is beneficial for imidazole derivatives to readily bind with a variety of enzymes and receptors in biological systems through diverse weak interactions, thereby exhibiting broad bioactivities. The related research and developments of imidazole-based medicinal chemistry have become a rapidly developing and increasingly active topic. Particularly, numerous imidazole-based compounds as clinical drugs have been extensively used in the clinic to treat various types of diseases with high therapeutic potency, which have shown the enormous development value. This work systematically gives a comprehensive review in current developments of imidazole-based compounds in the whole range of medicinal chemistry as anticancer, antifungal, antibacterial, antitubercular, anti-inflammatory, antineuropathic, antihypertensive, antihistaminic, antiparasitic, antiobesity, antiviral, and other medicinal agents, together with their potential applications in diagnostics and pathology. It is hoped that this review will be helpful for new thoughts in the quest for rational designs of more active and less toxic imidazole-based medicinal drugs, as well as more effective diagnostic agents and pathologic probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- Laboratory of Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
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2-(1H-Pyrazol-4-yl)acetic acids as CRTh2 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:3349-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.03.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) plays a key role in many of the physiological markings of allergic inflammation including vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, vascular permeability and lymphocyte recruitment. The action of this molecule is elicited through its two primary receptors, DP and CRTH2. Activation of CRTH2 leads to lymphocyte chemotaxis, potentiation of histamine release from basophils, production of inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13) by Th2 cells, eosinophil degranulation and prevention of Th2 cell apoptosis. As such, antagonism of CRTH2 has been reported to ameliorate the symptoms associated with various allergen challenge animal models including murine antigen induced lung inflammation, murine cigarette smoke induced lung inflammation, murine allergic rhinitis, guinea pig PGD2-induced airflow obstruction, guinea pig airway hyper-responsiveness, sheep airway hyper-responsiveness and murine contact hypersensitivity. CRTH2 antagonists fall into four broad categories: tricyclic ramatroban analogues, indole acetic acids, phenyl/phenoxy acetic acids and non-acid-containing tetrahydroquinolines. Numerous CRTH2 antagonists have been advanced into the clinic and early reports from two Phase II trials suggest promising activity in the alleviation of atopic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. NATHAN TUMEY
- Pfizer Global R&D Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, MS 8220-3563, 445 Eastern Point Rd Groton, CT 06340 USA
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Pettipher R, Whittaker M. Update on the development of antagonists of chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells (CRTH2). From lead optimization to clinical proof-of-concept in asthma and allergic rhinitis. J Med Chem 2012; 55:2915-31. [PMID: 22224640 DOI: 10.1021/jm2013997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roy Pettipher
- Oxagen Ltd., 91 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RY, UK.
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Scott JM, Baccei C, Bain G, Broadhead A, Evans JF, Fagan P, Hutchinson JH, King C, Lorrain DS, Lee C, Prasit P, Prodanovich P, Santini A, Stearns BA. Discovery and optimization of a biphenylacetic acid series of prostaglandin D2 receptor DP2 antagonists with efficacy in a murine model of allergic rhinitis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:6608-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Chen JJ, Budelsky AL. Prostaglandin D₂ receptor CRTH2 antagonists for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2011; 50:49-107. [PMID: 21315928 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-381290-2.00002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Jeffrey Chen
- Chemistry Research and Discovery, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Dr. Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
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Crosignani S, Prêtre A, Jorand-Lebrun C, Fraboulet G, Seenisamy J, Augustine JK, Missotten M, Humbert Y, Cleva C, Abla N, Daff H, Schott O, Schneider M, Burgat-Charvillon F, Rivron D, Hamernig I, Arrighi JF, Gaudet M, Zimmerli SC, Juillard P, Johnson Z. Discovery of Potent, Selective, and Orally Bioavailable Alkynylphenoxyacetic Acid CRTH2 (DP2) Receptor Antagonists for the Treatment of Allergic Inflammatory Diseases. J Med Chem 2011; 54:7299-317. [DOI: 10.1021/jm200866y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Adeline Prêtre
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 Chemin des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Gaële Fraboulet
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 Chemin des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jeyaprakashnarayanan Seenisamy
- Syngene International Ltd., Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 & 3, Bommasandra IV Phase, Bommasandra, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560 099, India
| | - John Kallikat Augustine
- Syngene International Ltd., Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 & 3, Bommasandra IV Phase, Bommasandra, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560 099, India
| | - Marc Missotten
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 Chemin des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yves Humbert
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 Chemin des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Cleva
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 Chemin des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nada Abla
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 Chemin des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hamina Daff
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 Chemin des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Schott
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 Chemin des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Delphine Rivron
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 Chemin des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ingrid Hamernig
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 Chemin des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Marilène Gaudet
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 Chemin des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Pierre Juillard
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 Chemin des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Zoe Johnson
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 Chemin des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
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Woodward DF, Jones RL, Narumiya S. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXXIII: classification of prostanoid receptors, updating 15 years of progress. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 63:471-538. [PMID: 21752876 DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.003517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now more than 15 years since the molecular structures of the major prostanoid receptors were elucidated. Since then, substantial progress has been achieved with respect to distribution and function, signal transduction mechanisms, and the design of agonists and antagonists (http://www.iuphar-db.org/DATABASE/FamilyIntroductionForward?familyId=58). This review systematically details these advances. More recent developments in prostanoid receptor research are included. The DP(2) receptor, also termed CRTH2, has little structural resemblance to DP(1) and other receptors described in the original prostanoid receptor classification. DP(2) receptors are more closely related to chemoattractant receptors. Prostanoid receptors have also been found to heterodimerize with other prostanoid receptor subtypes and nonprostanoids. This may extend signal transduction pathways and create new ligand recognition sites: prostacyclin/thromboxane A(2) heterodimeric receptors for 8-epi-prostaglandin E(2), wild-type/alternative (alt4) heterodimers for the prostaglandin FP receptor for bimatoprost and the prostamides. It is anticipated that the 15 years of research progress described herein will lead to novel therapeutic entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Woodward
- Dept. of Biological Sciences RD3-2B, Allergan, Inc., 2525 Dupont Dr., Irvine, CA 92612, USA.
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Recent Advances in the Discovery and Development of CRTh2 Antagonists. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386009-5.00019-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD In asthmatic lung, allergen challenge leads to the production of large quantities of (prostaglandin D(2)) PGD(2) which both contracts human airway tissue and stimulates an inflammatory response. The identification of PGD(2) as the cognate ligand for a second specific receptor, the DP(2) receptor and the limited inhibition of its pro-inflammatory effects by TP or DP(1) receptor antagonists provide the stimulus to identify, and characterize, selective DP(2) antagonists. This has led to considerable interest in the development of such agents, stimulated by promising initial clinical data. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW The 10 DP(2) antagonists reported to be in clinical development are considered in as much detail as possible from available information. Reported preclinical efforts are also considered and contrasted to more advanced agents. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN A comprehensive overview of the state of the art in the development of DP(2) antagonists for the treatment of asthma, and knowledge of the companies which are currently actively seeking to develop such agents. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Considerable progress has been made in the development of selective DP(2) antagonists and initial indications are that they could prove a useful new option in the treatment of asthma. More comprehensive clinical results that will shortly become available will further clarify their therapeutic potential and also indicate the possibility of their use in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Ulven T, Kostenis E. Novel CRTH2 antagonists: a review of patents from 2006 to 2009. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2010; 20:1505-30. [PMID: 20946089 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2010.525506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD The receptor CRTH2 (also known as DP₂) is an important mediator of the inflammatory effects of prostaglandin D₂ and has attracted much attention as a therapeutic target for the treatment of conditions such as asthma, COPD, allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW The validation of CRTH2 as a therapeutic target and the early antagonists are summarized, CRTH2 antagonists published in the patent literature from 2006 to 2009 are comprehensively covered and a general update on the recent progress in the development of CRTH2 antagonists for the treatment of inflammatory diseases is provided. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Insight into the validation of CRTH2 as a therapeutic target, a comprehensive overview of the development of new CRTH2 ligands between 2006 and 2009, and a general overview of the state of the art. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Many diverse potent CRTH2 antagonists are now available, and several are in or on the way into the clinic. It is still early to draw final conclusions, but preliminary results give reason for optimism, and the prospect that we will see new CRTH2 antagonists reaching the market for the treatment of asthma, rhinitis, atopic dermatitis and/or COPD seems good.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trond Ulven
- University of Southern Denmark, Department of Physics and Chemistry, Denmark.
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Grimstrup M, Receveur JM, Rist Ø, Frimurer TM, Nielsen PA, Mathiesen JM, Högberg T. Exploration of SAR features by modifications of thiazoleacetic acids as CRTH2 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:1638-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.01.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Revised: 01/10/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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