Development of 2-pyrrolidinyl-N-methyl pyrimidones as potent and orally bioavailable HIV integrase inhibitors

Targeting Metalloenzymes for Therapeutic Intervention

Metalloenzymes are central to a wide range of essential biological activities, including nucleic acid modification, protein degradation, and many others. The role of metalloenzymes in these processes also makes them central for the progression of many diseases and, as such, makes metalloenzymes attractive targets for therapeutic intervention. Increasing awareness of the role metalloenzymes play in disease and their importance as a class of targets has amplified interest in the development of new strategies to develop inhibitors and ultimately useful drugs. In this Review, we provide a broad overview of several drug discovery efforts focused on metalloenzymes and attempt to map out the current landscape of high-value metalloenzyme targets.

Quantitative structure-activity relationship of anti-HIV integrase and reverse transcriptase inhibitors using norm indexes

The development of new and safe anti-human immunodeficiency virus (anti-HIV) drugs has been an urgent task for medical research recently. Herein, based on the norm-index descriptors proposed in this work and previous works, a couple of models were developed for investigating the quantitative structure-activity/toxicity relationship (QSAR/QSTR) of dual-target anti-HIV integrase (IN) and reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors. The validation results proved that the developed models were stable and reliable, both in statistical quality and predictive capacity. Moreover, potential dual-target inhibitors with high activity and low toxicity were deduced from the developed models; molecular docking results indicated that these inhibitors could interact with some important residues of HIV IN and RT through H-bonding. Accordingly, the norm indexes descriptors proposed by this work might be helpful for the research and development of dual-target anti-HIV drugs.

Targeting HIV-1 integrase with strand transfer inhibitors

HIV-1 integrase (IN) is a retroviral enzyme essential for integration of genetic material into the DNA of the host cell and hence for viral replication. The absence of an equivalent enzyme in humans makes IN an interesting target for anti-HIV drug design. This review briefly overviews the structural and functional properties of HIV-1 IN. We analyze the binding modes of the established drugs, clinical candidates and a comprehensive library of leads based on innovative chemical scaffolds of HIV-1 IN strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs). Computational clustering techniques are applied for identifying structural features relating to bioactivity. From bio- and chemo-informatics analyses, we provide novel insights into structure-activity relationships of INSTIs and elaborate new strategies for design of innovative inhibitors.

Sketching the historical development of pyrimidones as the inhibitors of the HIV integrase

Heterocyclic substances perform a very unique role in drug design and discovery. This article provides the primary objectives of the analysis within pyrimidine centered new heterocyclic elements chronologically from their finding focusing on one of the essential enzyme of HIV virus particle that is integrase upon suppressing its strand transfer function. The class of compounds reviewed here includes bicyclic pyrimidines, dihydroxypyrimidines, pyrimidine-2,4-dinones, N-methylpyrimidones, pyranopyrimidine, pyridine-quinoline conjugates, pyrimidine-2-carboxamides, N-3 hydroxylated pyrimidine-2,4-diones as well as their various substituted analogues. Such initiatives released an effective drug Raltegravir as a first FDA approved anti-HIV integrase inhibitor as well as several of its derivatives along with other pyrimidones is under clinical or preclinical growth. Some of the provided scaffolds indicated dual anti-HIV efficacies against HIV reverse transcriptase and integrase enzymes at both cites as 3'-processing and strand transfer, while several scaffolds exhibited potency against Raltegravir resistant HIV mutant strains determining themselves a potent class of compounds having appealing upcoming implementations. Connections of the new compounds' molecular structure and HIV viral target has been overviewed to be able to accomplish further growth of promising anti-HIV agents in future drug discovery process.

Design and synthesis of novel pyrimidone analogues as HIV-1 integrase inhibitors

A series of novel pyrimidone analogues have been designed and synthesized as HIV-1 integrase (IN) inhibitors. This study demonstrated that introducing a substituent in the N1-position of the pyrimidone scaffold does not significantly influence IN inhibitory activity. Molecular docking studies showed these compounds could occupy the IN active site and form pi-pi interactions with viral DNA nucleotides DC16 and DA17 to displace reactive viral DNA 3'OH and block intasome activity.

Prediction of bioactivity of HIV-1 integrase ST inhibitors by multilinear regression analysis and support vector machine

In this study, four computational quantitative structure-activity relationship models were built to predict the biological activity of HIV-1 integrase strand transfer (ST) inhibitors. 551 Inhibitors whose bioactivities were detected by radiolabeling method were collected. The molecules were represented with 20 selected MOE descriptors. All inhibitors were divided into a training set and a test set with two methods: (1) by a Kohonen's self-organizing map (SOM); (2) by a random selection. For every training set and test set, a multilinear regression (MLR) analysis and a support vector machine (SVM) were used to establish models, respectively. For the test set divided by SOM, the correlation coefficients (rs) were over 0.91, and for the test set split randomly, the rs were over 0.86.