1
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Xu Z, Chu M. Advances in Immunosuppressive Agents Based on Signal Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:917162. [PMID: 35694243 PMCID: PMC9178660 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.917162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune abnormality involves in various diseases, such as infection, allergic diseases, autoimmune diseases, as well as transplantation. Several signal pathways have been demonstrated to play a central role in the immune response, including JAK/STAT, NF-κB, PI3K/AKT-mTOR, MAPK, and Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway, in which multiple targets have been used to develop immunosuppressive agents. In recent years, varieties of immunosuppressive agents have been approved for clinical use, such as the JAK inhibitor tofacitinib and the mTOR inhibitor everolimus, which have shown good therapeutic effects. Additionally, many immunosuppressive agents are still in clinical trials or preclinical studies. In this review, we classified the immunosuppressive agents according to the immunopharmacological mechanisms, and summarized the phase of immunosuppressive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqing Xu
- Department of Immunology, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ming Chu
- Department of Immunology, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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2
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Cobos S, Torrente MP. Epidrugs in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/Frontotemporal Dementia: Contextualizing a Role for Histone Kinase Inhibition in Neurodegenerative Disease. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2022; 5:134-137. [PMID: 35187420 PMCID: PMC8844958 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.1c00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Breakthroughs in understanding the epigenetic mechanisms involved in neurodegenerative disease have highlighted "epidrugs" as a potential avenue for therapeutic development. Here, we expand on the future of epidrugs against neurodegeneration and discuss promising novel targets underexploited thus far: histone kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha
N. Cobos
- Chemistry
Department of Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States,Ph.D.
Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center
of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Mariana P. Torrente
- Chemistry
Department of Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States,Ph.D.
Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center
of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States,Ph.D.
Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center
of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States,Ph.D.
Program in Biology, The Graduate Center
of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States,
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3
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Feng Y, Park H, Ryu JC, Yoon SOK. N-Aromatic-Substituted Indazole Derivatives as Brain-Penetrant and Orally Bioavailable JNK3 Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:1546-1552. [PMID: 34676036 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An indazole/aza-indazole scaffold was developed as a novel chemotype for JNK3 inhibition. Extensive structure activity relationship (SAR) studies utilizing various in vitro and in vivo assays led to potent and highly selective JNK3 inhibitors with good oral bioavailability and high brain penetration. One lead compound, 29, was a potent and selective JNK3 inhibitor (IC50 = 0.005 μM) that had significant inhibition (>80% at 1 μM) to only JNK3 and JNK2 in a panel profiling of 374 wild-type kinases, had high potency in functional cell-based assays, had high stability in the human liver microsome (t 1/2 = 92 min), and was orally bioavailable and brain penetrant (brain/plasma ratio: 56%). The cocrystal structure of 29 in human JNK3 at a 2.1 Å resolution showed that indazole or aza-indazole-based JNK3 inhibitors demonstrated a type I kinase inhibition/binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangbo Feng
- Reaction Biology Corporation, One Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - HaJeung Park
- Crystallography Core Facility, Scripps Research, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Jae Cheon Ryu
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Pharmacology, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Sung OK Yoon
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Pharmacology, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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4
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Li G, Qi W, Li X, Zhao J, Luo M, Chen J. Recent Advances in c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase (JNK) Inhibitors. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:607-627. [PMID: 32039671 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200210144114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
c-Jun N-Terminal Kinases (JNKs), members of the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, play a key role in the pathogenesis of many diseases including cancer, inflammation, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular disease, obesity, and diabetes. Therefore, JNKs represent new and excellent target by therapeutic agents. Many JNK inhibitors based on different molecular scaffolds have been discovered in the past decade. However, only a few of them have advanced to clinical trials. The major obstacle for the development of JNK inhibitors as therapeutic agents is the JNKisoform selectivity. In this review, we describe the recent development of JNK inhibitors, including ATP competitive and ATP non-competitive (allosteric) inhibitors, bidentatebinding inhibitors and dual inhibitors, the challenges, and the future direction of JNK inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Department of Oncology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde), Foshan 528300, China
| | - Wenqing Qi
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis TN 38105, United States
| | - Xiaoxun Li
- Chengdu Easton Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Jinwu Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Songshan Lake Science and Technology Industry Park, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Meihua Luo
- Department of Oncology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde), Foshan 528300, China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Department of Oncology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde), Foshan 528300, China
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5
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Wu Q, Wu W, Jacevic V, Franca TCC, Wang X, Kuca K. Selective inhibitors for JNK signalling: a potential targeted therapy in cancer. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2020; 35:574-583. [PMID: 31994958 PMCID: PMC7034130 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2020.1720013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signalling regulates both cancer cell apoptosis and survival. Emerging evidence show that JNK promoted tumour progression is involved in various cancers, that include human pancreatic-, lung-, and breast cancer. The pro-survival JNK oncoprotein functions in a cell context- and cell type-specific manner to affect signal pathways that modulate tumour initiation, proliferation, and migration. JNK is therefore considered a potential oncogenic target for cancer therapy. Currently, designing effective and specific JNK inhibitors is an active area in the cancer treatment. Some ATP-competitive inhibitors of JNK, such as SP600125 and AS601245, are widely used in vitro; however, this type of inhibitor lacks specificity as they indiscriminately inhibit phosphorylation of all JNK substrates. Moreover, JNK has at least three isoforms with different functions in cancer development and identifying specific selective inhibitors is crucial for the development of targeted therapy in cancer. Some selective inhibitors of JNK are identified; however, their clinical studies in cancer are relatively less conducted. In this review, we first summarised the function of JNK signalling in cancer progression; there is a focus on the discussion of the novel selective JNK inhibitors as potential targeting therapy in cancer. Finally, we have offered a future perspective of the selective JNK inhibitors in the context of cancer therapies. We hope this review will help to further understand the role of JNK in cancer progression and provide insight into the design of novel selective JNK inhibitors in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Wu
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Wenda Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Vesna Jacevic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,National Poison Control Centre, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia.,Medical Faculty of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tanos C C Franca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Applied to the Chemical and Biological Defense, Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Xu Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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6
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Shi Y, Mader M. Brain penetrant kinase inhibitors: Learning from kinase neuroscience discovery. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:1981-1991. [PMID: 29752185 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A recent review of kinase inhibitors in clinical trials for brain cancer noted differences in the properties of these compounds relative to the mean property parameters associated with drugs marketed for CNS-associated conditions. However, many of these kinase drugs arose from opportunistic observations of brain activity, rather than design or flow schemes focused on optimizing CNS penetration. Thus, this digest examines kinase inhibitors that have been developed specifically for neurodegenerative indications such as Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease, and considers design, flow scheme, and the physicochemical properties associated with compounds that have demonstrated brain penetrance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Shi
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Mary Mader
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
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7
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JNK pathway signaling: a novel and smarter therapeutic targets for various biological diseases. Future Med Chem 2015; 7:2065-86. [PMID: 26505831 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
JNK pathway regulates various physiological processes including inflammatory responses, cell differentiation, cell proliferation, cell death, cell survival and expression of proteins. Deregulation of JNK is linked with various diseases including neurodegenerative disease, autoimmune disease, diabetes, cancer, cardiac hypertrophy and asthma. Three distinct genes JNK1, JNK2 and JNK3 have been identified as regulator of JNK pathway. JNK1 and JNK2 have broad tissue distribution and play a potential role in insulin resistance, inflammation and cell signaling. JNK3 is predominantly found in the CNS neurons, making it an attractive target for neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we summarize the evidence supporting JNK as a potent therapeutic target, and small molecules from various chemical classes as JNK inhibitors.
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8
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Zheng K, Park CM, Iqbal S, Hernandez P, Park H, LoGrasso PV, Feng Y. Pyridopyrimidinone Derivatives as Potent and Selective c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase (JNK) Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:413-8. [PMID: 25893042 DOI: 10.1021/ml500474d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel series of 2-aminopyridopyrimidinone based JNK (c-jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitors were discovered and developed. Structure-activity relationships (SARs) were systematically developed utilizing biochemical and cell based assays and in vitro and in vivo drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic (DMPK) studies. Through the optimization of lead compound 1, several potent and selective JNK inhibitors with high oral bioavailability were developed. Inhibitor 13 was a potent JNK3 inhibitor (IC50 = 15 nM), had high selectivity against p38 (IC50 > 10 μM), had high potency in functional cell based assays, and had high stability in human liver microsome (t 1/2 = 76 min), a clean CYP-450 inhibition profile, and excellent oral bioavailability (%F = 87). Moreover, cocrystal structures of compounds 13 and 22 in JNK3 were solved at 2.0 Å. These structures elucidated the binding mode (Type-I binding) and can pave the way for further inhibitor design of this pyridopyrimidinone scaffold for JNK inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zheng
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Discovery Biology, §Crystallography/Modeling Core Facility, Translational
Research Institute, and ∥Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, #2A1, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Chul Min Park
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Discovery Biology, §Crystallography/Modeling Core Facility, Translational
Research Institute, and ∥Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, #2A1, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Sarah Iqbal
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Discovery Biology, §Crystallography/Modeling Core Facility, Translational
Research Institute, and ∥Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, #2A1, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Pamela Hernandez
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Discovery Biology, §Crystallography/Modeling Core Facility, Translational
Research Institute, and ∥Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, #2A1, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - HaJeung Park
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Discovery Biology, §Crystallography/Modeling Core Facility, Translational
Research Institute, and ∥Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, #2A1, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Philip V. LoGrasso
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Discovery Biology, §Crystallography/Modeling Core Facility, Translational
Research Institute, and ∥Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, #2A1, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Yangbo Feng
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Discovery Biology, §Crystallography/Modeling Core Facility, Translational
Research Institute, and ∥Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, #2A1, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
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9
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Abstract
The c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) are serine/threonine kinases implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases. Recent advances in the development of novel inhibitors of JNKs will be reviewed. Significant progress in the design of JNK inhibitors displaying selectivity versus other kinases has been achieved within the past 4 years. However, the development of isoform selective JNK inhibitors is still an open task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Koch
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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10
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Zheng K, Iqbal S, Hernandez P, Park H, LoGrasso PV, Feng Y. Design and synthesis of highly potent and isoform selective JNK3 inhibitors: SAR studies on aminopyrazole derivatives. J Med Chem 2014; 57:10013-30. [PMID: 25393557 PMCID: PMC4266361 DOI: 10.1021/jm501256y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The
c-jun N-terminal kinase 3 (JNK3) is expressed primarily in
the brain. Numerous reports have shown that inhibition of JNK3 is
a promising strategy for treatment of neurodegeneration. The optimization
of aminopyrazole-based JNK3 inhibitors with improved potency, isoform
selectivity, and pharmacological properties by structure–activity
relationship (SAR) studies utilizing biochemical and cell-based assays,
and structure-based drug design is reported. These inhibitors had
high selectivity over JNK1 and p38α, minimal cytotoxicity, potent
inhibition of 6-OHDA-induced mitochondrial membrane potential dissipation
and ROS generation, and good drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic (DMPK)
properties for iv dosing. 26n was profiled against 464
kinases and was found to be highly selective hitting only seven kinases
with >80% inhibition at 10 μM. Moreover, 26n showed
good solubility, good brain penetration, and good DMPK properties.
Finally, the crystal structure of 26k in complex with
JNK3 was solved at 1.8 Å to explore the binding mode of aminopyrazole
based JNK3 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zheng
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Discovery Biology, §Crystallography/Modeling Facility, Translational Research Institute, and ∥Department of Molecular Therapeutics, Scripps Florida, The Scripps Research Institute , 130 Scripps Way, No. 2A1, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
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11
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Messoussi A, Feneyrolles C, Bros A, Deroide A, Daydé-Cazals B, Chevé G, Van Hijfte N, Fauvel B, Bougrin K, Yasri A. Recent progress in the design, study, and development of c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitors as anticancer agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:1433-43. [PMID: 25442375 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) family, with its three members JNK1, JNK2, and JNK3, is a subfamily of mitogen-activated protein kinases. Involved in many aspects of cellular processes, JNK has been also associated with pathological states such as neurodegenerative diseases, inflammation, and cancers. In oncology, each isoform plays a distinct role depending on the context of the targeted tissue/organ, the tumor stage, and, most likely, the signaling pathway activated upstream. Consequently, the current challenge in finding new successful anti-JNK therapies is to design isoform-selective inhibitors of the JNKs. In this review, a particular focus is given to the JNK inhibitors that have been developed thus far when examining 3D structures of various JNK-inhibitor complexes. Using current data regarding structure-activity relationships and medicinal chemistry approaches, our objective is to provide a better understanding of the design and development of selective JNK inhibitors in the present and future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdellah Messoussi
- OriBase Pharma, Cap Gamma, Parc Euromédecine, 34090 Montpellier, France; Laboratoire de Chimie des Plantes et de Synthèse Organique et Bioorganique, URAC23, Université Mohammed V-Agdal, Faculté des Sciences, B.P. 1014 Rabat, Morocco
| | | | - Aurélie Bros
- OriBase Pharma, Cap Gamma, Parc Euromédecine, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Arthur Deroide
- OriBase Pharma, Cap Gamma, Parc Euromédecine, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Gwénaël Chevé
- OriBase Pharma, Cap Gamma, Parc Euromédecine, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Bénédicte Fauvel
- OriBase Pharma, Cap Gamma, Parc Euromédecine, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Khalid Bougrin
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Plantes et de Synthèse Organique et Bioorganique, URAC23, Université Mohammed V-Agdal, Faculté des Sciences, B.P. 1014 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Aziz Yasri
- OriBase Pharma, Cap Gamma, Parc Euromédecine, 34090 Montpellier, France.
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12
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Bubici C, Papa S. JNK signalling in cancer: in need of new, smarter therapeutic targets. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:24-37. [PMID: 24117156 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The JNKs are master protein kinases that regulate many physiological processes, including inflammatory responses, morphogenesis, cell proliferation, differentiation, survival and death. It is increasingly apparent that persistent activation of JNKs is involved in cancer development and progression. Therefore, JNKs represent attractive targets for therapeutic intervention with small molecule kinase inhibitors. However, evidence supportive of a tumour suppressor role for the JNK proteins has also been documented. Recent studies showed that the two major JNK proteins, JNK1 and JNK2, have distinct or even opposing functions in different types of cancer. As such, close consideration of which JNK proteins are beneficial targets and, more importantly, what effect small molecule inhibitors of JNKs have on physiological processes, are essential. A number of ATP-competitive and ATP-non-competitive JNK inhibitors have been developed, but have several limitations such as a lack of specificity and cellular toxicity. In this review, we summarize the accumulating evidence supporting a role for the JNK proteins in the pathogenesis of different solid and haematological malignancies, and discuss many challenges and scientific opportunities in the targeting of JNKs in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concetta Bubici
- Section of Inflammation and Signal Transduction, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK; Biosciences Division, School of Health Sciences and Social Care, Brunel University, London, UK
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13
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He Y, Duckett D, Chen W, Ling YY, Cameron MD, Lin L, Ruiz CH, Lograsso PV, Kamenecka TM, Koenig M. Synthesis and SAR of novel isoxazoles as potent c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 24:161-4. [PMID: 24332487 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of isoxazole 3 is described, a potent JNK inhibitor with two fold selectivity over p38. Optimization of this scaffold led to compounds 27 and 28 which showed greatly improved selectivity over p38 by maintaining the JNK3 potency of compound 3. Extensive SAR studies will be described as well as preliminary in vivo data of the two lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjun He
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, and Translational Research Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way #A2A, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Derek Duckett
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, and Translational Research Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way #A2A, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Weimin Chen
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, and Translational Research Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way #A2A, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Yuan Yuan Ling
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, and Translational Research Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way #A2A, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Michael D Cameron
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, and Translational Research Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way #A2A, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, and Translational Research Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way #A2A, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Claudia H Ruiz
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, and Translational Research Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way #A2A, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Philip V Lograsso
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, and Translational Research Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way #A2A, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Theodore M Kamenecka
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, and Translational Research Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way #A2A, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Marcel Koenig
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, and Translational Research Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way #A2A, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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14
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Abstract
JNK is involved in a broad range of physiological processes. Several inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease have been linked with the dysregulated JNK pathway. Research on disease models using the relevant knockout mice has highlighted the importance of specific JNK isoformsin-particular disorders and has stimulated further efforts in the drug-discovery area. However, most of the experimental evidence for the efficacy of JNK inhibition in animal models is from studies using JNK inhibitors, which are not isoform selective. Some of the more recent compounds exhibit good oral bioavailability, CNS penetration and selectivity against the rest of the kinome. Efforts to design isoform-selective inhibitors have produced a number of examples with various selectivity profiles. This article presents recent progress in this area and comment on the role of isoform selectivity for efficacy.
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15
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ULK1 and JNK are involved in mitophagy incurred by LRRK2 G2019S expression. Protein Cell 2013; 4:711-21. [PMID: 27023913 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-013-3910-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in LR RK2 (Leucine rich repeat kinase 2) are a major cause of Parkinson's disease (PD). We and others reported recently that expression of the pathogenic gainof-function mutant form of LRRK2, LRRK2 G2019S, induces mitochondrial fission in neurons through DLP1. Here we provide evidence that expression of LRRK2 G2019S stimulates mitochondria loss or mitophagy. We have characterized several LRRK2 interacting proteins and found that LRRK2 interacts with ULK1 which plays an essential role in autophagy. Knockdown of either ULK1 or DLP1 expression with shRNAs suppresses LRRK2 G2019S expression-induced mitochondrial clearance, suggesting that LRRK2 G2019S expression induces mitochondrial fission through DLP1 followed by mitophagy via an ULK1 dependent pathway. In addition to ULK1, we found that LRRK2 interacts with the endogenous MKK4/7, JIP3 and coordinates with them in the activation of JNK signaling. Interestingly, LRRK2 G2019S-induced loss of mitochondria can also be suppressed by 3 different JNK inhibitors, implying the involvement of the JNK pathway in the pathogenic mechanism of mutated LRRK2. Thus our findings may provide an insight into the complicated pathogenesis of PD as well as some clues to the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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16
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Feng Y, Chambers JW, Iqbal S, Koenig M, Park H, Cherry L, Hernandez P, Figuera-Losada M, LoGrasso PV. A small molecule bidentate-binding dual inhibitor probe of the LRRK2 and JNK kinases. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:1747-54. [PMID: 23751758 DOI: 10.1021/cb3006165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Both JNK and LRRK2 are associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). Here we report a reasonably selective and potent kinase inhibitor (compound 6) that bound to both JNK and LRRK2 (a dual inhibitor). A bidentate-binding strategy that simultaneously utilized the ATP hinge binding and a unique protein surface site outside of the ATP pocket was applied to the design and identification of this kind of inhibitor. Compound 6 was a potent JNK3 and modest LRRK2 dual inhibitor with an enzyme IC50 value of 12 nM and 99 nM (LRRK2-G2019S), respectively. Compound 6 also exhibited good cell potency, inhibited LRRK2:G2019S-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in SHSY5Y cells, and was demonstrated to be reasonably selective against a panel of 116 kinases from representative kinase families. Design of such a probe molecule may help enable testing if dual JNK and LRRK2 inhibitions have added or synergistic efficacy in protecting against neurodegeneration in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangbo Feng
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Discovery Biology, §Modeling/Crystallography
Facility, Translational Research Institute, and ∥Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida,
Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Jeremy W. Chambers
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Discovery Biology, §Modeling/Crystallography
Facility, Translational Research Institute, and ∥Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida,
Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Sarah Iqbal
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Discovery Biology, §Modeling/Crystallography
Facility, Translational Research Institute, and ∥Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida,
Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Marcel Koenig
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Discovery Biology, §Modeling/Crystallography
Facility, Translational Research Institute, and ∥Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida,
Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - HaJeung Park
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Discovery Biology, §Modeling/Crystallography
Facility, Translational Research Institute, and ∥Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida,
Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Lisa Cherry
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Discovery Biology, §Modeling/Crystallography
Facility, Translational Research Institute, and ∥Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida,
Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Pamela Hernandez
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Discovery Biology, §Modeling/Crystallography
Facility, Translational Research Institute, and ∥Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida,
Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Mariana Figuera-Losada
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Discovery Biology, §Modeling/Crystallography
Facility, Translational Research Institute, and ∥Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida,
Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Philip V. LoGrasso
- Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Discovery Biology, §Modeling/Crystallography
Facility, Translational Research Institute, and ∥Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Florida,
Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
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17
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A novel retro-inverso peptide is a preferential JNK substrate-competitive inhibitor. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:1939-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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18
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Pham TAN, Yang Z, Fang Y, Luo J, Lee J, Park H. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 2,4-disubstituted quinazoline analogues as GPR119 agonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:1349-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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19
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Yeung YT, McDonald KL, Grewal T, Munoz L. Interleukins in glioblastoma pathophysiology: implications for therapy. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 168:591-606. [PMID: 23062197 PMCID: PMC3579281 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite considerable amount of research, the poor prognosis of patients diagnosed with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) critically needs new drug development to improve clinical outcomes. The development of an inflammatory microenvironment has long been considered important in the initiation and progression of glioblastoma; however, the success of developing therapeutic approaches to target inflammation for GBM therapy has yet been limited. Here, we summarize the accumulating evidence supporting a role for inflammation in the pathogenesis of glioblastoma, discuss anti-inflammatory targets that could be relevant for GBM treatment and provide a perspective on the challenges faced in the development of drugs that target GBM inflammation. In particular, we will review the function of IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 as well as the potential of kinase inhibitors targeting key players in inflammatory cell signalling cascades such as JAK, JNK and p38 MAPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y T Yeung
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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20
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Schepetkin IA, Kirpotina LN, Khlebnikov AI, Hanks TS, Kochetkova I, Pascual DW, Jutila MA, Quinn MT. Identification and characterization of a novel class of c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitors. Mol Pharmacol 2012; 81:832-45. [PMID: 22434859 DOI: 10.1124/mol.111.077446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In efforts to identify novel small molecules with anti-inflammatory properties, we discovered a unique series of tetracyclic indenoquinoxaline derivatives that inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nuclear factor-κB/activating protein 1 activation. Compound IQ-1 (11H-indeno[1,2-b]quinoxalin-11-one oxime) was found to be a potent, noncytotoxic inhibitor of pro-inflammatory cytokine [interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon-γ, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor] and nitric oxide production by human and murine monocyte/macrophages. Three additional potent inhibitors of cytokine production were identified through further screening of IQ-1 analogs. The sodium salt of IQ-1 inhibited LPS-induced TNF-α and IL-6 production in MonoMac-6 cells with IC(50) values of 0.25 and 0.61 μM, respectively. Screening of 131 protein kinases revealed that derivative IQ-3 [11H-indeno[1,2-b]quinoxalin-11-one-O-(2-furoyl)oxime]was a specific inhibitor of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) family, with preference for JNK3. This compound, as well as IQ-1 and three additional oxime indenoquinoxalines, were found to be high-affinity JNK inhibitors with nanomolar binding affinity and ability to inhibit c-Jun phosphorylation. Furthermore, docking studies showed that hydrogen bonding interactions of the active indenoquinoxalines with Asn152, Gln155, and Met149 of JNK3 played an important role in enzyme binding activity. Finally, we showed that the sodium salt of IQ-1 had favorable pharmacokinetics and inhibited the ovalbumin-induced CD4(+) T-cell immune response in a murine delayed-type hypersensitivity model in vivo. We conclude that compounds with an indenoquinoxaline nucleus can serve as specific small-molecule modulators for mechanistic studies of JNKs as well as a potential leads for the development of anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor A Schepetkin
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
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21
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Song X, Chen W, Lin L, Ruiz CH, Cameron MD, Duckett DR, Kamenecka TM. Synthesis and SAR of 2-Phenoxypyridines as novel c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:7072-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.09.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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JNK isoforms differentially regulate neurite growth and regeneration in dopaminergic neurons in vitro. J Mol Neurosci 2011; 45:284-93. [PMID: 21468718 PMCID: PMC3178779 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-011-9519-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease is characterized by selective and progressive loss of midbrain DAergic neurons (MDN) in the substantia nigra and degeneration of its nigrostriatal projections. Whereas the cellular pathophysiology has been closely linked to an activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) and c-Jun, the involvement of JNKs in regenerative processes of the nigrostriatal pathway is controversially discussed. In our study, we utilized a mechanical scratch lesion paradigm of midbrain DAergic neurons in vitro and studied regenerative neuritic outgrowth. After a siRNA-mediated knockdown of each of the three JNK isoforms, we found that JNKs differentially regulate neurite regeneration. Knockdown of JNK3 resulted in the most prominent neurite outgrowth impairment. This effect was attenuated again by plasmid overexpression of JNK3. We also evaluated cell survival of the affected neurons at the scratch border. JNK3 was found to be also relevant for survival of MDN which were lesioned by the scratch. Our data suggest that JNK isoforms are involved in differential regulation of cell death and regeneration in MDN depending on their neurite integrity. JNK3 appears to be required for regeneration and survival in the case of an environment permissive for regeneration. Future therapeutic approaches for the DAergic system may thus require isoform specific targeting of these kinases.
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