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Kirad S, Puri S, Deepa PR, Sankaranarayanan M. An insight into advances and challenges in the development of potential stearoyl Co-A desaturase 1 inhibitors. RSC Adv 2024; 14:30487-30517. [PMID: 39318456 PMCID: PMC11421311 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra06237j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2024] [Accepted: 09/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) is one of the key enzymes involved in lipid metabolism, plays a vital role in the synthesis of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) from saturated fatty acids (SFAs). Due to its promising therapeutic potential in treating metabolic disorders, cancers, and skin diseases there is an increasing interest in the development of novel inhibitors against SCD1. This review comprehensively explores the evolution of potential SCD1 inhibitors, focusing on systemic and liver-targeted inhibitors and discusses their structure-activity relationship (SAR) pattern. Among the various small molecules reported, natural products like sterculic acid have emerged as significant SCD1 inhibitors, highlighting the potential of naturally derived compounds in therapeutic development. This review also addresses the challenges in optimizing pharmacokinetic properties and reducing adverse effects, providing insights into the future directions for the development of potential novel SCD1 inhibitors with maximum therapeutic effect and minimum side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Kirad
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani Pilani Campus Pilani-333031 Rajasthan India
| | - Sonakshi Puri
- Biochemistry and Enzyme Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani Pilani Campus Pilani-333031 Rajasthan India
| | - P R Deepa
- Biochemistry and Enzyme Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani Pilani Campus Pilani-333031 Rajasthan India
| | - Murugesan Sankaranarayanan
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani Pilani Campus Pilani-333031 Rajasthan India
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Kell DB, Oliver SG. How drugs get into cells: tested and testable predictions to help discriminate between transporter-mediated uptake and lipoidal bilayer diffusion. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:231. [PMID: 25400580 PMCID: PMC4215795 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One approach to experimental science involves creating hypotheses, then testing them by varying one or more independent variables, and assessing the effects of this variation on the processes of interest. We use this strategy to compare the intellectual status and available evidence for two models or views of mechanisms of transmembrane drug transport into intact biological cells. One (BDII) asserts that lipoidal phospholipid Bilayer Diffusion Is Important, while a second (PBIN) proposes that in normal intact cells Phospholipid Bilayer diffusion Is Negligible (i.e., may be neglected quantitatively), because evolution selected against it, and with transmembrane drug transport being effected by genetically encoded proteinaceous carriers or pores, whose “natural” biological roles, and substrates are based in intermediary metabolism. Despite a recent review elsewhere, we can find no evidence able to support BDII as we can find no experiments in intact cells in which phospholipid bilayer diffusion was either varied independently or measured directly (although there are many papers where it was inferred by seeing a covariation of other dependent variables). By contrast, we find an abundance of evidence showing cases in which changes in the activities of named and genetically identified transporters led to measurable changes in the rate or extent of drug uptake. PBIN also has considerable predictive power, and accounts readily for the large differences in drug uptake between tissues, cells and species, in accounting for the metabolite-likeness of marketed drugs, in pharmacogenomics, and in providing a straightforward explanation for the late-stage appearance of toxicity and of lack of efficacy during drug discovery programmes despite macroscopically adequate pharmacokinetics. Consequently, the view that Phospholipid Bilayer diffusion Is Negligible (PBIN) provides a starting hypothesis for assessing cellular drug uptake that is much better supported by the available evidence, and is both more productive and more predictive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Kell
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester Manchester, UK ; Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester Manchester, UK
| | - Stephen G Oliver
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK ; Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
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Yang SM, Tang Y, Rano T, Lu H, Kuo GH, Gaul MD, Li Y, Ho G, Lang W, Conway JG, Liang Y, Lenhard JM, Demarest KT, Murray WV. 4-Bicyclic heteroaryl-piperidine derivatives as potent, orally bioavailable stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1) inhibitors: Part 2. Pyridazine-based analogs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:1437-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.12.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Sun S, Zhang Z, Raina V, Pokrovskaia N, Hou D, Namdari R, Khakh K, Ratkay LG, McLaren DG, Mork M, Fu J, Ferreira S, Hubbard B, Winther MD, Dales N. Discovery of thiazolylpyridinone SCD1 inhibitors with preferential liver distribution and reduced mechanism-based adverse effects. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:526-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Zhang Z, Dales NA, Winther MD. Opportunities and challenges in developing stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase-1 inhibitors as novel therapeutics for human disease. J Med Chem 2013; 57:5039-56. [PMID: 24295027 DOI: 10.1021/jm401516c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This review provides an overview of stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase-1 (SCD1) as a novel therapeutic target for metabolic disorders and other indications. Target validation is reviewed, and limitations due to incomplete knowledge of the relevant biological systems are described. Assay development, particularly for high throughput screening, and characterization of SCD1 inhibition are summarized. The progress and evolution in medicinal chemistry are discussed, specifically focusing on key attributes of the most advanced SCD1 inhibitors described in the primary literature and in patent applications. This work culminated in numerous companies identifying potent selective inhibitors, some of which progressed to early clinical development. The status of current SCD1 drug discovery programs is reviewed. Challenges are discussed, and potential new directions are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaihui Zhang
- Signalchem Lifesciences Corp. , 550-5600 Parkwood Way, Richmond, British Columbia, V6V 2M2, Canada
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Yang SM, Tang Y, Zhang R, Lu H, Kuo GH, Gaul MD, Li Y, Ho G, Conway JG, Liang Y, Lenhard JM, Demarest KT, Murray WV. 4-Bicyclic heteroaryl-piperidine derivatives as potent, orally bioavailable Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1) inhibitors. Part 1: Urea-based analogs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:6773-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.09.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Powell DA. An overview of patented small molecule stearoyl coenzyme-A desaturase inhibitors (2009 - 2013). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2013; 24:155-75. [PMID: 24251719 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2014.851669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stearoyl coenzyme-A desaturase (SCD) is a critical lipogenic enzyme that converts a range of unsaturated lipids to their corresponding monounsaturated fatty acids. Genetic and enzyme-knockdown experiments have suggested an important role of SCD1 in the regulation of various metabolic disorders. With the prognostication that SCD-inhibition may serve to remediate various metabolic diseases, several pharmaceutical companies have embarked on the development of small-molecule SCD-inhibitors, with over 100 patent applications by 17 companies being reported to date. AREAS COVERED Recent progress on the development of SCD-inhibitors, including preclinical efficacy and safety are reviewed. Strategies toward overcoming systemic adverse events and the establishment of a suitable therapeutic margin for clinical studies are discussed. EXPERT OPINION Preclinically, SCD-inhibition leads to reductions in body-weight gain, improvements in glucose clearance and improved liver-lipid profile. However, chronic SCD inhibition in skin and eye-lubricating glands results in undesirable adverse events. Several strategies to overcome these findings have been described, including alternative administration routes for acne or oncology applications, use of potent and rapidly cleared compounds and SCD-inhibitors with a liver-targeted tissue distribution profile. The attainment of sufficient therapeutic margin and robust efficacy for therapeutic applications in humans remains a major frontier for SCD-inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Powell
- Inception Sciences Canada , 887 Great Northern Way, Suite 210, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5T 4T5 , Canada +1 858 224 7743 ; +1 858 224 7773 ;
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Zhang Z, Sun S, Kodumuru V, Hou D, Liu S, Chakka N, Sviridov S, Chowdhury S, McLaren DG, Ratkay LG, Khakh K, Cheng X, Gschwend HW, Kamboj R, Fu J, Winther MD. Discovery of Piperazin-1-ylpyridazine-Based Potent and Selective Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase-1 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome. J Med Chem 2013; 56:568-83. [DOI: 10.1021/jm301661h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zaihui Zhang
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals, Inc.,
3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8 Canada
| | - Shaoyi Sun
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals, Inc.,
3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8 Canada
| | | | - Duanjie Hou
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals, Inc.,
3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8 Canada
| | - Shifeng Liu
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals, Inc.,
3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8 Canada
| | - Nagasree Chakka
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals, Inc.,
3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8 Canada
| | - Serguei Sviridov
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals, Inc.,
3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8 Canada
| | - Sultan Chowdhury
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals, Inc.,
3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8 Canada
| | - David G. McLaren
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals, Inc.,
3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8 Canada
| | - Leslie G. Ratkay
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals, Inc.,
3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8 Canada
| | - Kuldip Khakh
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals, Inc.,
3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8 Canada
| | - Xing Cheng
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals, Inc.,
3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8 Canada
| | - Heinz W. Gschwend
- Consultant, 161 Meadowcroft
Way, Santa Rosa, California 95403, United States
| | - Rajender Kamboj
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals, Inc.,
3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8 Canada
| | - Jianmin Fu
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals, Inc.,
3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8 Canada
| | - Michael D. Winther
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals, Inc.,
3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8 Canada
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