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El-Meligie SEM, Khalil NA, El-Nassan HB, Ibraheem AAM. New synthetic approaches to thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidine and thieno[3,4-b]pyridine derivatives. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-020-01089-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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2
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Zammataro M, Merlo S, Barresi M, Parenti C, Hu H, Sortino MA, Chiechio S. Chronic Treatment with Fluoxetine Induces Sex-Dependent Analgesic Effects and Modulates HDAC2 and mGlu2 Expression in Female Mice. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:743. [PMID: 29104538 PMCID: PMC5654865 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gender and sex differences in pain recognition and drug responses have been reported in clinical trials and experimental models of pain. Among antidepressants, contradictory results have been observed in patients treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). This study evaluated sex differences in response to the SSRI fluoxetine after chronic administration in the mouse formalin test. Adult male and female CD1 mice were intraperitoneally injected with fluoxetine (10 mg/kg) for 21 days and subjected to pain assessment. Fluoxetine treatment reduced the second phase of the formalin test only in female mice without producing behavioral changes in males. We also observed that fluoxetine was able to specifically increase the expression of metabotropic glutamate receptor type-2 (mGlu2) in females. Also a reduced expression of the epigenetic modifying enzyme, histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2), in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and dorsal horn (DH) together with an increase histone 3 acetylation (H3) level was observed in females but not in males. With this study we provide evidence that fluoxetine induces sex specific changes in HDAC2 and mGlu2 expression in the DH of the spinal cord and in DRGs and suggests a molecular explanation for the analgesic effects in female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Zammataro
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Sara Merlo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Carmela Parenti
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Huijuan Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Maria A Sortino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Santina Chiechio
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Grilli M. Chronic pain and adult hippocampal neurogenesis: translational implications from preclinical studies. J Pain Res 2017; 10:2281-2286. [PMID: 29033604 PMCID: PMC5614764 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s146399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis (ahNG) occurs in the human brain. Adult generated neurons have been proposed to functionally contribute to relevant hippocampal functions such as learning and memory, mood regulation, and stress response. Learning, environmental enrichment, and physical exercise exert positive effects on ahNG. In parallel, these proneurogenic stimuli have been shown to ameliorate cognitive performance and/or depressive-like behavior in animal models. Conversely, aging, social isolation, and chronic stress exert negative effects on ahNG. Interestingly, reduction of hippocampal neurogenesis is suggested to potentially contribute to cognitive decline and mood alterations associated with aging and several neuropsychiatric disorders. Clinical observation demonstrates that patients affected by chronic pain often exhibit increased anxiety and depression, impaired cognitive flexibility, and memory capacities. As of today, our understanding of the molecular and cellular events that may underlie the comorbidity of chronic pain, depression, and cognitive impairment is limited. Herein we review recent preclinical data suggesting that chronic pain may induce profound changes in hippocampal plasticity, including reduced ahNG. We discuss the possibility that deregulated hippocampal neurogenesis in chronic pain may, at least in part, contribute to cognitive and mood alterations. Based on this hypothesis, the mechanisms underlying chronic pain-associated changes in hippocampal neurogenesis and related functions need to be addressed experimentally. One interesting feature of ahNG is its susceptibility to pharmacological modulation. Again, based on preclinical data we discuss the possibility that, at least in principle, distinct analgesic drugs commonly used in chronic pain states (typical and atypical opiates, α2δ ligands, and acetyl-l-carnitine) may differentially impact ahNG and that this aspect could be taken into account to reduce and/or prevent the potential risk of cognitive and emotional side effects in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariagrazia Grilli
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
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Bortolotto V, Grilli M. Opiate Analgesics as Negative Modulators of Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis: Potential Implications in Clinical Practice. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:254. [PMID: 28536527 PMCID: PMC5422555 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past decade, studies of the mechanisms and functional implications of adult hippocampal neurogenesis (ahNG) have significantly progressed. At present, it is proposed that adult born neurons may contribute to a variety of hippocampal-related functions, including specific cognitive aspects and mood regulation. Several groups focussed on the factors that regulate proliferation and fate determination of adult neural stem/progenitor cells (NSC/NPC), including clinically relevant drugs. Opiates were the first drugs shown to negatively impact neurogenesis in the adult mammalian hippocampus. Since that initial report, a vast array of information has been collected on the effect of opiate drugs, by either modulating proliferation of stem/progenitor cells or interfering with differentiation, maturation and survival of adult born neurons. The goal of this review is to critically revise the present state of knowledge on the effect of opiate drugs on the different developmental stages of ahNG, as well as the possible underlying mechanisms. We will also highlight the potential impact of deregulated hippocampal neurogenesis on patients undergoing chronic opiate treatment. Finally, we will discuss the differences in the negative impact on ahNG among clinically relevant opiate drugs, an aspect that may be potentially taken into account to avoid long-term deregulation of neural plasticity and its associated functions in the clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Bortolotto
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte OrientaleNovara, Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Grilli
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte OrientaleNovara, Italy
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Jang JW, Cho NC, Min SJ, Cho YS, Park KD, Seo SH, No KT, Pae AN. Novel Scaffold Identification of mGlu1 Receptor Negative Allosteric Modulators Using a Hierarchical Virtual Screening Approach. Chem Biol Drug Des 2015; 87:239-56. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Wan Jang
- Center for Neuro-Medicine; Brain Science Institute; Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST); Hwarangno 14-gil 5 Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791 Korea
- Department of Biological Chemistry; School of Science; Korea University of Science and Technology; 52 Eoeun dong Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-333 Korea
| | - Nam-Chul Cho
- Center for Neuro-Medicine; Brain Science Institute; Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST); Hwarangno 14-gil 5 Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791 Korea
- Department of Biotechnology; Yonsei University; Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749 Korea
| | - Sun-Joon Min
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Hanyang University; Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588 Korea
| | - Yong Seo Cho
- Center for Neuro-Medicine; Brain Science Institute; Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST); Hwarangno 14-gil 5 Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791 Korea
- Department of Biological Chemistry; School of Science; Korea University of Science and Technology; 52 Eoeun dong Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-333 Korea
| | - Ki Duk Park
- Center for Neuro-Medicine; Brain Science Institute; Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST); Hwarangno 14-gil 5 Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791 Korea
- Department of Biological Chemistry; School of Science; Korea University of Science and Technology; 52 Eoeun dong Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-333 Korea
| | - Seon Hee Seo
- Center for Neuro-Medicine; Brain Science Institute; Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST); Hwarangno 14-gil 5 Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791 Korea
| | - Kyoung Tai No
- Department of Biotechnology; Yonsei University; Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749 Korea
| | - Ae Nim Pae
- Center for Neuro-Medicine; Brain Science Institute; Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST); Hwarangno 14-gil 5 Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791 Korea
- Department of Biological Chemistry; School of Science; Korea University of Science and Technology; 52 Eoeun dong Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-333 Korea
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Selective Negative Allosteric Modulation Of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors – A Structural Perspective of Ligands and Mutants. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13869. [PMID: 26359761 PMCID: PMC4566082 DOI: 10.1038/srep13869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabotropic glutamate receptors have a wide range of modulatory functions in the central nervous system. They are among the most highly pursued drug targets, with relevance for several neurological diseases, and a number of allosteric modulators have entered clinical trials. However, so far this has not led to a marketed drug, largely because of the difficulties in achieving subtype-selective compounds with desired properties. Very recently the first crystal structures were published for the transmembrane domain of two metabotropic glutamate receptors in complex with negative allosteric modulators. In this analysis, we make the first comprehensive structural comparison of all metabotropic glutamate receptors, placing selective negative allosteric modulators and critical mutants into the detailed context of the receptor binding sites. A better understanding of how the different mGlu allosteric modulator binding modes relates to selective pharmacological actions will be very valuable for rational design of safer drugs.
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Lee S, Lee D, Song KS, Liu KH, Gong YD, Lee T. Parallel synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted thiophene-3-carbonitrile derivatives on traceless solid support. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kim Y, Kim J, Kim S, Ki Y, Seo SH, Tae J, Ko MK, Jang HS, Lim EJ, Song C, Cho Y, Koh HY, Chong Y, Choo IH, Keum G, Min SJ, Choo H. Novel thienopyrimidinones as mGluR1 antagonists. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 85:629-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Cho HP, Engers DW, Venable DF, Niswender CM, Lindsley CW, Conn PJ, Emmitte KA, Rodriguez AL. A novel class of succinimide-derived negative allosteric modulators of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 1 provides insight into a disconnect in activity between the rat and human receptors. ACS Chem Neurosci 2014; 5:597-610. [PMID: 24798819 DOI: 10.1021/cn5000343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent progress in the discovery of mGlu₁ allosteric modulators has suggested the modulation of mGlu₁ could offer possible treatment for a number of central nervous system disorders; however, the available chemotypes are inadequate to fully investigate the therapeutic potential of mGlu₁ modulation. To address this issue, we used a fluorescence-based high-throughput screening assay to screen an allosteric modulator-biased library of compounds to generate structurally diverse mGlu₁ negative allosteric modulator hits for chemical optimization. Herein, we describe the discovery and characterization of a novel mGlu₁ chemotype. This series of succinimide negative allosteric modulators, exemplified by VU0410425, exhibited potent inhibitory activity at rat mGlu₁ but was, surprisingly, inactive at human mGlu₁. VU0410425 and a set of chemically diverse mGlu₁ negative allosteric modulators previously reported in the literature were utilized to examine this species disconnect between rat and human mGlu₁ activity. Mutation of the key transmembrane domain residue 757 and functional screening of VU0410425 and the literature compounds suggests that amino acid 757 plays a role in the activity of these compounds, but the contribution of the residue is scaffold specific, ranging from critical to minor. The operational model of allosterism was used to estimate the binding affinities of each compound to compare to functional data. This novel series of mGlu₁ negative allosteric modulators provides valuable insight into the pharmacology underlying the disconnect between rat and human mGlu₁ activity, an issue that must be understood to progress the therapeutic potential of allosteric modulators of mGlu₁.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Craig W. Lindsley
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | | | - Kyle A. Emmitte
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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R. Biehl E, Mendoza K, Kamila S. Synthesis of Novel 5-Aryl/Hetarylidenyl 3-(2-Methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobenzo[4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)-2-thioxothiazolidin-4-ones. HETEROCYCLES 2014. [DOI: 10.3987/com-13-s(s)36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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11
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Brumfield S, Korakas P, Silverman LS, Tulshian D, Matasi JJ, Qiang L, Bennett CE, Burnett DA, Greenlee WJ, Knutson CE, Wu WL, Sasikumar TK, Domalski M, Bertorelli R, Grilli M, Lozza G, Reggiani A, Li C. Synthesis and SAR development of novel mGluR1 antagonists for the treatment of chronic pain. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:7223-6. [PMID: 23084894 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
High throughput screening identified the pyridothienopyrimidinone 1 as a ligand for the metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1=10 nM). Compound 1 has an excellent in vivo profile; however, it displays unfavorable pharmacokinetic issues and metabolic stability. Therefore, using 1 as a template, novel analogues (10i) were prepared. These analogues displayed improved oral exposure and activity in the Spinal Nerve Ligation (SNL) pain model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Brumfield
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, MS 2545, Kenilworth, NJ 07033-0539, USA.
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12
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Bennett CE, Burnett DA, Greenlee WJ, Knutson CE, Korakas P, Li C, Tulshian D, Wu WL, Bertorelli R, Fredduzzi S, Grilli M, Lozza G, Reggiani A, Veltri A. Fused tricyclic mGluR1 antagonists for the treatment of neuropathic pain. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:1575-8. [PMID: 22266036 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.12.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
A series of fused tricyclic mGluR1 antagonists containing a pyridone ring were synthesized. In vitro, these antagonists were potent against both human and rat isozymes, as well as selective for inhibiting mGluR1 over mGluR5. When dosed orally, several examples were active in vivo in a rat SNL test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad E Bennett
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ 07033-0539, USA.
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Kobayashi K, Suzuki T, Kozuki T, Matsumoto N, Hiyoshi H, Umezu K. Synthesis of 5,6-Disubstituted Thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidines from 4-Chloropyrimidines. HETEROCYCLES 2012. [DOI: 10.3987/com-12-12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Owen DR. Recent advances in the medicinal chemistry of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGlu₁). ACS Chem Neurosci 2011; 2:394-401. [PMID: 22860168 DOI: 10.1021/cn2000124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This Review summarizes the medicinal chemistry found in publications on both orthosteric and allosteric modulators of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGlu(1)) from 2005 to the present. The time period covered by the scope of this current review has been particularly rich in mGlu(1)-related publications with numbers quadrupling when compared to the preceding five year period of 2000-2005. Publications in the field peaked in 2007 with over 35 articles appearing in the peer reviewed literature in the course of that year. Given that glutamate is one of the primary excitatory neurotransmitters in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS), it is unsurprising that it acts upon several receptors that are considered to be of potential therapeutic interest for many indications. Orthosteric and allosteric modulation of the receptor is possible, with a logical extrapolation to the chemotypes used for each strategy. The last five years of publications have yielded many mGlu(1) selective antagonist chemotypyes, most of which have shown efficacy in pain in vivo models. However, the primary impact of these compounds has been to highlight the mechanistic safety risks of mGlu(1) antagonism, independent of chemotype. As a review in medicinal chemistry, the primary focus of this paper will be on the design and, to a lesser degree, synthetic strategies for the delivery of subtype selective, CNS penetrant, druglike compounds through a "medchem" program, targeting modulators of the mGlu(1) receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafydd R. Owen
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, United Kingdom
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Lethu S, Dubois J. SNAr and Palladium-Catalyzed Reactions of Deactivated Thiophene: Application to the Synthesis of Protein Farnesyltransferase Inhibitors. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201100215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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16
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Li GB, Yang LL, Feng S, Zhou JP, Huang Q, Xie HZ, Li LL, Yang SY. Discovery of novel mGluR1 antagonists: a multistep virtual screening approach based on an SVM model and a pharmacophore hypothesis significantly increases the hit rate and enrichment factor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:1736-40. [PMID: 21316965 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.01.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2010] [Revised: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Development of glutamate non-competitive antagonists of mGluR1 (Metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 1) has increasingly attracted much attention in recent years due to their potential therapeutic application for various nervous disorders. Since there is no crystal structure reported for mGluR1, ligand-based virtual screening (VS) methods, typically pharmacophore-based VS (PB-VS), are often used for the discovery of mGluR1 antagonists. Nevertheless, PB-VS usually suffers a lower hit rate and enrichment factor. In this investigation, we established a multistep ligand-based VS approach that is based on a support vector machine (SVM) classification model and a pharmacophore model. Performance evaluation of these methods in virtual screening against a large independent test set, M-MDDR, show that the multistep VS approach significantly increases the hit rate and enrichment factor compared with the individual SB-VS and PB-VS methods. The multistep VS approach was then used to screen several large chemical libraries including PubChem, Specs, and Enamine. Finally a total of 20 compounds were selected from the top ranking compounds, and shifted to the subsequent in vitro and in vivo studies, which results will be reported in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
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