1
|
Martins LC, de Oliveira RB, Lameira J, Ferreira RS. Experimental and Computational Study of Aryl-thiosemicarbazones Inhibiting Cruzain Reveals Reversible Inhibition and a Stepwise Mechanism. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:1506-1520. [PMID: 36802548 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c01566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is a parasite that infects about 6-7 million people worldwide, mostly in Latin America, causing Chagas disease. Cruzain, the main cysteine protease of T. cruzi, is a validated target for developing drug candidates for Chagas disease. Thiosemicarbazones are one of the most relevant warheads used in covalent inhibitors targeting cruzain. Despite its relevance, the mechanism of inhibition of cruzain by thiosemicarbazones is unknown. Here, we combined experiments and simulations to unveil the covalent inhibition mechanism of cruzain by a thiosemicarbazone-based inhibitor (compound 1). Additionally, we studied a semicarbazone (compound 2), which is structurally similar to compound 1 but does not inhibit cruzain. Assays confirmed the reversibility of inhibition by compound 1 and suggested a two-step mechanism of inhibition. The Ki was estimated to be 36.3 μM and Ki* to be 11.5 μM, suggesting the pre-covalent complex to be relevant for inhibition. Molecular dynamics simulations of compounds 1 and 2 with cruzain were used to propose putative binding modes for the ligands. One-dimensional (1D) quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) potential of mean force (PMF) and gas-phase energies showed that the attack of Cys25-S- on the C═S or C═O bond yields a more stable intermediate than the attack on the C═N bond of the thiosemicarbazone/semicarbazone. Two-dimensional (2D) QM/MM PMF revealed a putative reaction mechanism for compound 1, involving the proton transfer to the ligand, followed by the Cys25-S- attack at C═S. The ΔG and energy barrier were estimated to be -1.4 and 11.7 kcal/mol, respectively. Overall, our results shed light on the inhibition mechanism of cruzain by thiosemicarbazones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luan Carvalho Martins
- Molecular Modeling and Drug Design Laboratory, Institute for Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, 6627, Antônio Carlos Avenue, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Renata Barbosa de Oliveira
- Pharmaceutical Products Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, 6627, Antônio Carlos Avenue, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Jerônimo Lameira
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, 66075-110 Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Salgado Ferreira
- Molecular Modeling and Drug Design Laboratory, Institute for Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, 6627, Antônio Carlos Avenue, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abdel-Azziz IA, Amin NH, El-Saadi MT, Abdel-Rahman HM. Design, synthesis and mechanistic studies of benzophenones hydrazone derivatives as cathepsin inhibitors. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
3
|
Munikishore R, Wang LL, Zhang S, Zhao QS, Zuo Z. An efficient and concise synthesis of a selective small molecule non-peptide inhibitor of cathepsin L: KGP94. Bioorg Chem 2021; 116:105317. [PMID: 34488126 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
KGP94 is a potent, selective, and competitive inhibitor of the lysosomal endopeptidase enzyme (Cathepsin L) currently in preclinical trials for the treatment of metastatic cancer, which is a leading cause of cancer-associated death. Herein, we report two new synthetic routes for synthesizing the target compound through four consecutive steps, using a Weinreb amide approach starting from a common 3-bromobenzoyl chloride. A key step in the approach is a coupling reaction of a readily available Grignard reagent with amide 4 to produce 6, a previously unreported coupling pattern. These new strategies offer an efficient and alternative approach to synthesis of target compound with an excellent overall yield.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachakunta Munikishore
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650 201, Yunnan province, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang-Liang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650 201, Yunnan province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shuqun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650 201, Yunnan province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin-Shi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650 201, Yunnan province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhili Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650 201, Yunnan province, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bakir M, Lawrence MA, Johnson J, McMillen C. Physicochemical and X-ray crystallographic properties of the first rhenium compound of benzophenone thiosemicarbazone (bptsc), fac-[Re(CO)3(κ2-Nim,S-bptsc)Cl]. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
5
|
Synthesis and antiseizure activity of (E)-1,2-diarylethylidenehydrazine carboximidamides against tonic-clonic seizures: an intracerebroventricular and electrophysiological study. Med Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-020-02576-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
6
|
Dana D, Pathak SK. A Review of Small Molecule Inhibitors and Functional Probes of Human Cathepsin L. Molecules 2020; 25:E698. [PMID: 32041276 PMCID: PMC7038230 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cathepsin L belongs to the cathepsin family of proteolytic enzymes with primarily an endopeptidase activity. Although its primary functions were originally thought to be only of a housekeeping enzyme that degraded intracellular and endocytosed proteins in lysosome, numerous recent studies suggest that it plays many critical and specific roles in diverse cellular settings. Not surprisingly, the dysregulated function of cathepsin L has manifested itself in several human diseases, making it an attractive target for drug development. Unfortunately, several redundant and isoform-specific functions have recently emerged, adding complexities to the drug discovery process. To address this, a series of chemical biology tools have been developed that helped define cathepsin L biology with exquisite precision in specific cellular contexts. This review elaborates on the recently developed small molecule inhibitors and probes of human cathepsin L, outlining their mechanisms of action, and describing their potential utilities in dissecting unknown function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dibyendu Dana
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Queens College of The City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY 11367, USA
- Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY), 365 5th Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Sanjai K. Pathak
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Queens College of The City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY 11367, USA
- Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY), 365 5th Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cathepsin L secretion by host and neoplastic cells potentiates invasion. Oncotarget 2019; 10:5560-5568. [PMID: 31565189 PMCID: PMC6756864 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of macrophages within breast tumors correlates with metastatic potential. These tumor-associated macrophages often take on a pro-tumorigenic (M2-like) phenotype resulting in the secretion of growth factors and proteases, including the lysosomal protease cathepsin L. Since cathepsin L also is frequently secreted by breast cancer cells and contributes to tumor invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis, we hypothesized that secretion of cathepsin L by both tumor-associated macrophages and neoplastic cells would facilitate the metastatic phenotype. Our results showed that the novel cathepsin L/K inhibitors KGP94 and KGP207 could inhibit in vitro M2 macrophage invasion and reduce the macrophage-stimulated invasion of 4T1 murine breast cancer cells. KGP94 and KGP207 treatment also reduced the expression of several M2-associated markers, suggesting that cathepsin L activity may be important for IL-4-driven M0 to M2 differentiation. In addition, cathepsin L shRNA knockdown studies revealed that cathepsin L from both the tumor cell and the macrophage population is important for tumor cell invasion. Thus our data suggest that tumor cells and macrophages may both contribute to the cathepsin L-driven metastatic phenotype of breast cancer. Taken together, these studies highlight the importance of cathepsin L in macrophage functions and suggest that cathepsin inhibition strategies may be therapeutically beneficial by impairing the progression of tumors with high infiltration of M2 macrophages.
Collapse
|
8
|
de Siqueira LRP, de Moraes Gomes PAT, de Lima Ferreira LP, de Melo Rêgo MJB, Leite ACL. Multi-target compounds acting in cancer progression: Focus on thiosemicarbazone, thiazole and thiazolidinone analogues. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 170:237-260. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
9
|
Saidi L, Rocha DHA, Talhi O, Bentarzi Y, Nedjar‐Kolli B, Bachari K, Almeida Paz FA, Helguero LA, Silva AMS. Synthesis of Benzophenones and in vitro Evaluation of Their Anticancer Potential in Breast and Prostate Cancer Cells. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:1041-1048. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Saidi
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Faculty of ChemistryHouari Boumediene University of Sciences and Technology, USTHB, BP 32, El-Alia Bab-Ezzouar 16111 Algiers Algeria
| | - Djenisa H. A. Rocha
- QOPNA and LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of ChemistryUniversity of Aveiro 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED)Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of Aveiro 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
| | - Oualid Talhi
- QOPNA and LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of ChemistryUniversity of Aveiro 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
- Centre de Recherche Scientifique et Technique en Analyses Physico-Chimiques (CRAPC) BP384 Bou-Ismail 42004 Tipaza Algeria
| | - Yamina Bentarzi
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Faculty of ChemistryHouari Boumediene University of Sciences and Technology, USTHB, BP 32, El-Alia Bab-Ezzouar 16111 Algiers Algeria
| | - Bellara Nedjar‐Kolli
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Faculty of ChemistryHouari Boumediene University of Sciences and Technology, USTHB, BP 32, El-Alia Bab-Ezzouar 16111 Algiers Algeria
| | - Khaldoun Bachari
- Centre de Recherche Scientifique et Technique en Analyses Physico-Chimiques (CRAPC) BP384 Bou-Ismail 42004 Tipaza Algeria
| | | | - Luisa A. Helguero
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED)Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of Aveiro 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
| | - Artur M. S. Silva
- QOPNA and LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of ChemistryUniversity of Aveiro 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Inhibitory properties of aromatic thiosemicarbazones on mushroom tyrosinase: Synthesis, kinetic studies, molecular docking and effectiveness in melanogenesis inhibition. Bioorg Chem 2018; 81:577-586. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
11
|
Januario JP, de Souza TB, Lavorato SN, Maiolini TCS, Domingos OS, Baldim JL, Folquitto LRS, Soares MG, Chagas-Paula DA, Dias DF, Dos Santos MH. Design and Synthesis of New Benzophenone Derivatives with In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory Activity through Dual Inhibition of Edema and Neutrophil Recruitment. Molecules 2018; 23:E1859. [PMID: 30049981 PMCID: PMC6222881 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23081859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of novel benzophenone derivatives containing a thiazole heterocyclic nucleus were designed by molecular hybridization. Molecular docking studies have demonstrated the inhibitory potential of the designed compounds against cyclooxygenase (COX) isoenzymes. These compounds were synthesized, characterized, and evaluated for their anti-inflammatory properties by the croton oil-induced ear edema assay to examine their effect on both prostaglandin (PG) production and neutrophils recruitment. The thiazole derivatives displayed a potent effect in terms of reducing ear edema. The analysis suggested that the presence of 4-phenyl-2-hydrazinothiazole and the absence of C4'-OCH₃ on the benzophenone derivative structure are strongly related to the inhibition of PG production. In addition, the derivatives 2e, 3a and 3c concomitantly inhibit PG production and neutrophil recruitment, which may be a mechanism of action better than of common NSAIDs due to their inability to inhibit the neutrophil recruitment. Thus, these compounds can be considered as potential lead compounds toward the development of new anti-inflammatory drugs with an innovating mechanism of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline P Januario
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Alfenas, UNIFAL-MG, Alfenas 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Thiago B de Souza
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Federal University of Santa Maria, UFSM, Santa Maria 97105-900, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Stefânia N Lavorato
- Center of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Western Bahia, UFOB, Barreiras 47808-021, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Tatiane C S Maiolini
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Alfenas, UNIFAL-MG, Alfenas 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Olívia S Domingos
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Alfenas, UNIFAL-MG, Alfenas 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - João L Baldim
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Alfenas, UNIFAL-MG, Alfenas 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Laís R S Folquitto
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Alfenas, UNIFAL-MG, Alfenas 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Marisi G Soares
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Alfenas, UNIFAL-MG, Alfenas 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Daniela A Chagas-Paula
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Alfenas, UNIFAL-MG, Alfenas 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Danielle F Dias
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Alfenas, UNIFAL-MG, Alfenas 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo H Dos Santos
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Viçosa, UFV, Viçosa 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Raghav N, Singh M. SAR studies of some acetophenone phenylhydrazone based pyrazole derivatives as anticathepsin agents. Bioorg Chem 2017; 75:38-49. [PMID: 28915464 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsins have emerged as promising molecular targets in a number of diseases such as Alzeimer's, inflammation and cancer. Elevated cathepsin's levels and decreased cellular inhibitor concentrations have emphasized the search for novel inhibitors of cathepsins. The present work is focused on the design and synthesis of some acetophenone phenylhydrazone based pyrazole derivatives as novel non peptidyl inhibitors of cathepsins B, H and L. The synthesized compounds after characterization have been explored for their inhibitory potency against cathepsins B, H and L. The results show that some of the synthesized compounds exhibit anti-catheptic activity with Ki value of the order of 10-10M. Differential inhibitory effects have been observed for cathepsins B, H and L. Cathepsin L is inhibited more pronounced than cathepsin B and cathepsin H in that order.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neera Raghav
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra 136119, India.
| | - Mamta Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra 136119, India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Raghav N, Kaur R. A comparative account of sar studies of semicarbazones and thiosemicarbazones on cathepsins H and L. Med Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-017-1826-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
14
|
Synthesis and biological evaluation of a water-soluble phosphate prodrug salt and structural analogues of KGP94, a lead inhibitor of cathepsin L. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 27:1304-1310. [PMID: 28117205 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The magnitude of expression of cathepsin L, often upregulated in the tumor microenvironment, correlates with the invasive and metastatic nature of certain tumors. Inhibition of cathepsin L represents an emerging strategy for the treatment of metastatic cancer. A potent, small-molecule inhibitor (referred to as KGP94) of cathepsin L, and new KGP94 analogues were synthesized. (3,5-Dibromophenyl)-(3-hydroxyphenyl) ketone thiosemicarbazone (22), with an IC50 value of 202nM, exhibited similar inhibitory activity against cathepsin L compared to KGP94 (IC50=189nM). Due to limited aqueous solubility of KGP94, a water-soluble phosphate salt (KGP420) was prepared in order to facilitate future in vivo studies. Enzymatic hydrolysis with alkaline phosphatase (ALP) demonstrated that the phosphate prodrug, KGP420, was readily converted to the parent compound, KGP94.
Collapse
|
15
|
Sudhan DR, Rabaglino MB, Wood CE, Siemann DW. Cathepsin L in tumor angiogenesis and its therapeutic intervention by the small molecule inhibitor KGP94. Clin Exp Metastasis 2016; 33:461-73. [PMID: 27055649 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-016-9790-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A significant proportion of breast cancer patients harbor clinically undetectable micrometastases at the time of diagnosis. If left untreated, these micro-metastases may lead to disease relapse and possibly death. Hence, there is significant interest in the development of novel anti-metastatic agents that could also curb the growth of pre-established micrometastases. Like primary tumor, the growth of metastases also is driven by angiogenesis. Although the role of cysteine protease Cathepsin L (CTSL) in metastasis associated tumor cell functions such as migration and invasion is well recognized, its role in tumor angiogenesis remains less explored. The present study examines the contribution of CTSL to breast cancer angiogenesis and evaluates the anti-angiogenic efficacy of CTSL inhibitor KGP94. CTSL semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis on breast tissue panels revealed significant upregulation of CTSL in breast cancer patients which strongly correlated with increased relapse and metastatic incidence and poor overall survival. Preclinically, CTSL ablation using shRNA or KGP94 treatment led to a significant reduction in MDA-MB-231 tumor cell induced angiogenesis in vivo. In-vitro assessments demonstrated a significant decrease in various angiogenic properties such as endothelial cell sprouting, migration, invasion, tube formation and proliferation in the presence of KGP94. Microarray analyses revealed a significant upregulation of cell cycle related genes by CTSL. Western blot analyses further confirmed upregulation of members of the cyclin family by CTSL. Collectively, these data indicate that CTSL is an important contributor to tumor angiogenesis and that the CTSL inhibition may have therapeutic utility in the treatment of breast cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhivya R Sudhan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, USA. .,Cancer and Genetics Research Complex, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Room 485E, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Maria B Rabaglino
- CEPROCOR, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Charles E Wood
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Dietmar W Siemann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hijazi AK, Abu-Salem Q, Ajlouni A, Taha ZA. Crystal structure of 2-(9H-fluoren-9-ylidene)hydrazine-1-carbothioamide, C14H11N3S. Z KRIST-NEW CRYST ST 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/ncrs-2015-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractC14H11N3S orthorhombic, Pbcn (No. 60), Z = 8, a = 19.8130(12) Å, b = 8.1643(5) Å, c = 14.9521(9) Å, V = 2418.6(3) Å3, Z = 8, T = 100(2) K, GooF = 1.055, Rgt(F) = 0.0308, wRref(F2) = 0.0845.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed K. Hijazi
- 1Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Qutaiba Abu-Salem
- 2Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al al-Bayt University, Mafraq 25113, Jordan
| | - Abdulaziz Ajlouni
- 1Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Ziyad A. Taha
- 1Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sudhan DR, Pampo C, Rice L, Siemann DW. Cathepsin L inactivation leads to multimodal inhibition of prostate cancer cell dissemination in a preclinical bone metastasis model. Int J Cancer 2016; 138:2665-77. [PMID: 26757413 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
It is estimated that approximately 90% of patients with advanced prostate cancer develop bone metastases; an occurrence that results in a substantial reduction in the quality of life and a drastic worsening of prognosis. The development of novel therapeutic strategies that impair the metastatic process and associated skeletal adversities is therefore critical to improving prostate cancer patient survival. Recognition of the importance of Cathepsin L (CTSL) to metastatic dissemination of cancer cells has led to the development of several CTSL inhibition strategies. The present investigation employed intra-cardiac injection of human PC-3ML prostate cancer cells into nude mice to examine tumor cell dissemination in a preclinical bone metastasis model. CTSL knockdown confirmed the validity of targeting this protease and subsequent intervention studies with the small molecule CTSL inhibitor KGP94 resulted in a significant reduction in metastatic tumor burden in the bone and an improvement in overall survival. CTSL inhibition by KGP94 also led to a significant impairment of tumor initiated angiogenesis. Furthermore, KGP94 treatment decreased osteoclast formation and bone resorptive function, thus, perturbing the reciprocal interactions between tumor cells and osteoclasts within the bone microenvironment which typically result in bone loss and aggressive growth of metastases. These functional effects were accompanied by a significant downregulation of NFκB signaling activity and expression of osteoclastogenesis related NFκB target genes. Collectively, these data indicate that the CTSL inhibitor KGP94 has the potential to alleviate metastatic disease progression and associated skeletal morbidities and hence may have utility in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhivya R Sudhan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL
| | - Christine Pampo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL
| | - Lori Rice
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL
| | - Dietmar W Siemann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Parker EN, Song J, Kishore Kumar GD, Odutola SO, Chavarria GE, Charlton-Sevcik AK, Strecker TE, Barnes AL, Sudhan DR, Wittenborn TR, Siemann DW, Horsman MR, Chaplin DJ, Trawick ML, Pinney KG. Synthesis and biochemical evaluation of benzoylbenzophenone thiosemicarbazone analogues as potent and selective inhibitors of cathepsin L. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:6974-92. [PMID: 26462052 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Upregulation of cathepsin L in a variety of tumors and its ability to promote cancer cell invasion and migration through degradation of the extracellular matrix suggest that cathepsin L is a promising biological target for the development of anti-metastatic agents. Based on encouraging results from studies on benzophenone thiosemicarbazone cathepsin inhibitors, a series of fourteen benzoylbenzophenone thiosemicarbazone analogues were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their inhibitory activity against cathepsins L and B. Thiosemicarbazone inhibitors 3-benzoylbenzophenone thiosemicarbazone 1, 1,3-bis(4-fluorobenzoyl)benzene thiosemicarbazone 8, and 1,3-bis(2-fluorobenzoyl)-5-bromobenzene thiosemicarbazone 32 displayed the greatest potency against cathepsin L with low IC50 values of 9.9 nM, 14.4 nM, and 8.1 nM, respectively. The benzoylbenzophenone thiosemicarbazone analogues evaluated were selective in their inhibition of cathepsin L compared to cathepsin B. Thiosemicarbazone analogue 32 inhibited invasion through Matrigel of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells by 70% at 10 μM. Thiosemicarbazone analogue 8 significantly inhibited the invasive potential of PC-3ML prostate cancer cells by 92% at 5 μM. The most active cathepsin L inhibitors from this benzoylbenzophenone thiosemicarbazone series (1, 8, and 32) displayed low cytotoxicity toward normal primary cells [in this case human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs)]. In an initial in vivo study, 3-benzoylbenzophenone thiosemicarbazone (1) was well-tolerated in a CDF1 mouse model bearing an implanted C3H mammary carcinoma, and showed efficacy in tumor growth delay. Low cytotoxicity, inhibition of cell invasion, and in vivo tolerability are desirable characteristics for anti-metastatic agents functioning through an inhibition of cathepsin L. Active members of this structurally diverse group of benzoylbenzophenone thiosemicarbazone cathepsin L inhibitors show promise as potential anti-metastatic, pre-clinical drug candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erica N Parker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX 76798-7348, United States
| | - Jiangli Song
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX 76798-7348, United States
| | - G D Kishore Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX 76798-7348, United States
| | - Samuel O Odutola
- Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97224, Waco, TX 76798-7224, United States
| | - Gustavo E Chavarria
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX 76798-7348, United States
| | - Amanda K Charlton-Sevcik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX 76798-7348, United States
| | - Tracy E Strecker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX 76798-7348, United States
| | - Ashleigh L Barnes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX 76798-7348, United States
| | - Dhivya R Sudhan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - Thomas R Wittenborn
- Department of Experimental Clinical Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dietmar W Siemann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - Michael R Horsman
- Department of Experimental Clinical Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - David J Chaplin
- OXiGENE, Inc., 701 Gateway Blvd, Suite 210, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Mary Lynn Trawick
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX 76798-7348, United States; Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97224, Waco, TX 76798-7224, United States.
| | - Kevin G Pinney
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX 76798-7348, United States; Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97224, Waco, TX 76798-7224, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cabrera M, Gomez N, Remes Lenicov F, Echeverría E, Shayo C, Moglioni A, Fernández N, Davio C. G2/M Cell Cycle Arrest and Tumor Selective Apoptosis of Acute Leukemia Cells by a Promising Benzophenone Thiosemicarbazone Compound. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136878. [PMID: 26360247 PMCID: PMC4567328 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-mitotic therapies have been considered a hallmark in strategies against abnormally proliferating cells. Focusing on the extensively studied family of thiosemicarbazone (TSC) compounds, we have previously identified 4,4'-dimethoxybenzophenone thiosemicarbazone (T44Bf) as a promising pharmacological compound in a panel of human leukemia cell lines (HL60, U937, KG1a and Jurkat). Present findings indicate that T44Bf-mediated antiproliferative effects are associated with a reversible chronic mitotic arrest caused by defects in chromosome alignment, followed by induced programmed cell death. Furthermore, T44Bf selectively induces apoptosis in leukemia cell lines when compared to normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The underlying mechanism of action involves the activation of the mitochondria signaling pathway, with loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and sustained phosphorylation of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-xL as well as increased Bcl-2 (enhanced phosphorylated fraction) and pro-apoptotic protein Bad levels. In addition, ERK signaling pathway activation was found to be a requisite for T44Bf apoptotic activity. Our findings further describe a novel activity for a benzophenone thiosemicarbazone and propose T44Bf as a promising anti-mitotic prototype to develop chemotherapeutic agents to treat acute leukemia malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maia Cabrera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica (ININFA-UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail:
| | - Natalia Gomez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica (ININFA-UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Cátedra de Química Medicinal, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico Remes Lenicov
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA, Facultad de Medicina, (INBIRS-UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Emiliana Echeverría
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica (ININFA-UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carina Shayo
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Albertina Moglioni
- Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, (IQUIMEFA-UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Cátedra de Química Medicinal, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia Fernández
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica (ININFA-UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Cátedra de Química Medicinal, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos Davio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica (ININFA-UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Cátedra de Química Medicinal, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sudhan DR, Siemann DW. Cathepsin L targeting in cancer treatment. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 155:105-16. [PMID: 26299995 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Proteolytic enzymes may serve as promising targets for novel therapeutic treatment strategies seeking to impede cancer progression and metastasis. One such enzyme is cathepsin L (CTSL), a lysosomal cysteine protease. CTSL upregulation, a common occurrence in a variety of human cancers, has been widely correlated with metastatic aggressiveness and poor patient prognosis. In addition, CTSL has been implicated to contribute to cancer-associated osteolysis, a debilitating morbidity affecting both life expectancy and the quality of life. In this review, we highlight the mechanisms by which CTSL contributes to tumor progression and dissemination and discuss the therapeutic utility of CTSL intervention strategies aimed at impeding metastatic progression and bone resorption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhivya R Sudhan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Dietmar W Siemann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chalcones, semicarbazones and pyrazolines as inhibitors of cathepsins B, H and L. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 80:710-24. [PMID: 26193682 PMCID: PMC7124378 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Three bio macromolecules cathepsins B, H and L of physiological and pathological significance have been selected for the study. The molecules have been designed by combining two important pharmacophores their cyclized analogues and were studied for their inhibitory effects on selected enzymes. Two isomeric forms of chalconesemicarbazones are reported for the first time. The synthesized compounds showed a competitive inhibition towards cathepsins B, H and L. Docking experiments were run along with to relate with in vitro studies.
Cathepsin B [EC 3.4.22.1], cathepsin H [EC 3.4.22.16] and cathepsin L [EC 3.4.22.15] are the most versatile lysosomal cysteine proteases and are responsible for intracellular protein degradation. These are involved in a number of pathological conditions including tissue degenerative processes. In the present work, we report the synthesis and systematic evaluation of differently substituted chalcones, chalconesemicarbazones, and diarylpyrazolines on cathepsins B, H and L activity. It was found that after a preliminary screening as cysteine protease inhibitors, chalconesemicarbazones were better inhibitors to these cysteine proteases than diarylpyrazolines followed by chalcones. All the synthesized compounds were identified as the best inhibitors to cathepsin L followed by cathepsin B and then cathepsin H. The results are compared with docking studies and it was found that all the compounds resulted in decrease in energy while interacting with the active site of the enzyme.
Collapse
|
22
|
Singh M, Raghav N. 2,3-Dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-one derivatives as potential non-peptidyl inhibitors of cathepsins B and H. Bioorg Chem 2015; 59:12-22. [PMID: 25665518 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A direct correlation between cathepsin expression-cancer progression and elevated levels of cathepsins due to an imbalance in cellular inhibitors-cathepsins ratio in inflammatory diseases necessitates the work on the identification of potential inhibitors to cathepsins. In the present work we report the synthesis of some 2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones followed by their evaluation as cysteine protease inhibitors in general and cathepsin B and cathepsin H inhibitors in particular. 2,3-Dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones, synthesized by the condensation of anthranilamide and carbonyl compound in presence of PPA-SiO2 catalyst, were characterized by spectral analysis. The designed compounds were screened as inhibitors to proteolysis on endogenous protein substrates. Further, a distinct differential pattern of inhibition was obtained for cathepsins B and H. The inhibition was more to cathepsin B with Ki values in nanomolar range. However, cathepsin H was inhibited at micromolar concentration. Maximum inhibition was shown by compounds, 1e and 1f for cathepsin B and compounds 1c and 1f for cathepsin H. The synthesized compounds were established as reversible inhibitors of cathepsins B and H. The results were also compared with the energy of interaction between enzyme active site and compounds using iGemdock software.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mamta Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra 136119, India
| | - Neera Raghav
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra 136119, India.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Raghav N, Singh M. SAR studies of differently functionalized chalcones based hydrazones and their cyclized derivatives as inhibitors of mammalian cathepsin B and cathepsin H. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:4233-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
24
|
Raghav N, Kaur R. Synthesis and evaluation of some semicarbazone- and thiosemicarbazone-based cathepsin B inhibitors. Med Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-014-1036-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
25
|
Abstract
Background Development of a cancerous cell takes place when it ceases to respond to growth-inhibiting signals and multiplies uncontrollably and can detach and move to other parts of the body; the process called as metastasis. A particular set of cysteine proteases are very active during cancer metastasis, Cathepsins being one of them. They are involved in tumor growth and malignancy and have also been reported to be overexpressed in tumor cell lines. In the present study, a combinatorial approach comprising three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D QSAR), ligand-based pharmacophore modelling and search followed by cathepsin L structure-based high throughput screening was carried out using an initial set of 28 congeneric thiosemicarbazone derivatives as cathepsin L inhibitors. A 3D QSAR was derived using the alignment of a common thiosemicarbazone substructure. Essential structural features responsible for biological activity were taken into account for development of a pharmacophore model based on 29 congeneric thiosemicarbazone derivatives. This model was used to carry out an exhaustive search on a large dataset of natural compounds. A further cathepsin L structure-based screen identified two top scoring compounds as potent anti-cancer leads. Results The generated 3D QSAR model showed statistically significant results with an r2 value of 0.8267, cross-validated correlation coefficient q2 of 0.7232, and a pred_r2 (r2 value for test set) of 0.7460. Apart from these, a high F test value of 30.2078 suggested low probability of the model's failure. The pharmacophoric hypothesis chosen for searching the natural compound libraries was identified as DDHRR, where two Ds denote 2 hydrogen donors, H represents a hydrophobic group and two Rs represent aromatic rings, all of which are essential for the biological activity. We report two potential drug leads ZINC08764437 (NFP) and ZINC03846634 (APQ) obtained after a combined approach of pharmacophore-based search and structure-based virtual screen. These two compounds displayed extra precision docking scores of -7.972908 and -7.575686 respectively suggesting considerable binding affinity for cathepsin L. High activity values of 5.72 and 5.75 predicted using the 3D QSAR model further substantiated the inhibitory potential of these identified leads. Conclusion The present study attempts to correlate the structural features of thiosemicarbazone group with their biological activity by development of a robust 3D QSAR model. Being statistically valid, this model provides near accurate values of the activities predicted for the congeneric set on which it is based. These predicted activities are good for the test set compounds making it indeed a statistically sound 3D QSAR model. The identified pharmacophore model DDHRR.8 comprised of all the essential features required to interact with the catalytic triad of cathepsin L. A search for natural compounds based on this pharmacophore followed by docking studies further screened out two top scoring candidates: NFP and AFQ. The high binding affinity and presence of essential structural features in these two compounds make them ideal for consideration as natural anti-tumoral agents. Activity prediction using 3D QSAR model further validated their potential as worthy drug candidates against cathepsin L for treatment of cancer.
Collapse
|
26
|
Song J, Jones LM, Chavarria GE, Charlton-Sevcik AK, Jantz A, Johansen A, Bayeh L, Soeung V, Snyder LK, Lade SD, Chaplin DJ, Trawick ML, Pinney KG. Small-molecule inhibitors of cathepsin L incorporating functionalized ring-fused molecular frameworks. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:2801-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
27
|
Chavarria GE, Horsman MR, Arispe WM, Kumar GDK, Chen SE, Strecker TE, Parker EN, Chaplin DJ, Pinney KG, Trawick ML. Initial evaluation of the antitumour activity of KGP94, a functionalized benzophenone thiosemicarbazone inhibitor of cathepsin L. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 58:568-72. [PMID: 23168380 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Kinetic analysis of the mode of inhibition of cathepsin L by KGP94, a lead compound from a privileged library of functionalized benzophenone thiosemicarbazone derivatives, demonstrated that it is a time-dependent, reversible, and competitive inhibitor of the enzyme. These results are consistent with the formation of a transient covalent bond, and are supported by molecular modeling that places the thiocarbonyl of the inhibitor in proximity to the thiolate moiety of the enzyme active site Cys25. KGP94 significantly decreased the activity of cathepsin L toward human type I collagen, and impeded both migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. Growth retardation was achieved in vivo against both recently implanted and established tumours using a C3H mouse mammary carcinoma model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo E Chavarria
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Song J, Jones LM, Kumar GDK, Conner ES, Bayeh L, Chavarria GE, Charlton-Sevcik AK, Chen SE, Chaplin DJ, Trawick ML, Pinney KG. Synthesis and biochemical evaluation of thiochromanone thiosemicarbazone analogues as inhibitors of cathepsin L. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:450-3. [PMID: 24900494 DOI: 10.1021/ml200299g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of 36 thiosemicarbazone analogues containing the thiochromanone molecular scaffold functionalized primarily at the C-6 position were prepared by chemical synthesis and evaluated as inhibitors of cathepsins L and B. The most promising inhibitors from this group are selective for cathepsin L and demonstrate IC50 values in the low nanomolar range. In nearly all cases, the thiochromanone sulfide analogues show superior inhibition of cathepsin L as compared to their corresponding thiochromanone sulfone derivatives. Without exception, the compounds evaluated were inactive (IC50 > 10000 nM) against cathepsin B. The most potent inhibitor (IC50 = 46 nM) of cathepsin L proved to be the 6,7-difluoro analogue 4. This small library of compounds significantly expands the structure-activity relationship known for small molecule, nonpeptidic inhibitors of cathepsin L.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangli Song
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas, 76798-7348 United States
| | - Lindsay M. Jones
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas, 76798-7348 United States
| | - G. D. Kishore Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas, 76798-7348 United States
| | - Elizabeth S. Conner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas, 76798-7348 United States
| | - Liela Bayeh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas, 76798-7348 United States
| | - Gustavo E. Chavarria
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas, 76798-7348 United States
| | - Amanda K. Charlton-Sevcik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas, 76798-7348 United States
| | - Shen-En Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas, 76798-7348 United States
| | - David J. Chaplin
- OXiGENE Inc., 701 Gateway Boulevard, Suite 210, South San Francisco, California, 94080, United States
| | - Mary Lynn Trawick
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas, 76798-7348 United States
| | - Kevin G. Pinney
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas, 76798-7348 United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Marques EF, Bueno MA, Duarte PD, Silva LRSP, Martinelli AM, dos Santos CY, Severino RP, Brömme D, Vieira PC, Corrêa AG. Evaluation of synthetic acridones and 4-quinolinones as potent inhibitors of cathepsins L and V. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 54:10-21. [PMID: 22591648 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsins, also known as lysosomal cysteine peptidases, are members of the papain-like peptidase family, involved in different physiological processes. In addition, cathepsins are implicated in many pathological conditions. This report describes the synthesis and evaluation of a series of N-arylanthranilic acids, acridones, and 4-quinolinones as inhibitors of cathepsins V and L. The kinetics revealed that compounds of the classes of acridones are reversible competitive inhibitors of the target enzyme with affinities in the low micromolar range. They represent promising lead candidates for the discovery of novel competitive cathepsin inhibitors with enhanced selectivity and potency. On the other hand, 4-quinolinones were noncompetitive inhibitors and N-arylanthranilic acids were uncompetitive inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emerson F Marques
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Chen H, Xie F, Gong J, Hu Y. Domino Reaction to Functionalized 2-Hydroxybenzophenones from Electron-Deficient Chromones and 1,3-Dicarbonyl Compounds. J Org Chem 2011; 76:8495-500. [PMID: 21916499 DOI: 10.1021/jo201384f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuchun Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Youhong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Exoplasmic cysteine Cys384 of the HDL receptor SR-BI is critical for its sensitivity to a small-molecule inhibitor and normal lipid transport activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:12243-8. [PMID: 21746906 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1109078108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The HDL receptor, scavenger receptor, class B, type I (SR-BI), is a homooligomeric cell surface glycoprotein that controls HDL structure and metabolism by mediating the cellular selective uptake of lipids, mainly cholesteryl esters, from HDL. The mechanism underlying SR-BI-mediated lipid transfer, which differs from classic receptor-mediated endocytosis, involves a two-step process (binding followed by lipid transport) that is poorly understood. Our previous structure/activity analysis of the small-molecule inhibitor blocker of lipid transport 1 (BLT-1), which potently (IC(50) ∼ 50 nM) blocks SR-BI-mediated lipid transport, established that the sulfur in BLT-1's thiosemicarbazone moiety was essential for activity. Here we show that BLT-1 is an irreversible inhibitor of SR-BI, raising the possibility that cysteine(s) in SR-BI interact with BLT-1. Mass spectrometric analysis of purified SR-BI showed two of its six exoplasmic cysteines have free thiol groups (Cys251 and Cys384). Converting Cys384 (but not Cys251) to serine resulted in complete BLT-1 insensitivity, establishing that the unique molecular target of BLT-1 inhibition of cellular SR-BI dependent lipid transport is SR-BI itself. The C384S substitution reduced the receptor's intrinsic lipid uptake activity by approximately 60% without dramatically altering its surface expression, homooligomerization, or HDL binding. Thus, a small-molecule screening approach identified a key residue in SR-BI involved in lipid transport, providing a powerful springboard into the analyses of the structure and mechanism of SR-BI, and highlighting the power of this approach for such analyses.
Collapse
|
32
|
|