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Li Y, Lv X, Liu J, Du Y. Total synthesis and cytotoxicity evaluation of the spirostanol saponin gitonin. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:2081-2090. [PMID: 38363172 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob02101g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The spirostanol saponin gitonin was efficiently synthesized in 12 steps (longest linear sequence) in 18.5% overall yield from the commercially available isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) and tigogenin. A cascade two-step glycosylation and Schmidt's inverse procedure significantly facilitated the synthesis of gitonin and its derivatives. The cytotoxic activities of gitonin and its structural analogues were evaluated against A549, HepG2, and MCF-7, and most of them exhibited moderate to excellent inhibitory activity. Our study demonstrates that the removal of the β-D-galactopyranosyl residue (attached at C-2 of the glucose unit) from gitonin would not decrease the inhibition activities; however, further cleavage of sugar units could seriously reduce the activities. A bioassay on these cancer cell lines also suggested that the presence of 2α-hydroxy on the aglycone weakened the cytotoxicity of the designed saponin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xun Lv
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Binzhou Institute of Technology, Weiqiao-UCAS Science and Technology Park, Binzhou 256606, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yuguo Du
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Binzhou Institute of Technology, Weiqiao-UCAS Science and Technology Park, Binzhou 256606, Shandong Province, China
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Deng J, Wu J, Tian H, Bao J, Shi Y, Tian W, Gui J. Alkynes From Furans: A General Fragmentation Method Applied to the Synthesis of the Proposed Structure of Aglatomin B. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201712365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances; Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Jingjing Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances; Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Hailong Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances; Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Jiajing Bao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances; Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Yong Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances; Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Weisheng Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances; Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Jinghan Gui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances; Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
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Deng J, Wu J, Tian H, Bao J, Shi Y, Tian W, Gui J. Alkynes From Furans: A General Fragmentation Method Applied to the Synthesis of the Proposed Structure of Aglatomin B. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:3617-3621. [PMID: 29388298 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201712365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Furans are versatile synthons in organic chemistry. Described is a general method for transforming furans into alkynes by dual C-C double-bond cleavage. The reaction is proposed to proceed by sequential [4+2] cycloaddition between furan and singlet oxygen and a formal retro-(3+2) fragmentation of the endoperoxide intermediate. A wide array of furans, including those derived from sapogenins, are amenable to this reaction, thus providing the corresponding alkynoic acids in up to 88 % yields. The synthetic utility was demonstrated by a seven-step synthesis of the proposed structure of a pregnane natural product, aglatomin B, from a known intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jingjing Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hailong Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jiajing Bao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yong Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Weisheng Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jinghan Gui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
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Sy LK, Lok CN, Wang JY, Liu Y, Cheng L, Wan PK, Leung CT, Cao B, Kwong WL, Chang RCC, Che CM. Identification of "sarsasapogenin-aglyconed" timosaponins as novel Aβ-lowering modulators of amyloid precursor protein processing. Chem Sci 2016; 7:3206-3214. [PMID: 29997812 PMCID: PMC6005341 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc02377g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The “sarsasapogenin-aglyconed” timosaponins are Aβ lowering agents that may be useful for the development of Alzheimer’s disease therapeutics.
The inhibition of amyloid β (Aβ) peptide production is a key approach in the development of therapeutics for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We have identified that timosaponins consisting of sarsasapogenin (SSG) as the aglycone can effectively lower the production of Aβ peptides and stimulate neurite outgrowth in neuronal cell cultures. Structure–activity relationship studies revealed that the cis-fused AB ring, 3β-configuration, spiroketal F-ring and 25S-configuration of SSG are the essential structural features responsible for the Aβ-lowering effects and neurite-stimulatory activity. New synthetic derivatives that retain the SSG scaffold also exhibited an Aβ lowering effect. Treatment of cells with timosaponins led to modulation of amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing through the suppression of β-cleavage and preferential lowering of the production of the 42-amino acid Aβ species (Aβ42) without affecting another γ-secretase substrate. The SSG and “SSG-aglyconed” timosaponins also penetrated brain tissue and lowered brain Aβ42 levels in mice. Our studies demonstrate that timosaponins represent a unique class of steroidal saponins that may be useful for the development of AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai-King Sy
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Chemical Biology Centre , 8/F., The Hong Kong Jockey Club Building for Interdisciplinary Research, 5, Sassoon Road, Pokfulam , Hong Kong , China . ; ; Tel: +852-28592154
| | - Chun-Nam Lok
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Chemical Biology Centre , 8/F., The Hong Kong Jockey Club Building for Interdisciplinary Research, 5, Sassoon Road, Pokfulam , Hong Kong , China . ; ; Tel: +852-28592154
| | - Juan-Yu Wang
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Chemical Biology Centre , 8/F., The Hong Kong Jockey Club Building for Interdisciplinary Research, 5, Sassoon Road, Pokfulam , Hong Kong , China . ; ; Tel: +852-28592154
| | - Yungen Liu
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Chemical Biology Centre , 8/F., The Hong Kong Jockey Club Building for Interdisciplinary Research, 5, Sassoon Road, Pokfulam , Hong Kong , China . ; ; Tel: +852-28592154
| | - Lu Cheng
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Chemical Biology Centre , 8/F., The Hong Kong Jockey Club Building for Interdisciplinary Research, 5, Sassoon Road, Pokfulam , Hong Kong , China . ; ; Tel: +852-28592154
| | - Pui-Ki Wan
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Chemical Biology Centre , 8/F., The Hong Kong Jockey Club Building for Interdisciplinary Research, 5, Sassoon Road, Pokfulam , Hong Kong , China . ; ; Tel: +852-28592154
| | - Chi-Ting Leung
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Chemical Biology Centre , 8/F., The Hong Kong Jockey Club Building for Interdisciplinary Research, 5, Sassoon Road, Pokfulam , Hong Kong , China . ; ; Tel: +852-28592154
| | - Bei Cao
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Chemical Biology Centre , 8/F., The Hong Kong Jockey Club Building for Interdisciplinary Research, 5, Sassoon Road, Pokfulam , Hong Kong , China . ; ; Tel: +852-28592154
| | - Wai-Lun Kwong
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Chemical Biology Centre , 8/F., The Hong Kong Jockey Club Building for Interdisciplinary Research, 5, Sassoon Road, Pokfulam , Hong Kong , China . ; ; Tel: +852-28592154
| | - Raymond Chuen-Chung Chang
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory , School of Biomedical Sciences , LKS Faculty of Medicine , Research Centre of Heart, Brain and Hormone, and Healthy Aging , LKS Faculty of Medicine , State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences , The University of Hong Kong , China
| | - Chi-Ming Che
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Chemical Biology Centre , 8/F., The Hong Kong Jockey Club Building for Interdisciplinary Research, 5, Sassoon Road, Pokfulam , Hong Kong , China . ; ; Tel: +852-28592154
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Campos VA, Perina FJ, Alves E, Sartorelli J, Moura AM, Oliveira DF. Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan produces steroidal substances that are active against Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler and that may bind to oxysterol-binding proteins. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2014; 70:1815-1822. [PMID: 24408227 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In previous studies, the extract from Anadenanthera colubrina was active against Alternaria alternata in vitro and reduced the disease caused by this fungus on Murcott tangor fruits to levels that have been obtained using commercial fungicides. Therefore, the goal of the present work was to isolate and identify the active substances in this extract and identify in silico their protein target in the fungus. RESULTS The bioguided fractionation of the methanol extract from the fruits of A. colubrina resulted in the isolation of β-sitosterol and β-sitosteryl linoleate, which had minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 250 and 500 µg mL(-1) , respectively, against A. alternata. Under the same conditions, the MICs for two commercial fungicides were 1250 and 19 µg mL(-1) . In silico studies showed that these steroidal substances bind well to oxysterol-binding proteins from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. CONCLUSION β-Sitosterol and β-sitosteryl linoleate, produced by A. colubrina, are active against A. alternata. In silico studies suggest that these substances may act by binding to oxysterol-binding proteins. Therefore, both substances and these proteins have potential use in the development of new steroidal structures and analogues to control the disease caused by A. alternata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Ac Campos
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brasil
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Antifungal activity of 2α,3β-functionalized steroids stereoselectively increases with the addition of oligosaccharides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:7379-86. [PMID: 22047693 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections pose a significant problem to the immune-compromised. Moreover, increased resistance to common antifungals requires development of novel compounds that can be used to treat invasive fungal infections. Naturally occurring steroidal glycosides have been shown to possess a range of functional antimicrobial properties, but synthetic methodology for their development hinders thorough exploration of this class of molecules and the structural components required for broad spectrum antifungal activity. In this report, we outline a novel approach to the synthesis of glycoside-linked functionalized 2α,3β-cholestane and spirostane molecules and present data from in vitro screenings of the antifungal activities against human fungal pathogens and as well as mammalian cell toxicity of these derivatives.
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