Synthesis and antiproliferative evaluation of 3,5-disubstituted 1,2,4-triazoles containing flurophenyl and trifluoromethanephenyl moieties

AgNOx as Nitrogen Source for [1+1+3] Cycloaddition of Isocyanides with Isocyanates: Selective Synthesis of 1,2,4-Triazoles

A novel [1+1+3] annulation of AgNOx, isocyanides, and isocyanates for the selective synthesis of 1,2,4-triazoles is presented herein. In this transformation, AgNOx and isocyanates are used as nitrogen sources instead of the traditional hydrazine or diazonium reagents. This process also involves N-O/C-H/C═N bond cleavage and the construction of new N-N/C-N bonds with a good substrate scope and functional group tolerance.

Fluorinated triazoles as privileged potential candidates in drug development—focusing on their biological and pharmaceutical properties

Fluorinated heterocycles have attracted extensive attention not only in organic synthesis but also in pharmaceutical and medicinal sciences due to their enhanced biological activities than their non-fluorinated counterparts. Triazole is a simple five-membered heterocycle with three nitrogen atoms found in both natural and synthetic molecules that impart a broad spectrum of biological properties including but not limited to anticancer, antiproliferative, inhibitory, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, antiallergic, and antioxidant properties. In addition, incorporation of fluorine into triazole and its derivatives has been reported to enhance their pharmacological activity, making them promising drug candidates. This mini-review explores the current developments of backbone-fluorinated triazoles and functionalized fluorinated triazoles with established biological activities and pharmacological properties.

New methyl 5-(halomethyl)-1-aryl-1H-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxylates as selective COX-2 inhibitors and anti-inflammatory agents: Design, synthesis, biological evaluation, and docking study

A new method was developed for synthesis of 1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxylates 5a-p and 6 from nitrilimines 3a-p through amination and heterocyclization two-steps reactions. All of 1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxylates 5 and 6 were characterized by spectroscopy technique. Based on the SAR study of anti-inflammation activity, most of these compounds showed potential anti-inflammatory activity on NO inhibition in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells (IC₅₀ < 7.0 µM) compared with Celecoxib and Indomethacin. Several potential compounds 5b-h, 5j, 5l, 5n, and 5o were subjected to in vitro cyclooxygenase COX-1/COX-2 inhibition assays. Compound 5d showed extraordinary COX-2 inhibition (IC₅₀ = 17.9 nM) and the best selectivity (COX-1/COX-2 = 1080). Furthermore, 5 mg/kg compound 5d exhibited better in vivo anti-inflammation and gastric protection results compared to 10 mg/kg Indomethacin. Docking experiments of 5d into COX-2 binding pocket have been evaluated. Following the bioactivities experimental data, the potential drug candidate 5d, significantly exhibited better anti-inflammatory effect than Indomethacin.

Chlorotrimethylsilane promoted one-flask heterocyclic synthesis of 1,2,4-triazoles from nitrilimines: Modeling studies and bioactivity evaluation of LH-21 and Rimonabant analogues

An efficient one-flask cascade method for synthesis of the multi-substituted 1,2,4-triazoles via chlorotrimethylsilane as a promoter was developed. Firstly, nitrilimines were transformed to hydrazonamides as intermediate in high yield by treatment with commercially available hexamethyldisilazane. Subsequently, the mixture was added with corresponding acyl chloride and heated in the presence of pyridine to give the corresponding multi-substituted 1,2,4-triazoles via chlorotrimethylsilane promoted heterocyclization reaction. The utility of method was demonstrated to synthesize CB₁ ligands including Rimonabant analogue 4c and LH-21 3 for modeling study. All synthesized compounds were subjected to the cAMP functional assay of CB₁/CB₂ receptor. Especially, compound 4g enhanced the reversal of cAMP reduction by CP59440 than LH-21 and Rimonabant analogue in CHO-hCB₁ cells. In addition, the docking results showed compound 4g fits the best position with CB₁ receptor. However, the ability to penetrate brain-blood barrier of compound 4g is similar with Rimonabant in MDCK-mdr1 permeability assay, which might cause CNS side effect. This study still provides the basis for further development of a potent and specific CB₁ antagonist.

One-flask synthesis of 1,3,5-trisubstituted 1,2,4-triazoles from nitriles and hydrazonoyl chlorides via 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition

One-flask synthesis of 1,3,5-trisubstituted 1,2,4-triazoles from nitriles and hydrazonoyl chlorides via 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition.

4-Benzyl-3-(thio-phen-2-yl)-4,5-di-hydro-1H-1,2,4-triazole-5-thione

In the title compound, C₁₃H₁₁N₃S₂, the triazole and thio­phene rings are coplanar [dihedral angle = 6.22 (13)°]. By contrast, the phenyl ring is perpendicular to the triazole ring [dihedral angle = 85.58 (13)°], so that the mol­ecule has an L-shape. The thio­phene S atom is syn with the ring imine N atom. In the crystal, eight-membered {⋯HNCS}₂ synthons form between centrosymmetrically related mol­ecules, leading to dimeric aggregates that are connected into a supra­molecular layer parallel to (101) by π–π inter­actions between centrosymmetrically related triazole rings [centroid–centroid distance = 3.6091 (15) Å] and C—H⋯π inter­actions.