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Garang Z, Feng Q, Luo R, La M, Zhang J, Wu L, Wang Z, Zeweng Y, Jiangyong S. Commiphora mukul (Hook. ex Stocks) Engl.: Historical records, application rules, phytochemistry, pharmacology, clinical research, and adverse reaction. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 317:116717. [PMID: 37301302 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Commiphora mukul (Hook. ex Stocks) Engl. (also known as Guggulu) is one of the oldest and most prominent herb used in Ayurvedic medicine. Commiphora mukul plants have traditionally been used to treat inflammation, diabetes, rheumatism, arthritis, obesity, and hyperlipidemia. It has long been used in China, India, Greece, and other countries. Commiphora mukul is an over-the-counter dietary supplement in the United States and Western countries. Commiphora mukul has excellent medicinal and commercial value and deserves further investigation. AIM OF THE STUDY This paper systematically reviews the historical records, application rules, phytochemistry, pharmacokinetics, pharmacology, clinical research, and adverse reactions of C. mukul and provides a reference for its comprehensive application in basic research, new drug development, and clinical treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS Literature were collected from databases such as PubMed, CNKI, Web of Science, TBRC, and other sources such as ancient books on traditional medicine, classic books on herbal medicine, and modern monographs. In this study, the application history and modern pharmacological research on C. mukul in the medicine of all ethnic groups were comprehensively and systematically reviewed. RESULTS According to the vast literature, the varieties, morphological characteristics, distribution, and description of C. mukul used in Unani medicine, Ayurveda, traditional Chinese medicine, Tibetan medicine, Mongolian medicine, and Uygur medicine are highly consistent. Commiphora mukul is mainly used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, heart disease, obesity, hemorrhoids, urinary system diseases, skin diseases, inflammation, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, tumors, and other diseases. The core medicinal material combination in different ethnic medical preparations was C. mukul-Terminalia chebula Retz. (101 times), C. mukul-Moschus (55 times), C. mukul-Aucklandia lappa (Decne.) Decne. (52 times), and C. mukul-Acorus calamus L (27 times). Phytochemical studies confirmed that 150 components with different structures had been isolated and identified. Z-and E-guggulsterone are the main isomers in C. mukul. C. mukul has anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hypolipidemic, bone resorption, nervous system protection, myocardial protection, antibacterial, and other pharmacological properties. Clinical studies have only identified the role of C. mukul in treating hemorrhoids and lowering blood lipids. CONCLUSIONS As an essential traditional medicine, C. mukul is widely used in the national traditional medicine system, and rich in chemical constituents and exhibit pharmacological activities. This study found that current research on C. mukul mainly focuses on its chemical composition and pharmacological properties. However, scientific research on the quality control of medicinal materials, identification of original plants, pharmacokinetics, and toxicology are relatively weak, and research in this area needs to be strengthened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoma Garang
- College of Ethnomedicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Qiaoqiao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Rizhun Luo
- College of Ethnomedicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Mejia La
- School of Foreign Language and Literature, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jingwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Lei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Zhang Wang
- College of Ethnomedicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Yongzhong Zeweng
- College of Ethnomedicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Silang Jiangyong
- College of Ethnomedicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
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Chemical and Biological Insights on Phaulopsis falcisepala: A Source of Bioactive Compounds with Multifunctional Anticancer Potentials. CHEMISTRY AFRICA 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42250-022-00553-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Wang CC, Liang NY, Xia H, Wang RY, Zhang YF, Huo HX, Zhao YF, Song YL, Zheng J, Tu PF, Li J. Cytotoxic sesquiterpenoid dimers from the resin of Commiphora myrrha Engl. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 204:113443. [PMID: 36169037 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Seven undescribed sesquiterpenoid dimers, commiphomyrones A - G, together with three known analogs, were isolated from the resin of Commiphora myrrha Engl.. The structures of the undescribed compounds were elucidated based on a comprehensive analysis of spectroscopic data (NMR, UV, IR, and MS), and the absolute configurations were defined by comparing the experimental and calculated ECD spectra as well as by performing X-ray crystallographic analysis. All the isolated dimeric sesquiterpenoids feature a 7-oxabicyclo [2.2.1] hept-2-ene moiety formed by the [4 + 2] cycloaddition of two sesquiterpenoids. Commiphomyrones C and G and commiphoratone D showed cytotoxic activity against the HGC-27 cell line with IC50 values of 22.76, 25.01, and 27.51 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Chao Wang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Nai-Yun Liang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Xia
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong-Ye Wang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Feng Zhang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Xia Huo
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Fang Zhao
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue-Lin Song
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiao Zheng
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng-Fei Tu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun Li
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.
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Imane B, Laila B, Fouzia H, Ismail G, Ahmed E, Kaoutar B, Mohamed EM, Samira E, Jamila B. Chemical characterization, antiproliferative activity and molecular docking of bioactive compounds from brown algae Fucus spiralis. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Farid M, Aboul Naser AF, Salem M, Ahmed YR, Emam M, Hamed MA. Chemical compositions of Commiphora opobalsamum stem bark to alleviate liver complications in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats: Role of oxidative stress and DNA damage. Biomarkers 2022; 27:671-683. [DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2022.2099015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mai Farid
- Phytochemistry and Plant Systematics Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Asmaa F. Aboul Naser
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki Giza, Egypt
| | - Maha Salem
- Phytochemistry and Plant Systematics Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Yomna R. Ahmed
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki Giza, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Emam
- Phytochemistry and Plant Systematics Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Manal A. Hamed
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki Giza, Egypt
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Fofana S, Delporte C, Calvo Esposito R, Ouédraogo M, Van Antwerpen P, Guissou IP, Semdé R, Mathieu V. In Vitro Antioxidant and Anticancer Properties of Various E. senegalensis Extracts. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27082583. [PMID: 35458781 PMCID: PMC9025838 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although Erythrina senegalensis is a plant widely used in traditional medicine in sub-Saharan Africa, its biological properties have been poorly investigated to date. We first characterized by conventional reactions the composition of several stem bark extracts and evaluated in acellular and cellular assays their pro- or antioxidant properties supported by their high phenolic and flavonoid content, particularly with the methanolic extract. The pro- or antioxidant effects observed did not correlate with their IC50 concentrations against five cancer cell lines determined by MTT assay. Indeed, the CH2Cl2 extract and its ethyl acetate (EtOAc) subfraction appeared more potent although they harbored lower pro- or antioxidant effects. Nevertheless, at equipotent concentration, both extracts induced ER- and mitochondria-derived vacuoles observed by fluorescent microscopy that further led to non-apoptotic cell death. LC coupled to high resolution MS investigations have been performed to identify chemical compounds of the extracts. These investigations highlighted the presence of compounds formerly isolated from E. senegalensis including senegalensein that could be retrieved only in the EtOAc subfraction but also thirteen other compounds, such as 16:3-Glc-stigmasterol and hexadecanoic acid, whose anticancer properties have been previously reported. Nineteen other compounds remain to be identified. In conclusion, E. senegalensis appeared rich in compounds with antioxidant and anticancer properties, supporting its use in traditional practice and its status as a species of interest for further investigations in anticancer drug research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souleymane Fofana
- Laboratory of Drug Sciences, Higher Institute of Health Sciences (INSSA), Nazi BONI University, Bobo-Dioulasso 01 P.O. Box 1091, Burkina Faso;
| | - Cédric Delporte
- RD3—Pharmacognosy, Bioanalysis and Drug Discovery Unit and Analytical Platform, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (C.D.); (P.V.A.)
| | - Rafaèle Calvo Esposito
- Protein Chemistry Unit, Department of General Chemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme (CP 609), Route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium;
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Moussa Ouédraogo
- Laboratory of Drug Development (LADME), Center of Training, Research and Expertises of Pharmaceutical Sciences (CEA-CFOREM), Training and Research Unit, Health Sciences, Joseph KI-ZERBO University, Ouagadougou 03 P.O. Box 7021, Burkina Faso; (M.O.); (R.S.)
| | - Pierre Van Antwerpen
- RD3—Pharmacognosy, Bioanalysis and Drug Discovery Unit and Analytical Platform, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (C.D.); (P.V.A.)
| | - Innocent Pierre Guissou
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Saint Thomas d’Aquin University, Ouagadougou 06 P.O. Box 10212, Burkina Faso;
| | - Rasmané Semdé
- Laboratory of Drug Development (LADME), Center of Training, Research and Expertises of Pharmaceutical Sciences (CEA-CFOREM), Training and Research Unit, Health Sciences, Joseph KI-ZERBO University, Ouagadougou 03 P.O. Box 7021, Burkina Faso; (M.O.); (R.S.)
| | - Véronique Mathieu
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- ULB Cancer Research Center, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-478-31-73-88
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Ahmad S, Verma R, Ibrahim M, Fursule A, Mitra R, Narayana Sastry J. Effect of aging and geographical variations in the content of guggulsterones and metabolomic profiling of oleogum resins of commiphora wightii: The Indian bdellium. Pharmacogn Mag 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_76_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Sun M, Hua J, Liu G, Huang P, Liu N, He X. Myrrh induces the apoptosis and inhibits the proliferation and migration of gastric cancer cells through down-regulating cyclooxygenase-2 expression. Biosci Rep 2020; 40:BSR20192372. [PMID: 32364228 PMCID: PMC7240199 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20192372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study is designed to evaluate the anti-tumor effects of myrrh on human gastric cancer both in vitro and in vivo. METHODS The gastric cancer cell proliferation was determined by MTT assay. Apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry and Hoechst 33342 staining. Wound healing was performed to evaluate the effects of myrrh on the migration. COX-2, PCNA, Bcl-2, and Bax expressions were detected by Western blot analysis. A xenograft nude mice model of human gastric cancer was established to evaluate the anti-cancer effect of myrrh in vivo. RESULTS Myrrh significantly inhibited cellular proliferation, migration, and induced apoptosis in vitro as well as inhibited tumor growth in vivo. In addition, myrrh inhibited the expression of PCNA, COX-2, and Bcl-2 as well as increased Bax expression in gastric cancer cells. CONCLUSION Myrrh may inhibit the proliferation and migration of gastric cancer cells, as well as induced their apoptosis by down-regulating the expression of COX-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxue Sun
- Department of Geriatrics, Jiangsu Province Hospital and Nanjing Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, China
| | - Jie Hua
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jiangsu Province Hospital and Nanjing Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, China
| | - Gaoshuang Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, Jiangsu Province Hospital and Nanjing Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, China
| | - Peiyun Huang
- Department of Geriatrics, Jiangsu Province Hospital and Nanjing Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, China
| | - Ningsheng Liu
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, China
- The Key laboratory of Antibody Technique of Ministry of Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Xiaopu He
- Department of Geriatrics, Jiangsu Province Hospital and Nanjing Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, China
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Graidist P, Tedasen A, Khoka A, Madla S, Sriwiriyajan S. Anticancer effects of piperine-free Piper nigrum extract on cholangiocarcinoma cell lines. Pharmacogn Mag 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_288_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Kumar G, Gupta R, Sharan S, Roy P, Pandey DM. Anticancer activity of plant leaves extract collected from a tribal region of India. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:399. [PMID: 31656737 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1927-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this research was to explore the preliminary anticancer properties of five plants namely Calotropis procera, Moringa oleifera, Millettia pinnata, Basela alba and Euphorbia neriifolia available in Jharkhand which is used for the medicinal purpose by local tribes. In the present study, plant leaves from five species were collected, dried and extracted with solvents of increasing polarity, followed by assessment of their cytotoxicity in A549 non-small-cell lung cancer cells. In the antimicrobial assay, the methanol extract of the M. pinnata leaves exhibited comparatively higher zone of inhibition of 0.7 ± 0.20 cm against a Salmonella typhi culture than the other extracts. M. pinnata leaves extract also displayed the maximum percentage inhibition in the DPPH, 83.97 ± 0.01 FRAP, 193.14 ± 3.01 mM assays. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of the chloroform (37.45 ± 1.04) and ethyl acetate extracts (34.20 ± 0.81) of M. pinnata against A549 cells was found relatively higher with respect to another extract. In contrast, a study with the L132 normal epithelial lung cell line revealed less toxicity from the chloroform extract (0.33 ± 0.19) compared to the ethyl acetate extract (6.65 ± 0.59). Based on these findings, phytochemical investigation on chloroform and ethyl acetate extract of M. pinnata was performed using UPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis revealing the presence of β-sitosterol, lanceolatin B, karanjin, and stigmasterol. Congruently, a complete phytochemical and cytotoxic investigation of the M. pinnata extract constituents might infer the potency of this extract/s as anticancer, antioxidant and antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gourav Kumar
- 1Department of Bio-Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi India
| | - Rashmi Gupta
- 1Department of Bio-Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi India
| | - Shruti Sharan
- 2Department of Bio-Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India
| | - Partha Roy
- 2Department of Bio-Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India
| | - Dev Mani Pandey
- 1Department of Bio-Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi India
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Lin YC, Chao CH, Ahmed AF, Chen YY, Hwang TL, Liu HY, Sheu JH. Withanolides and 26-Hydroxylated Derivatives with Anti-Inflammatory Property from Solanum Capsicoide. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2019. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20180225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- You-Cheng Lin
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hua Chao
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Atallah F. Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yang-Yih Chen
- Department of Marine Environment and Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Tsong-Long Hwang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine and Chinese Herbal Medicine Research Team, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Yih Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Horng Sheu
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Frontier Center for Ocean Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
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Segun PA, Ogbole OO, Ismail FMD, Nahar L, Evans AR, Ajaiyeoba EO, Sarker SD. Resveratrol derivatives from Commiphora africana (A. Rich.) Endl. display cytotoxicity and selectivity against several human cancer cell lines. Phytother Res 2018; 33:159-166. [PMID: 30346066 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Commiphora africana (A. Rich.) Endl. (Burseraceae) is a medicinal plant widely used in Nigerian ethnomedicine. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the stem bark extract of C. africana and isolated cytotoxic compounds was investigated. Three resveratrol derivatives: (E)-resveratrol 3-O-rutinoside (1), 5-methoxy-(E)-resveratrol 3-O-rutinoside (2), and pinostilbene (3), together with 3-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzoic acid (4) were isolated from the methanol fraction of C. africana. Their structures were determined by extensive analysis of their HREIMS and NMR spectra. The cytotoxicity of the isolated compounds against four human carcinoma cells was determined using the MTT assay. Compound 1 displayed the highest antiproliferative effect on the cell lines, with IC50 values of 16.80, 21.74, 17.89, and 17.44 μM, against MCF7, A549, PC3, and HepG2 human cancer cell lines, respectively. In addition, compounds 1-3 showed low toxicity against normal human prostate cell line, with selectivity indices greater than five across the carcinoma cells, indicating that the compounds possess potential in the development of low-toxicity chemotherapeutic agents. These results support the traditional use of this plant in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Segun
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.,Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.,Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago Iwoye, Nigeria
| | - Omonike O Ogbole
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Fyaz M D Ismail
- Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lutfun Nahar
- Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrew R Evans
- Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Edith O Ajaiyeoba
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Satyajit D Sarker
- Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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Kamalidehghan B, Ghafouri-Fard S, Motevaseli E, Ahmadipour F. Inhibition of human prostate cancer (PC-3) cells and targeting of PC-3-derived prostate cancer stem cells with koenimbin, a natural dietary compound from Murraya koenigii (L) Spreng. Drug Des Devel Ther 2018; 12:1119-1133. [PMID: 29765202 PMCID: PMC5942175 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s156826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhibition of prostate cancer stem cells (PCSCs) is an efficient curative maintenance protocol for the prevention of prostate cancer. The objectives of this study were to assess the efficiency of koenimbin, a major biologically active component of Murraya koenigii (L) Spreng, in the suppression of PC-3 cells and to target PC-3-derived cancer stem cells (CSCs) through apoptotic and CSC signaling pathways in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS The antiproliferative activity of koenimbin was examined using MTT, and the apoptotic detection was carried out by acridine orange/propidium iodide (AO/PI) double-staining and multiparametric high-content screening (HCS) assays. Caspase bioluminescence assay, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and immunoblotting were conducted to confirm the expression of apoptotic-associated proteins. Cell cycle analysis was investigated using flow cytometry. Involvement of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) was analyzed using HCS assay. Aldefluor™ and prostasphere formation examinations were used to evaluate the impact of koenimbin on PC-3 CSCs in vitro. RESULTS Koenimbin remarkably inhibited cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. Koenimbin induced nuclear condensation, formation of apoptotic bodies, and G0/G1 phase arrest of PC-3 cells. Koenimbin triggered the activation of caspase-3/7 and caspase-9 and the release of cytochrome c, decreased anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and HSP70 proteins, increased pro-apoptotic Bax proteins, and inhibited NF-κB translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, leading to the activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Koenimbin significantly (P<0.05) reduced the aldehyde dehydrogenase-positive cell population of PC-3 CSCs and the size and number of PC-3 CSCs in primary, secondary, and tertiary prostaspheres in vitro. CONCLUSION Koenimbin has chemotherapeutic potential that may be employed for future treatment through decreasing the recurrence of cancer, resulting in the improvement of cancer management strategies and patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Kamalidehghan
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elahe Motevaseli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Food Microbiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ahmadipour
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Somwong P, Suttisri R. Cytotoxic activity of the chemical constituents of Clerodendrum indicum and Clerodendrum villosum roots. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE-JIM 2017; 16:57-61. [PMID: 29397094 DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The roots of two Thai medicinal plants, Clerodendrum indicum and Clerodendrum villosum are found in traditional medicine practices. The aim of this research was to preliminarily study the cytotoxicity of extracts of their roots, and the parts that possessed cytotoxic activity were separated on a chromatograph to identify their active compounds. METHODS The extracts of both plants were screened for cytotoxicity on the SW620 cell line and the compounds isolated from the active extracts were further evaluated for their cytotoxic activity against five human cancer cell lines, including SW620, ChaGo-K-1, HepG2, KATO-III and BT-474 using the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. RESULTS Dichloromethane extracts of C. indicum and C. villosum were active against the SW620 cell line. Triterpenoids were mostly obtained from the extracts of these plants (0.28% and 1.02%, respectively) and exhibited varying degrees of cytotoxicity and specificity against the tested cell lines. Two triterpenoids, oleanolic acid 3-acetate and betulinic acid, displayed moderate to strong cytotoxicity toward all cancer cell lines, with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 1.66-20.49 µmol/L, whereas 3β-hydroxy-D:B-friedo-olean-5-ene and taraxerol were cytotoxic to only the SW620 cell line (IC50 = 23.39 and 2.09 µmol/L, respectively). Triterpenoid, lupeol, showed potent cytotoxicity on both SW620 (IC50 = 1.99 µmol/L) and KATO-III cell lines (IC50 = 1.95 µmol/L), while a flavonoid, pectolinarigenin, displayed moderate cytotoxicity against these cells (IC50 = 13.05 and 24.31 µmol/L, respectively). Although the widely distributed steroid, stigmasterol, was effective against the SW620 cell line (IC50 = 2.79 µmol/L) and β-sitosterol was also active against SW620 (IC50 = 11.26 µmol/L), BT-474 (IC50 = 14.11 µmol/L) and HepG2 cancer cells (IC50 = 20.47 µmol/L), none of the characteristic 24β-ethylsteroids of either Clerodendrum species were shown to be cytotoxic. CONCLUSION This study is the first report on the presence of cytotoxic triterpenoids from the roots of these medicinal plants, which have been used in herbal formulas as an antipyretic. Our findings support further in-depth study of this pharmacological activity as an anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pathom Somwong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rangsit University, Pathumthani 12000, Thailand.
| | - Rutt Suttisri
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Tahsin T, Wansi JD, Al-Groshi A, Evans A, Nahar L, Martin C, Sarker SD. Cytotoxic Properties of the Stem Bark of Citrus reticulata Blanco (Rutaceae). Phytother Res 2017; 31:1215-1219. [PMID: 28568378 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The bioassay-guided fractionation of the n-hexane extract of Citrus reticulata Blanco (Rutaceae) stem bark yielded scoparone (1), xanthyletin (2), lupeol (3), β-amyrin (4), stigmasterol (5), β-sitosterol (6) and palmitic acid. The structures of these compounds were determined by comprehensive spectroscopic analyses, i.e., 1D and 2D NMR and EI-MS, and by comparison with the reported data. Extracts, fractions and isolated compounds 1-6 were assessed for cytotoxicity by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-dphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay against three human cancer cell lines, i.e., human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549, human breast adenocarcinoma cell line MCF7 and human Caucasian prostate adenocarcinoma cell line PC3. Significant activity of the n-hexane and the dichloromethane extracts was observed against the breast cancer cell line MCF7 with IC50 s of 45.6 and 54.7 μg/mL, respectively. Moreover, the 70% ethyl acetate in n-hexane chromatographic fraction showed significant activity displaying IC50 values of 53.0, 52.4 and 49.1 μg/mL against the cancer cell lines A549, MCF7 and PC3, respectively. Encouragingly, an IC50 of 510.0 μg/mL against the human normal prostate cell line PNT2 indicated very low toxicity and hence favourable selectivity indices for the 70% ethyl acetate in n-hexane fraction in the range of 9.6-10.4 towards cell lines A549, MCF7 and PC3. Because compounds isolated from the above fraction only delivered IC50 values in the range of 18.2-96.3, 9.2-34.1 and 7.5-97.2 μg/mL against A549, MCF7 and PC3 cell lines, respectively, synergistic action between compounds is suggested. Bioassay results valorize the anticancer effectivity of the stem bark of this plant in Cameroonian pharmacopoeia. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasmia Tahsin
- Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Jean Duplex Wansi
- Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.,Department of Chemistry, University of Douala, Faculty of Sciences, 24157, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Afaf Al-Groshi
- Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Andrew Evans
- Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Lutfun Nahar
- Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Claire Martin
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton, WV1 1LY, UK
| | - Satyajit Dey Sarker
- Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
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Du C, Guo Y, Cheng Y, Han M, Zhang W, Qian H. Anti-cancer effects of torulene, isolated from Sporidiobolus pararoseus, on human prostate cancer LNCaP and PC-3 cells via a mitochondrial signal pathway and the down-regulation of AR expression. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra24721k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Torulene, inhibit LNCaP and PC-3 cells growth through Bcl-2/Bax mediated apoptosis and AR down-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Du
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- P. R. China
- School of Biotechnology
- Jiangnan University
| | - Yahui Guo
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- P. R. China
| | - Yuliang Cheng
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- P. R. China
| | - Mei Han
- School of Biotechnology
- Jiangnan University
- P. R. China
| | - Weiguo Zhang
- School of Biotechnology
- Jiangnan University
- P. R. China
| | - He Qian
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food
- Jiangnan University
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Chang YC, Chen NF, Hwang TL, Tseng CC, Wu TY, Peng BR, Wen ZH, Fang LS, Wu YC, Sheu JH, Sung PJ. New marine sterols from an algal-bearing gorgonian coral Pinnigorgia sp. Steroids 2016; 115:123-129. [PMID: 27553726 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Four new marine sterols, (22E,24R)-ergosta-5,22-diene-3β,11α-diol (1), (24S)-ergosta-5-ene-3β,11α-diol (2), 5α,6α-epoxy-23-demethylgorgost-8-ene-3β,7α-diol (3), and 5α,6α-epoxy-23-demethylgorgost-8(14)-ene-3β,7α-diol (4), along with a known metabolite, 23-demethylgorgost-7-ene-3β,5α,6β-triol (5), were isolated from an algal-bearing gorgonian coral Pinnigorgia sp., collected off the waters of Taiwan. The structures of these sterols were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic methods. Sterols 1-5 were tested for in vitro cytotoxicity in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Proliferation of HSCs plays a key role in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chia Chang
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University and Academia Sinica, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Fu Chen
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung 802, Taiwan
| | - Tsong-Long Hwang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine and Chinese Herbal Medicine Research Team, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Chih Tseng
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; Division of Dentistry, Zuoying Branch of Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Ying Wu
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Rong Peng
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung 944, Taiwan
| | - Zhi-Hong Wen
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University and Academia Sinica, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Shing Fang
- Department of Sport, Health, and Leisure, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Chang Wu
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan; School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan; Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Jyh-Horng Sheu
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University and Academia Sinica, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan.
| | - Ping-Jyun Sung
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan; Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung 944, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
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Hirsch GE, Parisi MM, Martins LAM, Andrade CMB, Barbé-Tuana FM, Guma FTCR. γ-Oryzanol reduces caveolin-1 and PCGEM1 expression, markers of aggressiveness in prostate cancer cell lines. Prostate 2015; 75:783-97. [PMID: 25619388 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer is a leading cause of death among men due to the limited number of treatment strategies available for advanced disease. γ-oryzanol is a component of rice bran, rich in phytosterols, known for its antioxidant, anti-carcinogenic and endocrinological effects. It is known that γ-oryzanol may affect prostate cancer cells through the down regulation of the antioxidant genes and that phytosterols have anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects. There are evidences showing that some of the components of γ-oryzanol can modulate genes involved in the development and progression of prostate cancer, as caveolin-1 (Cav-1) and prostate specific androgen-regulated gene (PCGEM1). METHODS To determine the effects of γ-oryzanol on prostate cancer cell survival we evaluated the cell viability and biomass by MTT and sulforhodamine B assays, respectively. Cell death, cell cycle and pERK1/2 activity were assessed by flow cytometry. The changes in gene expression involved in the survival and progression of prostate cancer cav-1 and PCGEM1 genes were evaluated by quantitative real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and cav-1 protein by immunofluorescence followed by confocal microscopy analysis. RESULTS We found that γ-oryzanol decreases cell viability and culture biomass by apoptosis and/or necrosis death in androgen unresponsive (PC3 and DU145) and responsive (LNCaP) cell lines, and signals through pERK1/2 in LNCaP and DU145 cells. γ-oryzanol also appears to block cell cycle progression at the G2/M in PC3 and LNCaP cells and at G0/G1 in DU145 cells. These effects were accompanied by a down regulation in the expression of the cav-1 in both androgen unresponsive cell lines and PCGEM1 gene in DU145 and LNCaP cells. CONCLUSION In summary, we used biochemical and genetics approaches to demonstrate that γ-oryzanol show a promising adjuvant role in the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela E Hirsch
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
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Shen T, Li GH, Zhong QQ, Wang SQ, Ren DM, Lou HX, Wang XN. Myrrhanolide D and Myrrhasin A, New Germacrane-Type Sesquiterpenoids from the Resin ofCommiphora opobalsamum. Helv Chim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201300328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Kankala S, Kankala RK, Kommidi DR, Mudithanapelli C, Balaboina R, Vadde R, Jonnalagadda SB, Vasam CS. Synthesis and anti-cancer evaluation of steroidal diglycoside–pyrazoline hybrids. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra05599c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A new series of pyrazoline-steroidal diglycoside hybrids were synthesized via catalyzed cyclocondensation of the corresponding chalcones, screened for in vitro cytotoxic activity and the SAR deduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shravankumar Kankala
- Department of Chemistry
- Kakatiya University
- Warangal, India
- School of Chemistry & Physics
- University of Kwazulu-Natal
| | - Ranjith Kumar Kankala
- Institute of Biotechnology
- National Dong-Hwa University
- Hualien 974, Republic of China
| | | | | | | | - Ravinder Vadde
- Department of Chemistry
- Kakatiya University
- Warangal, India
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Shen T, Li W, Wang YY, Zhong QQ, Wang SQ, Wang XN, Ren DM, Lou HX. Antiproliferative activities of Garcinia bracteata extract and its active ingredient, isobractatin, against human tumor cell lines. Arch Pharm Res 2013; 37:412-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-013-0196-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Shen T, Zhang L, Wang YY, Fan PH, Wang XN, Lin ZM, Lou HX. ChemInform Abstract: Steroids from Commiphora mukul Display Antiproliferative Effect Against Human Prostate Cancer PC3 Cells via Induction of Apoptosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/chin.201246200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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