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Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) plays a key role in the maintenance of muscle and bone and the support of male sexual-related functions, as well as in the progression of prostate cancer. Accordingly, AR-targeted therapies have been developed for the treatment of related human diseases and conditions. AR agonists are an important class of drugs in the treatment of bone loss and muscle atrophy. AR antagonists have also been developed for the treatment of prostate cancer, including metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Additionally, selective AR degraders (SARDs) have been reported. More recently, heterobifunctional degrader molecules of AR have been developed, and four such compounds are now in clinical development for the treatment of human prostate cancer. This review attempts to summarize the different types of compounds designed to target AR and the current frontiers of research on this important therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Xiang
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Shaomeng Wang
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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2
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Li J, Bai F, Liu H, Gramatica P. Ligand Efficiency Outperforms pIC50on Both 2D MLR and 3D CoMFA Models: A Case Study on AR Antagonists. Chem Biol Drug Des 2015. [PMID: 26198098 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiazhong Li
- School of Pharmacy; Lanzhou University; 199 West Donggang Road 730000 Lanzhou China
- The Separating Scientific Institute of Lanzhou; 3 Weiyi Road 730000 Lanzhou China
| | - Fang Bai
- School of Pharmacy; Lanzhou University; 199 West Donggang Road 730000 Lanzhou China
| | - Huanxiang Liu
- School of Pharmacy; Lanzhou University; 199 West Donggang Road 730000 Lanzhou China
| | - Paola Gramatica
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences; University of Insubria; via Dunant 3 21100 Varese Italy
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3
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Ding X, Nguyen ST, Williams JD, Peet NP. Diels-Alder reactions of five-membered heterocycles containing one heteroatom. Tetrahedron Lett 2014; 55:7002-7006. [PMID: 25838605 PMCID: PMC4378267 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.10.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Diels-Alder reactions of five-membered heterocycles containing one heteroatom with an N-arylmaleimide were studied. Cycloaddition of 2,5-dimethylfuran (4) with 2-(4-methylphenyl)maleimide (3) in toluene at 60 °C gave bicyclic adduct 5. Cycloadditions of 3 with 2,5-dimethylthiophene (11) and 1,2,5-trimethylpyrrole (14) were also studied. Interestingly, the bicyclic compound 5 cleanly rearranged, with loss of water, when treated with p-toluenesulfonic acid in toluene at 80 °C to give 4,7-dimethyl-2-p-tolylisoindoline-1,3-dione (6).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Microbiotix, Inc., One Innovation Drive, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
| | - Son T. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Microbiotix, Inc., One Innovation Drive, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
| | - John D. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Microbiotix, Inc., One Innovation Drive, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
| | - Norton P. Peet
- Department of Chemistry, Microbiotix, Inc., One Innovation Drive, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
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4
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Bogacki R, Gill DM, Kerr WJ, Lamont S, Parkinson JA, Paterson LC. Flexible access to conformationally-locked bicyclic morpholines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:8931-3. [PMID: 23963244 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc45627g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A preparatively accessible route to a series of conformationally-locked bicyclic morpholines has been developed. This flexible approach allows for diversification in order for a small array of lead-like scaffolds to be synthesised from readily available key building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Bogacki
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, Scotland, UK.
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5
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Lo E, Mattas E, Wei C, Kacsur D, Chen CK. Simultaneous API Particle Size Reduction and Polymorph Transformation Using High Shear. Org Process Res Dev 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/op2002529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ehrlic Lo
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Chemical Development, One Squibb Drive, New
Brunswick, New Jersey 08903-0191, United States
| | - Elias Mattas
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Chemical Development, One Squibb Drive, New
Brunswick, New Jersey 08903-0191, United States
| | - Chenkou Wei
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Chemical Development, One Squibb Drive, New
Brunswick, New Jersey 08903-0191, United States
| | - David Kacsur
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Chemical Development, One Squibb Drive, New
Brunswick, New Jersey 08903-0191, United States
| | - Chien-Kuang Chen
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Chemical Development, One Squibb Drive, New
Brunswick, New Jersey 08903-0191, United States
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Henderson LC, Altimari JM, Dyson G, Servinis L, Niranjan B, Risbridger GP. A comparative assessment of α-lipoic acid N-phenylamides as non-steroidal androgen receptor antagonists both on and off gold nanoparticles. Bioorg Chem 2011; 40:1-5. [PMID: 22196975 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A group of α-lipoic acid N-phenylamides were synthesized employing a variety of amide coupling protocols utilizing electron deficient anilines. These compounds were then assessed for their ability to block androgen-stimulated proliferation of a human prostate cancer cell line, LNCaP. These structurally simple compounds displayed anti-proliferative activities at, typically, 5-20 μM concentrations and were comparable to a commonly used anti-androgen Bicalutamide®. The inclusion of a disulfide (RS-SR) moiety, serving as an anchor to several metal nanoparticle systems (Au, Ag, Fe(2)O(3), etc.), does not impede any biological activity. Conjugation of these compounds to a gold nanoparticle surface resulted in a high degree of cellular toxicity, attributed to the absence of a biocompatible group such as PEG within the organic scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke C Henderson
- Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia.
| | - Jarrad M Altimari
- Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Gail Dyson
- Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Linden Servinis
- Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Birunthi Niranjan
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Gail P Risbridger
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
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7
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Osguthorpe DJ, Hagler AT. Mechanism of androgen receptor antagonism by bicalutamide in the treatment of prostate cancer. Biochemistry 2011; 50:4105-13. [PMID: 21466228 DOI: 10.1021/bi102059z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) plays a key role in regulating gene expression in a variety of tissues, including the prostate. In that role, it is one of the primary targets in the development of new chemotherapeutics for treatment of prostate cancer and the target of the most widely prescribed current drug, bicalutamide (Bcu), for this disease. In view of its importance, and the absence of a crystal structure for any antagonist--AR complex, we have conducted a series of molecular dynamics-based simulations of the AR--Bcu complex and quantum mechanical (QM) calculations of Bcu, to elucidate the structural basis for antagonism of this key target. The structures that emerge show that bicalutamide antagonizes AR by accessing an additional binding pocket (B-site) adjacent to the hormone binding site (HBS), induced by displacing helix 12. This distorts the coactivator binding site and results in the inactivation of transcription. An alternative equienergetic conformational state of bicalutamide was found to bind in an expanded hormone pocket without materially perturbing either helix 12 or the coactivator binding site. Thus, both the structural basis of antagonism and the mechanism underlying agonist properties displayed by bicalutamide in different environments may be rationalized in terms of these structures. In addition, the antagonist structure and especially the induced second site (B-site) provide a structural framework for the design of novel antiandrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Osguthorpe
- Shifa Biomedical, Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355, United States
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