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Study of a Miniaturizable System for Optical Sensing Application to Human Cells. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9050975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Conventional approaches to human intracellular optical sensing, generally, require dedicated laboratories with bulky detection systems. They are performed by cell labeling procedures based on the use of fluorophores that are, mostly, phototoxic, invasive, bleached in case of prolonged light exposures, which require carriers and/or structural modifications for the cellular uptake. These issues, together with the sensitivity of the eukaryotic cell model, could be problematic towards the development of a robust sensing system suitable for biomedical screening. In this work, we studied a sensing system resulting from the combination of the commercial tris(2,2’bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) fluorophore, for cell labeling, with a potentially miniaturizable optical system composed by a laser source and a photomultiplier tube, for the fluorescence analysis.
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Hewitt SH, Wilson AJ. Generation of Dynamic Combinatorial Libraries Using Hydrazone-Functionalized Surface Mimetics. European J Org Chem 2018; 2018:1872-1879. [PMID: 29780280 PMCID: PMC5947633 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic combinatorial chemistry (DCC) represents an approach, whereby traditional supramolecular scaffolds used for protein surface recognition might be exploited to achieve selective high affinity target recognition. Synthesis, in situ screening and amplification under selection pressure allows the generation of ligands, which bear different moieties capable of making multivalent non‐covalent interactions with target proteins. Generic tetracarboxyphenyl porphyrin scaffolds bearing four hydrazide moieties have been used to form dynamic combinatorial libraries (DCLs) using aniline‐catalyzed reversible hydrazone exchange reactions, in 10 % DMSO, 5 mm NH4OAc, at pH 6.75. High resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) was used to monitor library composition and establish conditions under which equilibria were established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah H Hewitt
- School of Chemistry University of Leeds Woodhouse Lane 9JT Leeds LS2 UK.,Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology University of Leeds Woodhouse Lane 9JT Leeds LS2 UK
| | - Andrew J Wilson
- School of Chemistry University of Leeds Woodhouse Lane 9JT Leeds LS2 UK.,Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology University of Leeds Woodhouse Lane 9JT Leeds LS2 UK
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Hewitt SH, Wilson AJ. Protein sensing and discrimination using highly functionalised ruthenium(ii) tris(bipyridyl) protein surface mimetics in an array format. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 53:12278-12281. [PMID: 29090688 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc06175g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ruthenium(ii) tris(bipyridyl) protein surface mimetics are used in an array format to sense and discriminate proteins including therapeutically relevant targets, hDM2 and MCL-1, using linear discriminant analysis (LDA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah H Hewitt
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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Abstract
A key challenge in chemical biology is to identify small molecule regulators for every single protein. However, protein surfaces are notoriously difficult to recognise with synthetic molecules, often having large flat surfaces that are poorly matched to traditional small molecules. In the surface mimetic approach, a supramolecular scaffold is used to project recognition groups in such a manner as to make multivalent non-covalent contacts over a large area of protein surface. Metal based supramolecular scaffolds offer unique advantages over conventional organic molecules for protein binding, including greater stereochemical and geometrical diversity conferred through the metal centre and the potential for direct assessment of binding properties and even visualisation in cells without recourse to further functionalisation. This feature article will highlight the current state of the art in protein surface recognition using metal complexes as surface mimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah H Hewitt
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK. and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Andrew J Wilson
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK. and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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Hewitt SH, Filby MH, Hayes E, Kuhn LT, Kalverda AP, Webb ME, Wilson AJ. Protein Surface Mimetics: Understanding How Ruthenium Tris(Bipyridines) Interact with Proteins. Chembiochem 2016; 18:223-231. [PMID: 27860106 PMCID: PMC5347857 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Protein surface mimetics achieve high-affinity binding by exploiting a scaffold to project binding groups over a large area of solvent-exposed protein surface to make multiple cooperative noncovalent interactions. Such recognition is a prerequisite for competitive/orthosteric inhibition of protein-protein interactions (PPIs). This paper describes biophysical and structural studies on ruthenium(II) tris(bipyridine) surface mimetics that recognize cytochrome (cyt) c and inhibit the cyt c/cyt c peroxidase (CCP) PPI. Binding is electrostatically driven, with enhanced affinity achieved through enthalpic contributions thought to arise from the ability of the surface mimetics to make a greater number of noncovalent interactions than CCP with surface-exposed basic residues on cyt c. High-field natural abundance 1 H,15 N HSQC NMR experiments are consistent with surface mimetics binding to cyt c in similar manner to CCP. This provides a framework for understanding recognition of proteins by supramolecular receptors and informing the design of ligands superior to the protein partners upon which they are inspired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah H Hewitt
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.,Astbury Centre For Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Maria H Filby
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.,Astbury Centre For Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Ed Hayes
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.,Astbury Centre For Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Lars T Kuhn
- Astbury Centre For Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Arnout P Kalverda
- Astbury Centre For Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Michael E Webb
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.,Astbury Centre For Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Andrew J Wilson
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.,Astbury Centre For Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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Martínez-Calvo M, Orange KN, Elmes RBP, la Cour Poulsen B, Williams DC, Gunnlaugsson T. Ru(II)-polypyridyl surface functionalised gold nanoparticles as DNA targeting supramolecular structures and luminescent cellular imaging agents. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:563-74. [PMID: 26647086 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr05598a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The development of Ru(II) functionalized gold nanoparticles 1–3·AuNP is described. These systems were found to be mono-disperse with a hydrodynamic radius of ca. 15 nm in water but gave rise to the formation of higher order structures in buffered solution. The interaction of 1–3·AuNP with DNA was also studied by spectroscopic and microscopic methods and suggested the formation of large self-assembly structures in solution. The uptake of 1–3·AuNP by cancer cells was studied using both confocal fluorescence as well as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), with the aim of investigating their potential as tools for cellular biology. These systems displaying a non-toxic profile with favourable photophysical properties may have application across various biological fields including diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Martínez-Calvo
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Kim N Orange
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Robert B P Elmes
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland. and Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Bjørn la Cour Poulsen
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - D Clive Williams
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Thorfinnur Gunnlaugsson
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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