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Fang S, Huang X, Cai F, Qiu G, Lin F, Cai X. Design, synthesis and molecular docking of novel D-ring substituted steroidal 4,5-dihydropyrazole thiazole derivatives that act as iNOS/COX-2 inhibitors with potent anti-inflammatory activity against LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophage cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 240:106478. [PMID: 38430971 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2024.106478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Inflammation, an important biological protective response to tissue damage or microbial invasion, is considered to be an alarming signal for the progress of varied biological complications. Based on the previous reports in the literature that proved the noticeable efficacy of pyrazole and thiazole scaffold as well as nitrogen heterocyclic based compounds against acute and chronic inflammatory disease, a new set of novel D-ring substituted steroidal 4,5-dihydropyrazole thiazole derivatives were synthesized and evaluated their anti-inflammatory activities in vitro. Preliminary structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis was conducted by their inhibitory activities against nitric oxide (NO) release in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells, and the optimal compound 12b [3β-hydroxy-pregn-5-en-17β-yl-5'- (o- chlorophenyl)- 1'-(4''- phenyl -[1'', 3'']- thiazol-2''- yl) - 4',5'-dihydro - 1'H-pyrazol - 3'- yl] exhibited more potent anti-inflammatory activity than the positive control treatment methylprednisolone (MPS), with an IC50 value of 2.59 μM on NO production and low cytotoxicity against RAW 264.7 cells. In further mechanism study, our results showed that compound 12b significantly suppressed the production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and inhibited the expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) through blocking NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation and phosphorylation of IκBα. Compound 12b also attenuated LPS-induced activation of c-Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 phosphorylation in RAW 264.7 cells. Molecular docking study revealed the strong binding affinity of compound 12b to the active site of the COX-2 proteins, which confirmed that compound 12b acted as an anti-inflammatory mediator. These results indicate that steroidal derivatives bearing 4,5-dihydropyrazole thiazole structure might be considered for further research and scaffold optimization in designing anti-inflammatory drugs and compound 12b might be a promising therapeutic anti-inflammatory drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuopo Fang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaodan Huang
- Department of Digestive Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Fen Cai
- Department of Nosocomial Infection Management, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Guodong Qiu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Fei Lin
- Department of Pharmacy Intravenous Admixture Services (PIVAS), The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xiaorui Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China.
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Seaton WB, Burke SJ, Fisch AR, Schilletter WA, Beck MGA, Cassagne GA, Harvey I, Fontenot MS, Collier JJ, Campagna SR. Channel Expansion in the Ligand-Binding Domain of the Glucocorticoid Receptor Contributes to the Activity of Highly Potent Glucocorticoid Analogues. Molecules 2024; 29:1546. [PMID: 38611825 PMCID: PMC11013598 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) act through the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and are commonly used as anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant medications. Chronic GC use has been linked with unwanted complications such as steroid-induced diabetes mellitus (SIDM), although the mechanisms for these effects are not completely understood. Modification of six GC parent molecules with 2-mercaptobenzothiazole resulted in consistently less promoter activity in transcriptional activation assays using a 3xGRE reporter construct while constantly reducing inflammatory pathway activity. The most selective candidate, DX1, demonstrated a significant reduction (87%) in transactivation compared to commercially available dexamethasone. DX1 also maintained 90% of the anti-inflammatory potential of dexamethasone while simultaneously displaying a reduced toxicity profile. Additionally, two novel and highly potent compounds, DX4 and PN4, were developed and shown to elicit similar mRNA expression at attomolar concentrations that dexamethasone exhibits at nanomolar dosages. To further explain these results, Molecular Dynamic (MD) simulations were performed to examine structural changes in the ligand-binding domain of the glucocorticoid receptor in response to docking with the top ligands. Differing interactions with the transcriptional activation function 2 (AF-2) region of the GR may be responsible for lower transactivation capacity in DX1. DX4 and PN4 lose contact with Arg611 due to a key interaction changing from a stronger hydrophilic to a weaker hydrophobic one, which leads to the formation of an unoccupied channel at the location of the deacylcortivazol (DAC)-expanded binding pocket. These findings provide insights into the structure-function relationships important for regulating anti-inflammatory activity, which has implications for clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley B. Seaton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (W.B.S.)
| | - Susan J. Burke
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA (J.J.C.)
| | - Alexander R. Fisch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (W.B.S.)
| | | | - Mary Grace A. Beck
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA (J.J.C.)
| | | | - Innocence Harvey
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA (J.J.C.)
| | - Molly S. Fontenot
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA (J.J.C.)
| | - J. Jason Collier
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA (J.J.C.)
| | - Shawn R. Campagna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (W.B.S.)
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Srivastava S, Aleem S, Ansar NA, Verma AK, Goyal U, Singh V. An expedient synthesis spectral characteristic computational studies and target prediction through insilco studies of 24α-ethylcholest-5, 22E-dien-3-yl-2- mercapto-benzoate and 11, 17 di-hydroxy preg-4-ene-3, 20-dione-21-yl-2-mercapto-benzoate. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Cai X, Zhao S, Cai D, Zheng J, Zhu Z, Wei D, Zheng Z, Zhu H, Chen Y. Synthesis and evaluation of novel D-ring substituted steroidal pyrazolines as potential anti-inflammatory agents. Steroids 2019; 146:70-78. [PMID: 30951758 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To identify new potential anti-inflammatory agents, a number of novel steroidal derivatives with nitrogen heterocyclic side chains 4a-4l were synthesized and evaluated for their anti-inflammatory effects in activated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. The synthesis scheme involves two steps, Claisen-Schmidt condensation with the corresponding pregnenolone and aromatic aldehydes as the first step followed by nucleophilic addition of thiosemicarbazide across an α, β-unsaturated carbonyl as a later step. Compound structures were confirmed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, HRMS, and IR. The compounds were assayed to test their anti-inflammatory effects in activated RAW 264.7 cells. Compound 4g, 3β-hydroxy-pregn-5-en-17β-yl-5'-(m-fluorophenyl)-4', 5'-dihydro-1'-carbothioic acid amido pyrazole, was identified as the most potent anti-inflammatory agent of the analysed compounds, with an IC50 value of 0.86 µM on nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells for 24 h compared to dexamethasone (IC50 = 0.62 µM) and low cytotoxicity against RAW 264.7 cells. Compound 4g significantly inhibited NO produced by LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Further studies showed that compound 4g markedly inhibited the expression of pro-inflammatory factors, including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. These results indicate that derivatives bearing pyrazoline structure might be considered for further research and scaffold optimization in designing anti-inflammatory drugs and compound 4g might be a promising therapeutic anti-inflammatory drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorui Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Shulin Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - De Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinhong Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Duncan Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiwei Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Huide Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Yicun Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China.
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Yan Y, Wang P, Li R, Sun Y, Zhang R, Huo C, Xing J, Dong Y. Synthesis of budesonide conjugates and their anti-inflammatory effects: a preliminary study. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2019; 13:681-694. [PMID: 30858698 PMCID: PMC6387599 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s192348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Budesonide (Bud) is a nonhalogenated glucocorticoid with high anti-inflammatory potency and low systemic side effects. However, the poor water solubility of Bud affects its dissolution and release behavior, thus influencing its anti-inflammatory effect. This study was aimed at synthesizing and evaluating novel conjugates of Bud, hoping to increase the anti-inflammatory activity of Bud by improving its water solubility. Materials and methods Seven novel Bud conjugates (3a-3g) were designed and synthesized in this study. Besides, the equilibrium solubility, cell viability, in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity, and the hydrolysis behavior of the conjugates in different pH solutions, rat and human plasma, and rat lung homogenate were studied in detail. Results As compared to Bud, the equilibrium solubility of 3a, 3c, and 3e was significantly increased; 3a, 3b, and 3c significantly inhibited the interleukin-6 production in lipopolysaccharide-induced A549 cells; 3a and 3e could significantly decrease the xylene-induced ear edema; and 3a and 3c were gradually and slowly hydrolyzed into Bud in the alveolar fluid and lung homogenate and broken down quickly in plasma. Conclusion The amino acid ester compounds budesonide-21-glycine ester (3a) and budesonide-21-alanine ester (3c) were selected as potential conjugates of Bud. This study would provide a theoretical and an experimental basis for the in vivo process of glucocorticoids and the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China, .,Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China,
| | - Pengchong Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China,
| | - Ruiying Li
- Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China,
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China,
| | - Chuanchuan Huo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China,
| | - Jianfeng Xing
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China,
| | - Yalin Dong
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China,
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Phillips JE. Inhaled efficacious dose translation from rodent to human: A retrospective analysis of clinical standards for respiratory diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 178:141-147. [PMID: 28442326 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Clinical pharmacologists and toxicologists are often faced with predicting equivalent dosages for humans from biological observations in laboratory animals. Allometric scaling has been used extensively as the basis for extrapolation of drug dosage that might be expected to produce the equivalent biological effects. Allometry is the study of size and its consequences and it is based on the anatomical, physiological, and biochemical similarities between animals. In this review, retrospective analyses have been performed based on data reported in the literature in an attempt to determine the utility of allometric scaling for human dose projections from pre-clinical data for compounds that are delivered by inhalation. The limited pre-clinical efficacy data available on inhaled drugs that are also used clinically supports the current method of scaling using a fixed allometric exponent of 0.67. An example of the utility of the human inhaled dose projections for planning inhaled toxicology studies is also presented.
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Phillips JE, Zhang X, Johnston JA. Dry Powder and Nebulized Aerosol Inhalation of Pharmaceuticals Delivered to Mice Using a Nose-only Exposure System. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28448027 PMCID: PMC5564474 DOI: 10.3791/55454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Obstructive respiratory diseases like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are currently treated by inhaled anti-inflammatory and bronchodilator drugs. Despite the availability of multiple treatments, both diseases are growing public health concerns. The majority of asthma patients are well controlled on current inhaled therapies but a substantial number of patients with severe asthma are not. Asthma affects an estimated 300 million people worldwide and approximately 20 percent have a severe form of the disease. In contrast to asthma, there are few effective therapies for COPD. An estimated 10% of the population has COPD and the trend in death rates is increasing for COPD while decreasing for other major diseases. Although developing drugs for inhaled delivery is challenging, the nose-only inhalation unit enables direct delivery of novel drugs to the lung of rodents for pre-clinical efficacy and safety/toxicology studies. Inhaled drug delivery has multiple advantages for respiratory diseases, where high concentration in the lung improves efficacy and minimizes systemic side effects. Inhaled corticosteroids and bronchodilators benefit from these advantages and inhaled delivery may also hold potential for future biologic therapies. The inhalation unit described herein can generate, sample for characterization, and uniformly deposit a drug aerosol in the lungs of rodents. This enables the pre-clinical determination of the efficacy and safety of drug doses deposited in the lungs of rodents, key data required before initiating clinical development.
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Sethi A, Singh RP, Prakash R, Amandeep. Facile synthesis of corticosteroids prodrugs from isolated hydrocortisone acetate and their quantum chemical calculations. J Mol Struct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.10.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Phillips JE, Renteria L, Burns L, Harris P, Peng R, Bauer CMT, Laine D, Stevenson CS. Btk Inhibitor RN983 Delivered by Dry Powder Nose-only Aerosol Inhalation Inhibits Bronchoconstriction and Pulmonary Inflammation in the Ovalbumin Allergic Mouse Model of Asthma. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2016; 29:233-41. [PMID: 27111445 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2015.1210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In allergen-induced asthma, activated mast cells start the lung inflammatory process with degranulation, cytokine synthesis, and mediator release. Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) activity is required for the mast cell activation during IgE-mediated secretion. METHODS This study characterized a novel inhaled Btk inhibitor RN983 in vitro and in ovalbumin allergic mouse models of the early (EAR) and late (LAR) asthmatic response. RESULTS RN983 potently, selectively, and reversibly inhibited the Btk enzyme. RN983 displayed functional activities in human cell-based assays in multiple cell types, inhibiting IgG production in B-cells with an IC50 of 2.5 ± 0.7 nM and PGD2 production from mast cells with an IC50 of 8.3 ± 1.1 nM. RN983 displayed similar functional activities in the allergic mouse model of asthma when delivered as a dry powder aerosol by nose-only inhalation. RN983 was less potent at inhibiting bronchoconstriction (IC50(RN983) = 59 μg/kg) than the β-agonist salbutamol (IC50(salbutamol) = 15 μg/kg) in the mouse model of the EAR. RN983 was more potent at inhibiting the antigen induced increase in pulmonary inflammation (IC50(RN983) = <3 μg/kg) than the inhaled corticosteroid budesonide (IC50(budesonide) = 27 μg/kg) in the mouse model of the LAR. CONCLUSIONS Inhalation of aerosolized RN983 may be effective as a stand-alone asthma therapy or used in combination with inhaled steroids and β-agonists in severe asthmatics due to its potent inhibition of mast cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E Phillips
- Hoffmann-La Roche Inc. , Pharma Research and Early Development, DTA Inflammation, Nutley, New Jersey
| | - Lorena Renteria
- Hoffmann-La Roche Inc. , Pharma Research and Early Development, DTA Inflammation, Nutley, New Jersey
| | - Lisa Burns
- Hoffmann-La Roche Inc. , Pharma Research and Early Development, DTA Inflammation, Nutley, New Jersey
| | - Paul Harris
- Hoffmann-La Roche Inc. , Pharma Research and Early Development, DTA Inflammation, Nutley, New Jersey
| | - Ruoqi Peng
- Hoffmann-La Roche Inc. , Pharma Research and Early Development, DTA Inflammation, Nutley, New Jersey
| | - Carla M T Bauer
- Hoffmann-La Roche Inc. , Pharma Research and Early Development, DTA Inflammation, Nutley, New Jersey
| | - Dramane Laine
- Hoffmann-La Roche Inc. , Pharma Research and Early Development, DTA Inflammation, Nutley, New Jersey
| | - Christopher S Stevenson
- Hoffmann-La Roche Inc. , Pharma Research and Early Development, DTA Inflammation, Nutley, New Jersey
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Burke SJ, May AL, Noland RC, Lu D, Brissova M, Powers AC, Sherrill EM, Karlstad MD, Campagna SR, Stephens JM, Collier JJ. Thiobenzothiazole-modified Hydrocortisones Display Anti-inflammatory Activity with Reduced Impact on Islet β-Cell Function. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:13401-16. [PMID: 25851902 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.632190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids signal through the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and are administered clinically for a variety of situations, including inflammatory disorders, specific cancers, rheumatoid arthritis, and organ/tissue transplantation. However, glucocorticoid therapy is also associated with additional complications, including steroid-induced diabetes. We hypothesized that modification of the steroid backbone is one strategy to enhance the therapeutic potential of GR activation. Toward this goal, two commercially unavailable, thiobenzothiazole-containing derivatives of hydrocortisone (termed MS4 and MS6) were examined using 832/13 rat insulinoma cells as well as rodent and human islets. We found that MS4 had transrepression properties but lacked transactivation ability, whereas MS6 retained both transactivation and transrepression activities. In addition, MS4 and MS6 both displayed anti-inflammatory activity. Furthermore, MS4 displayed reduced impact on islet β-cell function in both rodent and human islets. Similar to dexamethasone, MS6 promoted adipocyte development in vitro, whereas MS4 did not. Moreover, neither MS4 nor MS6 activated the Pck1 (Pepck) gene in primary rat hepatocytes. We conclude that modification of the functional groups attached to the D-ring of the hydrocortisone steroid molecule produces compounds with altered structure-function GR agonist activity with decreased impact on insulin secretion and reduced adipogenic potential but with preservation of anti-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan J Burke
- From the Laboratory of Islet Biology and Inflammation, the Departments of Nutrition and
| | - Amanda L May
- Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | | | - Danhong Lu
- the Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27701
| | - Marcela Brissova
- the Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Alvin C Powers
- the Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, the Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, Tennessee 37212
| | | | - Michael D Karlstad
- the Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville, Tennessee 37920, and
| | | | - Jacqueline M Stephens
- the Adipocyte Biology Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808
| | - J Jason Collier
- From the Laboratory of Islet Biology and Inflammation, the Departments of Nutrition and the Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville, Tennessee 37920, and
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Biju P, Bitar R, Lim YH, Wang Y, Berlin M, Aslanian R, McCormick K. Synthesis of novel anti-inflammatory steroidal macrocycles using ring closing metathesis reaction. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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12
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Azam MA, Suresh B. Biological activities of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole derivatives: a review. Sci Pharm 2012; 80:789-823. [PMID: 23264933 PMCID: PMC3528053 DOI: 10.3797/scipharm.1204-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
2-Mercaptobenzothiazoles are an important class of bioactive and industrially important organic compounds. These compounds are reported for their antimicrobial and antifungal activities, and are subsequently highlighted as a potent mechanism-based inhibitor of several enzymes like acyl coenzyme A cholesterol acyltransferase, monoamine oxidase, heat shock protein 90, cathepsin D, and c-Jun N-terminal kinases. These derivatives are also known to possess antitubercular, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, amoebic, antiparkinsonian, anthelmintic, antihypertensive, antihyperlipidemic, antiulcer, chemoprotective, and selective CCR3 receptor antagonist activity. This present review article focuses on the pharmacological profile of 2-mercaptobenzothiazoles with their potential activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Afzal Azam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, J. S. S. College of Pharmacy, Ootacamund-643001, Tamil Nadu, India
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Steroidal C-21 heteroaryl thioethers. Part 3: pregn-4-eno-[3,2-c]pyrazole fused A ring modified steroids as selective glucocorticoid receptor modulators (dissociated steroids). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:3291-5. [PMID: 22465636 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of A ring pyrazole modification to the hydrocortisone C-21 heteroaryl thioethers generated compounds with excellent transrepression potency (IL-8 inhibition) compared to their hydrocortisone analogs. However, the transcriptional transactivation activity of these compounds were considerably higher than the corresponding hydrocortisone analogs. Among all the compounds evaluated, a quinoxaline thioether modification demonstrated the best overall in vitro separation.
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Steroidal C-21 heteroaryl thioethers (Part 2): Discovery of orally bioavailable selective glucocorticoid receptor modulators (dissociated steroids). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:1086-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.11.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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