1
|
Borgarelli C, Klingl YE, Escamilla-Ayala A, Munck S, Van Den Bosch L, De Borggraeve WM, Ismalaj E. Lighting Up the Plasma Membrane: Development and Applications of Fluorescent Ligands for Transmembrane Proteins. Chemistry 2021; 27:8605-8641. [PMID: 33733502 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the fact that transmembrane proteins represent the main therapeutic targets for decades, complete and in-depth knowledge about their biochemical and pharmacological profiling is not fully available. In this regard, target-tailored small-molecule fluorescent ligands are a viable approach to fill in the missing pieces of the puzzle. Such tools, coupled with the ability of high-precision optical techniques to image with an unprecedented resolution at a single-molecule level, helped unraveling many of the conundrums related to plasma proteins' life-cycle and druggability. Herein, we review the recent progress made during the last two decades in fluorescent ligand design and potential applications in fluorescence microscopy of voltage-gated ion channels, ligand-gated ion channels and G-coupled protein receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Borgarelli
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Design and Synthesis, KU Leuven Campus Arenberg Celestijnenlaan 200F -, box 2404, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yvonne E Klingl
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven Campus Gasthuisberg O&N5 -, box 602 Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Neurobiology, VIB, Center for Brain &, Disease Research, VIB-KU Leuven Campus Gasthuisberg O&N5 -, box 602 Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Abril Escamilla-Ayala
- Center for Brain & Disease Research, & VIB BioImaging Core, VIB-KU Leuven Campus Gasthuisberg O&N5 -, box 602 Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N5 - box 602 Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sebastian Munck
- Center for Brain & Disease Research, & VIB BioImaging Core, VIB-KU Leuven Campus Gasthuisberg O&N5 -, box 602 Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N5 - box 602 Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ludo Van Den Bosch
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven Campus Gasthuisberg O&N5 -, box 602 Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Neurobiology, VIB, Center for Brain &, Disease Research, VIB-KU Leuven Campus Gasthuisberg O&N5 -, box 602 Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim M De Borggraeve
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Design and Synthesis, KU Leuven Campus Arenberg Celestijnenlaan 200F -, box 2404, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ermal Ismalaj
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Design and Synthesis, KU Leuven Campus Arenberg Celestijnenlaan 200F -, box 2404, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Camacho-Hernandez GA, Casiraghi A, Rudin D, Luethi D, Ku TC, Guthrie DA, Straniero V, Valoti E, Schütz GJ, Sitte HH, Newman AH. Illuminating the norepinephrine transporter: fluorescent probes based on nisoxetine and talopram. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:1174-1186. [PMID: 34355183 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00072a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The utilization of fluorescent ligands to study the monoamine transporters (MATs) has increased our knowledge of their function and distribution in live cell systems. In this study, we extend SAR for nisoxetine and talopram as parent compounds, to identify high affinity rhodamine-labeled fluorescent probes for the norepinephrine transporter (NET). Nisoxetine-based fluorescent probe 6 demonstrated high binding affinity (K i = 43 nM) for NET and an overall selectivity compared to the other transporters for dopamine (DAT; K i = 1540 nM) and serotonin (SERT; K i = 785 nM) in competitive radioligand binding assays. Using confocal microscopy, compound 6 was shown to stain both NET and SERT, but not DAT, at low nanomolar concentrations, in transporter-expressing cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Andrea Camacho-Hernandez
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institutes of Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program Baltimore MD 21224 USA
| | - Andrea Casiraghi
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institutes of Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program Baltimore MD 21224 USA .,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan Via Mangiagalli 25 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Deborah Rudin
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna Waehringer Strasse 13a 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Dino Luethi
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna Waehringer Strasse 13a 1090 Vienna Austria.,Institute of Applied Physics TU Wien, Lehárgasse 6 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Therese C Ku
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institutes of Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program Baltimore MD 21224 USA
| | - Daryl A Guthrie
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institutes of Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program Baltimore MD 21224 USA
| | - Valentina Straniero
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan Via Mangiagalli 25 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Ermanno Valoti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan Via Mangiagalli 25 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Gerhard J Schütz
- Institute of Applied Physics TU Wien, Lehárgasse 6 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Harald H Sitte
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna Waehringer Strasse 13a 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Amy Hauck Newman
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institutes of Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program Baltimore MD 21224 USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Budeev A, Kantin G, Dar’in D, Krasavin M. Diazocarbonyl and Related Compounds in the Synthesis of Azoles. Molecules 2021; 26:2530. [PMID: 33926128 PMCID: PMC8123665 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diazocarbonyl compounds have found numerous applications in many areas of chemistry. Among the most developed fields of diazo chemistry is the preparation of azoles from diazo compounds. This approach represents a useful alternative to more conventional methods of the synthesis of azoles. A comprehensive review on the preparation of various azoles (oxazoles, thiazoles, imidazoles, pyrazoles, triazoles, and tetrazoles) from diazocarbonyl and related compounds is presented for the first time along with discussion of advantages and disadvantages of «diazo» approaches to azoles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dmitry Dar’in
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 198504 Peterhof, Russia; (A.B.); (G.K.)
| | - Mikhail Krasavin
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 198504 Peterhof, Russia; (A.B.); (G.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gomila AMJ, Rustler K, Maleeva G, Nin-Hill A, Wutz D, Bautista-Barrufet A, Rovira X, Bosch M, Mukhametova E, Petukhova E, Ponomareva D, Mukhamedyarov M, Peiretti F, Alfonso-Prieto M, Rovira C, König B, Bregestovski P, Gorostiza P. Photocontrol of Endogenous Glycine Receptors In Vivo. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 27:1425-1433.e7. [PMID: 32846115 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glycine receptors (GlyRs) are indispensable for maintaining excitatory/inhibitory balance in neuronal circuits that control reflexes and rhythmic motor behaviors. Here we have developed Glyght, a GlyR ligand controlled with light. It is selective over other Cys-loop receptors, is active in vivo, and displays an allosteric mechanism of action. The photomanipulation of glycinergic neurotransmission opens new avenues to understanding inhibitory circuits in intact animals and to developing drug-based phototherapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre M J Gomila
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Karin Rustler
- University of Regensburg, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Regensburg 93053, Germany
| | - Galyna Maleeva
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona 08028, Spain; Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Marseille 13005, France
| | - Alba Nin-Hill
- University of Barcelona, Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry (IQTCUB), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Daniel Wutz
- University of Regensburg, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Regensburg 93053, Germany
| | - Antoni Bautista-Barrufet
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Xavier Rovira
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Miquel Bosch
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Elvira Mukhametova
- Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Marseille 13005, France; Kazan Federal University, Open Lab of Motor Neurorehabilitation, Kazan, Russia
| | - Elena Petukhova
- Institute of Neurosciences, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Daria Ponomareva
- Institute of Neurosciences, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia
| | | | - Franck Peiretti
- Aix Marseille Université, INSERM 1263, INRA 1260, C2VN, Marseille, France
| | - Mercedes Alfonso-Prieto
- Institute for Advanced Simulation IAS-5 and Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-9, Computational Biomedicine, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; Cécile and Oskar Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Carme Rovira
- University of Barcelona, Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry (IQTCUB), Barcelona 08028, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona 08003 Spain.
| | - Burkhard König
- University of Regensburg, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Regensburg 93053, Germany.
| | - Piotr Bregestovski
- Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Marseille 13005, France; Institute of Neurosciences, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia.
| | - Pau Gorostiza
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona 08028, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona 08003 Spain; CIBER-BBN, Madrid 28001 Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Synthesis and biological evaluation of fluorescent GAT-ligands based on meso-substituted BODIPY dyes. Med Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-019-02483-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
6
|
5-HT 3A serotonin receptor in the gastrointestinal tract: the link between immune system and enteric nervous system in the digestive form of Chagas disease. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:1325-1329. [PMID: 30747295 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06241-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi and remains one of the most neglected diseases in Latin America. One of its clinical forms is Chagas megacolon. Despite being known for more than half a century, detailed causes are still obscure. Recent evidence indicates a close relationship between the immune system and the enteric nervous system in the etiology of chagasic megacolon pathology. It is believed that low expression of the 5-HT3A serotonin receptor on lymphocytes could be linked to megacolon development. To test this hypothesis, this work investigated the distribution of CD4, CD8, and CD20 lymphocytes and their 5-HT3A receptor expression. The results demonstrated that Chagas patients without megacolon present a higher expression of the 5-HT3A receptor in all analyzed lymphocytes compared with Chagas patients with megacolon. These data suggest that the high expression of this receptor may lead to immunomodulation and prevent the development of Chagas megacolon.
Collapse
|
7
|
Jack T, Leuenberger M, Ruepp MD, Vernekar SKV, Thompson AJ, Braga-Lagache S, Heller M, Lochner M. Mapping the Orthosteric Binding Site of the Human 5-HT 3 Receptor Using Photo-cross-linking Antagonists. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:438-450. [PMID: 30149702 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The serotonin-gated 5-HT3 receptor is a ligand-gated ion channel. Its location at the synapse in the central and peripheral nervous system has rendered it a prime pharmacological target, for example, for antiemetic drugs that bind with high affinity to the neurotransmitter binding site and prevent the opening of the channel. Advances in structural biology techniques have led to a surge of disclosed three-dimensional receptor structures; however, solving ligand-bound high-resolution 5-HT3 receptor structures has not been achieved to date. Ligand binding poses in the orthosteric binding site have been largely predicted from mutagenesis and docking studies. We report the synthesis of a series of photo-cross-linking compounds whose structures are based on the clinically used antiemetic drug granisetron (Kytril). These displaced [3H]granisetron from the orthosteric binding site with low nanomolar affinities and showed specific photo-cross-linking with the human 5-HT3 receptor. Detailed analysis by protein-MS/MS identified a residue (Met-228) near the tip of binding loop C as the covalent modification site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Jack
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michele Leuenberger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marc-David Ruepp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Andrew J. Thompson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, U.K
| | - Sophie Braga-Lagache
- Department of BioMedical Research, Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Laboratory, University of Bern, Inselspital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Manfred Heller
- Department of BioMedical Research, Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Laboratory, University of Bern, Inselspital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin Lochner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fluorescent Anesthetics. Methods Enzymol 2018; 603:93-101. [PMID: 29673536 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Methods for using exogenous fluorophore and general anesthetic 1-aminoanthracene (1-AMA) and its photoactive derivative 1-azidoanthracene (1-AZA) are provided. 1-AMA potentiates GABAA chloride currents and immobilizes Xenopus laevis tadpoles. Cellular and tissue anesthetic distribution can be imaged for quantifying "on-pathway" and "off-pathway" targets. 1-AZA shares targets with 1-AMA and offers further optoanesthetic spatial and temporal control upon near-UV laser irradiation. Furthermore, 1-AZA adduction provides screening of possible relevant anesthetic protein targets and binding site characterization. We highlight several useful imaging and binding assays to demonstrate utility of 1-AMA and its derivative 1-AZA.
Collapse
|
9
|
Azuaje J, López P, Iglesias A, de la Fuente RA, Pérez-Rubio JM, García D, Stępniewski TM, García-Mera X, Brea JM, Selent J, Pérez D, Castro M, Loza MI, Sotelo E. Development of Fluorescent Probes that Target Serotonin 5-HT 2B Receptors. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10765. [PMID: 28883627 PMCID: PMC5589878 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11370-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Some 5-HT2B fluorescent probes were obtained by tagging 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-propan-2-amine (DOI) with a subset of fluorescent amines. Some of the resulting fluorescent ligands showed excellent affinity and selectivity profiles at the 5-HT2B receptors (e.g. 12b), while retain the agonistic functional behaviour of the model ligand (DOI). The study highlighted the most salient features of the structure-activity relationship in this series and these were substantiated by a molecular modelling study based on a receptor-driven docking model constructed on the basis of the crystal structure of the human 5-HT2B receptor. One of the fluorescent ligands developed in this work, compound 12i, specifically labelled CHO-K1 cells expressing 5-HT2B receptors and not parental CHO-K1 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. 12i enables imaging and quantification of specific 5-HT2B receptor labelling in live cells by automated fluorescence microscopy as well as quantification by measurements of fluorescence intensity using a fluorescence plate reader.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jhonny Azuaje
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Instituto de Farmacia Industrial (IFI), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Paula López
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Instituto de Farmacia Industrial (IFI), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Alba Iglesias
- Instituto de Farmacia Industrial (IFI), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Medicina Molecular e Enfermidades Crónicas (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rocío A de la Fuente
- Instituto de Farmacia Industrial (IFI), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Medicina Molecular e Enfermidades Crónicas (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José M Pérez-Rubio
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Diego García
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Tomasz Maciej Stępniewski
- PharmacoInformatics Group, Research Program on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB) PRBB, Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Xerardo García-Mera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Instituto de Farmacia Industrial (IFI), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José M Brea
- Instituto de Farmacia Industrial (IFI), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Medicina Molecular e Enfermidades Crónicas (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jana Selent
- PharmacoInformatics Group, Research Program on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB) PRBB, Barcelona, 08003, Spain
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dolores Pérez
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Marián Castro
- Instituto de Farmacia Industrial (IFI), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Medicina Molecular e Enfermidades Crónicas (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María I Loza
- Instituto de Farmacia Industrial (IFI), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Medicina Molecular e Enfermidades Crónicas (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Eddy Sotelo
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Instituto de Farmacia Industrial (IFI), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ruepp MD, Wei H, Leuenberger M, Lochner M, Thompson AJ. The binding orientations of structurally-related ligands can differ; A cautionary note. Neuropharmacology 2017; 119:48-61. [PMID: 28137449 PMCID: PMC5464333 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Crystal structures can identify ligand-receptor interactions and assist the development of novel therapeutics, but experimental challenges sometimes necessitate the use of homologous proteins. Tropisetron is an orthosteric ligand at both 5-HT3 and α7 nACh receptors and its binding orientation has been determined in the structural homologue AChBP (pdbid: 2WNC). Co-crystallisation with a structurally-related ligand, granisetron, reveals an almost identical orientation (pdbid; 2YME). However, there is a >1000-fold difference in the affinity of tropisetron at 5-HT3 versus α7 nACh receptors, and α7 nACh receptors do not bind granisetron. These striking pharmacological differences prompt questions about which receptor the crystal structures most closely represent and whether the ligand orientations are correct. Here we probe the binding orientation of tropisetron and granisetron at 5-HT3 receptors by in silico modelling and docking, radioligand binding on cysteine-substituted 5-HT3 receptor mutants transiently expressed in HEK 293 cells, and synthetic modification of the ligands. For 15 of the 23 cysteine substitutions, the effects on tropisetron and granisetron were different. Structure-activity relationships on synthesised derivatives of both ligands were also consistent with different orientations, revealing that contrary to the crystallographic evidence from AChBP, the two ligands adopt different orientations in the 5-HT3 receptor binding site. Our results show that even quite structurally similar molecules can adopt different orientations in the same binding site, and that caution may be needed when using homologous proteins to predict ligand binding. The drugs granisetron and tropisetron are structurally similar. Crystals of them bound to AChBP suggest they have similar binding orientations. At 5-HT3R, the effects of mutagenesis indicate that their orientations differ. SAR on both of these drugs also supports different orientations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc-David Ruepp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hao Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michele Leuenberger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin Lochner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sohail A, Jayaraman K, Venkatesan S, Gotfryd K, Daerr M, Gether U, Loland CJ, Wanner KT, Freissmuth M, Sitte HH, Sandtner W, Stockner T. The Environment Shapes the Inner Vestibule of LeuT. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1005197. [PMID: 27835643 PMCID: PMC5105988 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human neurotransmitter transporters are found in the nervous system terminating synaptic signals by rapid removal of neurotransmitter molecules from the synaptic cleft. The homologous transporter LeuT, found in Aquifex aeolicus, was crystallized in different conformations. Here, we investigated the inward-open state of LeuT. We compared LeuT in membranes and micelles using molecular dynamics simulations and lanthanide-based resonance energy transfer (LRET). Simulations of micelle-solubilized LeuT revealed a stable and widely open inward-facing conformation. However, this conformation was unstable in a membrane environment. The helix dipole and the charged amino acid of the first transmembrane helix (TM1A) partitioned out of the hydrophobic membrane core. Free energy calculations showed that movement of TM1A by 0.30 nm was driven by a free energy difference of ~15 kJ/mol. Distance measurements by LRET showed TM1A movements, consistent with the simulations, confirming a substantially different inward-open conformation in lipid bilayer from that inferred from the crystal structure. Crystal structures of the bacterial small amino acid transporter LeuT provided structural evidence for the alternating access model. Thereby, these structures shaped our understanding of the mechanisms underlying substrate translocation by neurotransmitter transporters. However, it has been questioned, if the crystallized inward-open conformation of LeuT can exist in the membrane environment. Here we show that, while stable in detergent micelles, the inward-open conformation of LeuT is of high energy and undergoes structural readjustments. We use a multi-faceted approach including molecular dynamics simulations, scintillation proximity assays, free energy calculations and apply for the first time lanthanide resonance energy transfer measurements to verify the in silico predictions. In silico and in vitro approaches using the same conditions allowed us to combine the macroscopic experimental data with microscopic all atom results from simulations to identify the underlying driving forces: partitioning of charged and polar groups from the hydrophobic membrane interior to the hydrophilic environment. We propose that the inward-facing state shows a much smaller movement of TM1A, but large enough to create an access path to the S1 substrate binding site from the vestibule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azmat Sohail
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kumaresan Jayaraman
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Santhoshkannan Venkatesan
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kamil Gotfryd
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences Denmark, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Copenhagen, Denmark
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health Sciences Denmark, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Markus Daerr
- Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Department of Pharmacy, Center of Drug Research, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrik Gether
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences Denmark, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus J. Loland
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences Denmark, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Klaus T. Wanner
- Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Department of Pharmacy, Center of Drug Research, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Freissmuth
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald H. Sitte
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | - Walter Sandtner
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Stockner
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bürgi JJ, Bertrand S, Marger F, Bertrand D, Reymond J. Fluorescent Agonists of the
α
7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Derived from 3‐Amino‐Quinuclidine. Helv Chim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201600120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justus J. Bürgi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Berne Freiestrasse 3 CH‐3012 Berne
| | - Sonia Bertrand
- HiQScreen Sàrl 6 route de Compois CH‐1222 Vésenaz Geneva
| | - Fabrice Marger
- HiQScreen Sàrl 6 route de Compois CH‐1222 Vésenaz Geneva
| | | | - Jean‐Louis Reymond
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Berne Freiestrasse 3 CH‐3012 Berne
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lochner M, Thompson AJ. A review of fluorescent ligands for studying 5-HT3 receptors. Neuropharmacology 2015; 98:31-40. [PMID: 25892507 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The use of fluorescence is a valuable and increasingly accessible means of probing the pharmacology and physiology of cells and their receptors. To date, the use of fluorescence-based methods for 5-HT3 receptor research has been quite limited and, although a variety of approaches have been described, these are broadly distributed throughout the literature. In this review we condense these findings into a single, accessible source of reference with the hope of promoting the use of these valuable molecular probes. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Fluorescent Tools in Neuropharmacology'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lochner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Andrew J Thompson
- Department of Pharmacology, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Jack T, Simonin J, Ruepp MD, Thompson AJ, Gertsch J, Lochner M. Characterizing new fluorescent tools for studying 5-HT₃ receptor pharmacology. Neuropharmacology 2014; 90:63-73. [PMID: 25460187 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacological characterization of ligands depends upon the ability to accurately measure their binding properties. Fluorescence provides an alternative to more traditional approaches such as radioligand binding. Here we describe the binding and spectroscopic properties of eight fluorescent 5-HT3 receptor ligands. These were tested on purified receptors, expressed receptors on live cells, or in vivo. All compounds had nanomolar affinities with fluorescent properties extending from blue to near infra-red emission. A fluorescein-derivative had the highest affinity as measured by fluorescence polarization (FP; 1.14 nM), flow cytometry (FC; 3.23 nM) and radioligand binding (RB; 1.90 nM). Competition binding with unlabeled 5-HT3 receptor agonists (5-HT, mCPBG, quipazine) and antagonists (granisetron, palonosetron, tropisetron) yielded similar affinities in all three assays. When cysteine substitutions were introduced into the 5-HT3 receptor binding site the same changes in binding affinity were seen for both granisetron and the fluorescein-derivative, suggesting that they both adopt orientations that are consistent with co-crystal structures of granisetron with a homologous protein (5HTBP). As expected, in vivo live imaging in anaesthetized mice revealed staining in the abdominal cavity in intestines, but also in salivary glands. The unexpected presence of 5-HT3 receptors in mouse salivary glands was confirmed by Western blots. Overall, these results demonstrate the wide utility of our new high-affinity fluorescently-labeled 5-HT3 receptor probes, ranging from in vitro receptor pharmacology, including FC and FP ligand competition, to live imaging of 5-HT3 expressing tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Jack
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Jonathan Simonin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Marc-David Ruepp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Andrew J Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Jürg Gertsch
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Martin Lochner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bozdag M, Pinard M, Carta F, Masini E, Scozzafava A, McKenna R, Supuran CT. A class of 4-sulfamoylphenyl-ω-aminoalkyl ethers with effective carbonic anhydrase inhibitory action and antiglaucoma effects. J Med Chem 2014; 57:9673-86. [PMID: 25358036 PMCID: PMC4255726 DOI: 10.1021/jm501497m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
![]()
We
report a series of 4-sulfamoylphenyl-ω-aminoalkyl ethers
as carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) inhibitors. The structure–activity
relationship was drawn for the inhibition of four physiologically
relevant isoforms: hCA I, II, IX, and XII. Many of these compounds
were highly effective, low nanomolar inhibitors of all CA isoforms,
whereas several isoform-selective were also identified. X-ray crystal
structures of two new sulfonamides bound to the physiologically dominant
CA II isoform showed the tails of these derivatives bound within the
hydrophobic half of the enzyme active site through van der Waals contacts
with Val135, Leu198, Leu204, Trp209, Pro201, and Pro202 amino acids.
One of the highly water-soluble compound (as trifluoroacetate salt)
showed effective IOP lowering properties in an animal model of glaucoma.
Several fluorescent sulfonamides incorporating either the fluorescein-thiourea
(7a–c) or tetramethylrhodamine-thiourea
(9a,b) moieties were also obtained and showed
interesting CA inhibitory properties for the tumor-associated isoforms
CA IX and XII.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Murat Bozdag
- Polo Scientifico, Neurofarba Department and Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Rm 188, Università degli Studi di Firenze , Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Thompson AJ. Recent developments in 5-HT3 receptor pharmacology. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2013; 34:100-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|