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Singh A, Sonawane P, Kumar A, Singh H, Naumovich V, Pathak P, Grishina M, Khalilullah H, Jaremko M, Emwas AH, Verma A, Kumar P. Challenges and Opportunities in the Crusade of BRAF Inhibitors: From 2002 to 2022. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:27819-27844. [PMID: 37576670 PMCID: PMC10413849 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Serine/threonine-protein kinase B-Raf (BRAF; RAF = rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma) plays an important role in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascade. Somatic mutations in the BRAF gene were first discovered in 2002 by Davies et al., which was a major breakthrough in cancer research. Subsequently, three different classes of BRAF mutants have been discovered. This class includes class I monomeric mutants (BRAFV600), class II BRAF homodimer mutants (non-V600), and class III BRAF heterodimers (non-V600). Cancers caused by these include melanoma, thyroid cancer, ovarian cancer, colorectal cancer, nonsmall cell lung cancer, and others. In this study, we have highlighted the major binding pockets in BRAF protein, their active and inactive conformations with inhibitors, and BRAF dimerization and its importance in paradoxical activation and BRAF mutation. We have discussed the first-, second-, and third-generation drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration and drugs under clinical trials with all four different binding approaches with DFG-IN/OUT and αC-IN/OUT for BRAF protein. We have investigated particular aspects and difficulties with all three generations of inhibitors. Finally, this study has also covered recent developments in synthetic BRAF inhibitors (from their discovery in 2002 to 2022), their unique properties, and importance in inhibiting BRAF mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit
Kumar Singh
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda 151401, India
| | - Pankaj Sonawane
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda 151401, India
| | - Adarsh Kumar
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda 151401, India
| | - Harshwardhan Singh
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda 151401, India
| | - Vladislav Naumovich
- Laboratory
of Computational Modeling of Drugs, Higher Medical and Biological
School, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk 454008, Russia
| | - Prateek Pathak
- Laboratory
of Computational Modeling of Drugs, Higher Medical and Biological
School, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk 454008, Russia
| | - Maria Grishina
- Laboratory
of Computational Modeling of Drugs, Higher Medical and Biological
School, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk 454008, Russia
| | - Habibullah Khalilullah
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Unaizah College of
Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unayzah 51911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariusz Jaremko
- Smart-Health
Initiative and Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and
Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul-Hamid Emwas
- Core
Laboratories, King Abdullah University of
Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi
Arabia
| | - Amita Verma
- Bioorganic
and Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of
Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj 211007, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda 151401, India
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2
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The significance of N-methylpicolinamides in the development of anticancer therapeutics: Synthesis and structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies. Bioorg Chem 2019; 86:513-537. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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3
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Design and Synthesis of New Quinoxaline Derivatives as Anticancer Agents and Apoptotic Inducers. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24061175. [PMID: 30934622 PMCID: PMC6470675 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24061175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The quinoxaline scaffold is a promising platform for the discovery of active chemotherapeutic agents. Three series of quinoxaline derivatives were synthesized and biologically evaluated against three tumor cell lines (HCT116 human colon carcinoma, HepG2, liver hepatocellular carcinoma and MCF-7, human breast adenocarcinoma cell line), in addition to VEGFR-2 enzyme inhibition activity. Compounds VIId, VIIIa, VIIIc, VIIIe and XVa exhibited promising activity against the tested cell lines and weak activity against VEGFR-2. Compound VIIIc induced a significant disruption in the cell cycle profile and cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase boundary. In further assays, the cytotoxic effect of the highly active compounds was determined using a normal Caucasian fibroblast-like fetal lung cell line (WI-38). Compound VIIIc could be considered as a lead compound that merits further optimization and development as an anti-cancer and an apoptotic inducing candidate against the HCT116 cell line.
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4
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Li L, Wu Y, Du F, Li Z. Modular synthesis of photodegradable polymers with different sensitive wavelengths as UV/NIR responsive nanocarriers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.29185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science & EngineeringCollege of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Center for Soft Matter Science & Engineering, Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Yuhuan Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science & EngineeringCollege of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Center for Soft Matter Science & Engineering, Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Fu‐Sheng Du
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science & EngineeringCollege of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Center for Soft Matter Science & Engineering, Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Zi‐Chen Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science & EngineeringCollege of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Center for Soft Matter Science & Engineering, Peking University Beijing 100871 China
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El-Damasy AK, Seo SH, Cho NC, Pae AN, Kim EE, Keum G. Design and synthesis of new 2-anilinoquinolines bearing N
-methylpicolinamide moiety as potential antiproliferative agents. Chem Biol Drug Des 2016; 89:98-113. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Kareem El-Damasy
- Center for Neuro-Medicine; Brain Science Institute; Korea Institute of Science and Technology; Seoul Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Chemistry; Korea University of Science and Technology (UST); Daejeon Republic of Korea
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Mansoura; Mansoura Egypt
| | - Seon Hee Seo
- Center for Neuro-Medicine; Brain Science Institute; Korea Institute of Science and Technology; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Chul Cho
- Center for Neuro-Medicine; Brain Science Institute; Korea Institute of Science and Technology; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Ae Nim Pae
- Center for Neuro-Medicine; Brain Science Institute; Korea Institute of Science and Technology; Seoul Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Chemistry; Korea University of Science and Technology (UST); Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Eunice Eunkyeong Kim
- Department of Biological Chemistry; Korea University of Science and Technology (UST); Daejeon Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute; Korea Institute of Science and Technology; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Gyochang Keum
- Center for Neuro-Medicine; Brain Science Institute; Korea Institute of Science and Technology; Seoul Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Chemistry; Korea University of Science and Technology (UST); Daejeon Republic of Korea
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6
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Aalizadeh R, Pourbasheer E, Ganjali MR. Analysis of B-Raf $$^{\mathrm{V600E}}$$ V 600 E inhibitors using 2D and 3D-QSAR, molecular docking and pharmacophore studies. Mol Divers 2015; 19:915-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s11030-015-9626-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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7
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Raju P, Gobi Rajeshwaran G, Nandakumar M, Mohanakrishnan AK. Unusual Reactivity of Aryl Aldehydes with Triethyl Phosphite and Zinc Bromide: A Facile Preparation of Epoxides, Benzisoxazoles, and α-Hydroxy Phosphonate Esters. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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8
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Copper-catalyzed oxidative amidation between aldehydes and arylamines under mild conditions. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.12.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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9
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Copper-catalyzed domino reaction between 1-(2-halophenyl)methanamines and amidines or imidates for the synthesis of 2-substituted quinazolines. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Zheng B, Jia T, Walsh PJ. A General and Practical Palladium-Catalyzed Direct α-Arylation of Amides with Aryl Halides. Adv Synth Catal 2014; 356:165-178. [PMID: 24765060 PMCID: PMC3994175 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201300851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
An efficient system for the direct catalytic intermolecular α-arylation of acetamide derivatives with aryl bromides and chlorides is presented. The palladium catalyst is supported by Kwong's indole-based phosphine ligand and provides monoarylated amides in up to 95% yield. Excellent chemoselectivities (>10:1) in the mono- and diarylation with aryl bromides were achieved by careful selection of bases, solvents, and stoichiometry. Under the coupling conditions, the weakly acidic α-protons of amides (pKa up to 35) were reversibly depotonated by LiO t Bu, NaO t Bu, or NaN(SiMe3)2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zheng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Tiezheng Jia
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Patrick J. Walsh
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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11
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Singla P, Luxami V, Paul K. Benzimidazole-biologically attractive scaffold for protein kinase inhibitors. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra46304d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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12
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El-Nassan HB. Recent progress in the identification of BRAF inhibitors as anti-cancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 72:170-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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13
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Qin M, Liao W, Xu C, Fu B, Ren J, Gu Y, Gong P. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel 4-(2-Fluorophenoxy)-2-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)pyridines Bearing Semicarbazone Moieties as Potent Antitumor Agents. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2013; 346:840-50. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201300188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingze Qin
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Ministry of Education; Shenyang P. R. China
| | - Weike Liao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Ministry of Education; Shenyang P. R. China
| | - Chen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Ministry of Education; Shenyang P. R. China
| | - Baolin Fu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Ministry of Education; Shenyang P. R. China
| | - Jianguo Ren
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Ministry of Education; Shenyang P. R. China
| | - Yucheng Gu
- Syngenta; Jealott's Hill International Research Centre; Bracknell Berkshire UK
| | - Ping Gong
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Ministry of Education; Shenyang P. R. China
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14
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A green approach toward quinoxalines and bis-quinoxalines and their biological evaluation against A431, human skin cancer cell lines. Future Med Chem 2013; 5:1377-90. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.13.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The objective of this study was to develop a practical green procedure to synthesize quinoxalines and bis-quinoxalines and evaluate their inhibitory effects on the viability of A431 human epidermoid carcinoma cells. Method: A series of quinoxaline and bis-quinoxaline derivatives have been designed and synthesized following a microwave-assisted and bismuth nitrate-catalyzed eco-friendly route. A detailed comparison has been made between microwave-induced protocol with the reactions occurred at room temperature. The structure of the compounds have been elucidated by various spectroscopic methods and finally confirmed by x-ray crystallographic analyses. Results: Two quinoxaline derivatives, compounds 6 and 12 have demonstrated inhibitory effects on the viability of A431 human epidermoid carcinoma cells when compared with HaCaT nontumorigenic human keratinocyte cells. Conclusion: Notably, compound 6 inhibits Stat3 phosphorylation/activation in A431 skin cancer cells.
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15
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Jin F, Gao D, Zhang C, Liu F, Chu B, Chen Y, Chen YZ, Tan C, Jiang Y. Exploration of 1-(3-chloro-4-(4-oxo-4H-chromen-2-yl)phenyl)-3-phenylurea derivatives as selective dual inhibitors of Raf1 and JNK1 kinases for anti-tumor treatment. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:824-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 03/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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