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Regulatory spine RS3 residue of protein kinases: a lipophilic bystander or a decisive element in the small-molecule kinase inhibitor binding? Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:633-648. [PMID: 35226061 PMCID: PMC9022976 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, protein kinases have been one of the most pursued drug targets. These determined efforts have resulted in ever increasing numbers of small-molecule kinase inhibitors reaching to the market, offering novel treatment options for patients with distinct diseases. One essential component related to the activation and normal functionality of a protein kinase is the regulatory spine (R-spine). The R-spine is formed of four conserved residues named as RS1–RS4. One of these residues, RS3, located in the C-terminal part of αC-helix, is usually accessible for the inhibitors from the ATP-binding cavity as its side chain is lining the hydrophobic back pocket in many protein kinases. Although the role of RS3 has been well acknowledged in protein kinase function, this residue has not been actively considered in inhibitor design, even though many small-molecule kinase inhibitors display interactions to this residue. In this minireview, we will cover the current knowledge of RS3, its relationship with the gatekeeper, and the role of RS3 in kinase inhibitor interactions. Finally, we comment on the future perspectives how this residue could be utilized in the kinase inhibitor design.
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Lee HJ, Pham PC, Pei H, Lim B, Hyun SY, Baek B, Kim B, Kim Y, Kim MH, Kang NW, Min HY, Kim DD, Lee J, Lee HY. Development of the phenylpyrazolo[3,4- d]pyrimidine-based, insulin-like growth factor receptor/Src/AXL-targeting small molecule kinase inhibitor. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:1918-1936. [PMID: 33408789 PMCID: PMC7778606 DOI: 10.7150/thno.48865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: The type I insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) signaling pathway plays key roles in the development and progression of numerous types of human cancers, and Src and AXL have been found to confer resistance to anti-IGF-1R therapies. Hence, co-targeting Src and AXL may be an effective strategy to overcome resistance to anti-IGF-1R therapies. However, pharmacologic targeting of these three kinases may result in enhanced toxicity. Therefore, the development of novel multitarget anticancer drugs that block IGF-1R, Src, and AXL is urgently needed. Methods: We synthesized a series of phenylpyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine (PP)-based compounds, wherein the PP module was conjugated with 2,4-bis-arylamino-1,3-pyrimidines (I2) via a copper(I)-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition reaction. To develop IGF-1R/Src/AXL-targeting small molecule kinase inhibitors, we selected LL6 as an active compound and evaluated its antitumor and antimetastatic effects in vitro and in vivo using the MTT assay, colony formation assays, migration assay, flow cytometric analysis, a tumor xenograft model, the KrasG12D/+-driven spontaneous lung tumorigenesis model, and a spontaneous metastasis model using Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) allografts. We also determined the toxicity of LL6 in vitro and in vivo. Results: LL6 induced apoptosis and suppressed viability and colony-forming capacities of various non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines and their sublines with drug resistance. LL6 also suppressed the migration of NSCLC cells at nontoxic doses. Administration of LL6 in mice significantly suppressed the growth of NSCLC xenograft tumors and metastasis of LLC allograft tumors with outstanding toxicity profiles. Furthermore, the multiplicity, volume, and load of lung tumors in KrasG12D/+ transgenic mice were substantially reduced by the LL6 treatment. Conclusions: Our results show the potential of LL6 as a novel IGF-1R/Src/AXL-targeting small molecule kinase inhibitor, providing a new avenue for anticancer therapies.
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Wang C, Chen H, Li H, Zhang Y, Ren L, Chen C, Wang X, Yu J, Li Z, Liu Y. Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate Reduces the Lifespan via Activation of an Unconventional Insulin/Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Signaling Pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:10783-10796. [PMID: 32786597 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c03630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCPP) is an environmental contaminant that has attracted increasing concern due to its presence in environmental media and biological samples. Our previous study demonstrated that exposure to TDCPP reduced the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans, but the mechanisms, including the relevant signaling pathways, are unclear. The current study found that TDCPP exposure triggers an unconventional insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling (IIS) pathway, not by disrupting the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor DAF-2/IGF1R but by inhibiting the downstream tumor-suppressor factor DAF-18/PTEN. This inhibition reduces PI(3,4,5)P3 (PIP3) dephosphorylation, causing buildup that increases the activation of the Akt/Protein Kinase B (PKB) family of serine/threonine kinases. This activation induces DAF-16/FoxO phosphorylation and promotes the sequestration of DAF-16/FoxO in the cytoplasm, reducing the lifespan of nematodes. Our results have important diagnostic and therapeutic implications for controlling TDCPP-related diseases, especially those originating with IIS pathway components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Haibo Chen
- Institute for Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, P. R. China
| | - Hui Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
- Institute for Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
| | - Yunchao Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Luyao Ren
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Chao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Biomedical Nanotechnology Center, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Jun Yu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Zongrui Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, P. R. China
| | - Yongdi Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
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Manda S, Lee NK, Oh DC, Lee J. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras (PROTACs) for the Dual Degradation of IGF-1R and Src. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25081948. [PMID: 32340152 PMCID: PMC7221895 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A focused PROTAC library was developed to degrade both IGF-1R and Src proteins, which are associated with various cancers. PROTACs with IGF-1R and Src degradation potentials were synthesized by tethering different inhibitor warhead units and the E3 ligase (CRBN) recruiting-pomalidomide with various linkers. The designed PROTACs 12a-b inhibited the proliferation and migration of MCF7 and A549 cancer cells with low micromolar potency (1-5 μM) in various cellular assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhakar Manda
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea; (S.M.); (N.K.L.)
| | - Na Keum Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea; (S.M.); (N.K.L.)
| | - Dong-Chan Oh
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
| | - Jeeyeon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea; (S.M.); (N.K.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-02-880-2471
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Zhang J, Xi J, He R, Zhuang R, Kong L, Fu L, Zhao Y, Zhang C, Zeng L, Lu J, Tao R, Liu Z, Zhu H, Liu S. Discovery of 3-(thiophen/thiazole-2-ylthio)pyridine derivatives as multitarget anticancer agents. Med Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-019-02400-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Lee HJ, Pham PC, Hyun SY, Baek B, Kim B, Kim Y, Min HY, Lee J, Lee HY. Development of a 4-aminopyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-based dual IGF1R/Src inhibitor as a novel anticancer agent with minimal toxicity. Mol Cancer 2018; 17:50. [PMID: 29455661 PMCID: PMC5817804 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0802-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both the type I insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R) and Src pathways are associated with the development and progression of numerous types of human cancer, and Src activation confers resistance to anti-IGF1R therapies. Hence, targeting both IGF1R and Src concurrently is one of the main challenges in combating resistance to the currently available anti-IGF1R-based anticancer therapies. However, the enhanced toxicity from this combinatorial treatment could be one of the main hurdles for this strategy, suggesting the necessity of developing a novel strategy for co-targeting IGF1R and Src to meet an urgent clinical need. METHODS We synthesized a series of 4-aminopyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-based dual IGF1R/Src inhibitors, selected LL28 as an active compound and evaluated its potential antitumor effects in vitro and in vivo using the MTT assay, colony formation assays, flow cytometric analysis, a tumor xenograft model, and the Kras G12D/+ -driven spontaneous lung tumorigenesis model. RESULTS LL28 markedly suppressed the activation of IGF1R and Src and significantly inhibited the viability of several NSCLC cell lines in vitro by inducing apoptosis. Administration of mice with LL28 significantly suppressed the growth of H1299 NSCLC xenograft tumors without overt toxicity and substantially reduced the multiplicity, volume, and load of lung tumors in the Kras G12D/+ -driven lung tumorigenesis model. CONCLUSIONS The present results suggest the potential of LL28 as a novel anticancer drug candidate targeting both IGF1R and Src, providing a new avenue to efficient anticancer therapies. Further investigation is warranted in advanced preclinical and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Jin Lee
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Concurrent Control of Emphysema and Lung Cancer, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Phuong Chi Pham
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Yeob Hyun
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Concurrent Control of Emphysema and Lung Cancer, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungyeob Baek
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungjin Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunha Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Young Min
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Concurrent Control of Emphysema and Lung Cancer, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Science, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeeyeon Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ho-Young Lee
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Concurrent Control of Emphysema and Lung Cancer, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. .,College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Science, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Garg M, Chauhan M, Kumar R. Identification of new insulin growth factor receptor-1 (IGF-1R) inhibitors via exploring ATPas kinase domain of IGF-1R through virtual screening. Med Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-016-1738-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Laali KK, Jamalian A, Borosky GL. Piperidine-appended imidazolium ionic liquids as task-specific catalysts: computational study, synthesis, and multinuclear NMR. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth K. Laali
- Department of Chemistry; University of North Florida; 1, UNF Drive Jacksonville FL 32224 USA
| | - Arezu Jamalian
- Department of Chemistry; University of North Florida; 1, UNF Drive Jacksonville FL 32224 USA
| | - Gabriela L. Borosky
- INFIQC, CONICET and Departamento de Matemática y Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria; Córdoba 5000 Argentina
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Chan S, Han K, Qu R, Tong L, Li Y, Zhang Z, Cheng H, Lu X, Patterson A, Smaill J, Ren X, Ding J, Xie H, Ding K. 2,4-Diarylamino-pyrimidines as kinase inhibitors co-targeting IGF1R and EGFRL858R/T790M. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:4277-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.07.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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10
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Aware V, Gaikwad N, Chavan S, Manohar S, Bose J, Khanna S, B-Rao C, Dixit N, Singh KS, Damre A, Sharma R, Patil S, Roychowdhury A. Cyclopentyl-pyrimidine based analogues as novel and potent IGF-1R inhibitor. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 92:246-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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11
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Anastassiadis T, Duong-Ly KC, Deacon SW, Lafontant A, Ma H, Devarajan K, Dunbrack RL, Wu J, Peterson JR. A highly selective dual insulin receptor (IR)/insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) inhibitor derived from an extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitor. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:28068-77. [PMID: 23935097 PMCID: PMC3784719 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.505032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dual inhibitors of the closely related receptor tyrosine kinases insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) and insulin receptor (IR) are promising therapeutic agents in cancer. Here, we report an unusually selective class of dual inhibitors of IGF-1R and IR identified in a parallel screen of known kinase inhibitors against a panel of 300 human protein kinases. Biochemical and structural studies indicate that this class achieves its high selectivity by binding to the ATP-binding pocket of inactive, unphosphorylated IGF-1R/IR and stabilizing the activation loop in a native-like inactive conformation. One member of this compound family was originally reported as an inhibitor of the serine/threonine kinase ERK, a kinase that is distinct in the structure of its unphosphorylated/inactive form from IR/IGF-1R. Remarkably, this compound binds to the ATP-binding pocket of ERK in an entirely different conformation to that of IGF-1R/IR, explaining the potency against these two structurally distinct kinase families. These findings suggest a novel approach to polypharmacology in which two or more unrelated kinases are inhibited by a single compound that targets different conformations of each target kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theonie Anastassiadis
- From the Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111
| | - Krisna C. Duong-Ly
- From the Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111
| | - Sean W. Deacon
- Reaction Biology Corporation, Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355
| | - Alec Lafontant
- the Developmental Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111, and
| | - Haiching Ma
- Reaction Biology Corporation, Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355
| | - Karthik Devarajan
- the Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111
| | - Roland L. Dunbrack
- the Developmental Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111, and
| | - Jinhua Wu
- the Developmental Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111, and
| | - Jeffrey R. Peterson
- From the Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111, , To whom correspondence should be addressed: Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave., Rm. P3165, Philadelphia, PA 19111. Tel.: 215-728-3568; Fax: 215-728-3574; E-mail:
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12
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Jin M, Buck E, Mulvihill MJ. Modulation of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor and its signaling network for the treatment of cancer: current status and future perspectives. Oncol Rev 2013; 7:e3. [PMID: 25992224 PMCID: PMC4419619 DOI: 10.4081/oncol.2013.e3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on over three decades of pre-clinical data, insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) signaling has gained recognition as a promoter of tumorogenesis, driving cell survival and proliferation in multiple human cancers. As a result, IGF-1R has been pursued as a target for cancer treatment. Early pioneering efforts targeting IGF-1R focused on highly selective monoclonal antibodies, with multiple agents advancing to clinical trials. However, despite some initial promising results, recent clinical disclosures have been less encouraging. Moreover, recent studies have revealed that IGF-1R participates in a dynamic and complex signaling network, interacting with additional targets and pathways thereof through various crosstalk and compensatory signaling mechanisms. Such mechanisms of bypass signaling help to shed some light on the decreased effectiveness of selective IGF-1R targeted therapies (e.g. monoclonal antibodies) and suggest that targeting multiple nodes within this signaling network might be necessary to produce a more effective therapeutic response. Additionally, such findings have led to the development of small molecule IGF-1R inhibitors which also co-inhibit additional targets such as insulin receptor and epidermal growth factor receptor. Such findings have helped to guide the design rationale of numerous drug combinations that are currently being evaluated in clinical trials.
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Molecular biomarkers in the decision of treatment of cervical carcinoma patients. Clin Transl Oncol 2013; 15:587-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s12094-013-1018-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Role of IGF-1 receptor in radiation response. Transl Oncol 2012; 5:1-9. [PMID: 22348170 DOI: 10.1593/tlo.11265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) is a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase involved in the development and progression of cancer whose activation strongly promotes cell growth and survival. IGF-1R exerts its main actions through the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathways. In addition to their traditional roles, IGF-1R activation has been associated with increased radioresistance both in vitro and in vivo, although the molecular mechanisms behind this process are still unclear. Recently, IGF-1R has been associated to new partners as major vault proteins, BCL-2, BAX, or Ku70/80, related to radiochemotherapy resistance, regulation of apoptosis, and nonhomologous end-joining DNA repair. Here, we review these novel associations of IGF-1R trying to explain the resistance to radiotherapy mediated by IGF-1R. Finally, we revised the role of new therapies leading to block the receptor to enhance the efficacy of radiation.
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