1
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Loganathan L, Muthusamy K. Investigation of Drug Interaction Potentials and Binding Modes on Direct Renin Inhibitors: A Computational Modeling Studies. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180815666180827113622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Hypertension is one of the key risk factors for cardiovascular disease, it is
regulated through Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS) cascade. Renin catalyzes the initial
rate-limiting step in RAAS system, that influences the synthesis of angiotensin I from precursor
angiotensin. Renin inhibition could be a potential step for the blood pressure lowering mechanism as
well as for organ protection.
Methods:
In order to understand the structure-activity association of direct renin inhibitors (DRIs),
we have carried out three-dimensional quantitative structure activity relationship (3D-QSAR), molecular
docking studies and Density Functional Theory (DFT) analysis to identify the attractive compounds.
Five-point pharmacophore model of one acceptor, three hydrophobic groups and one aromatic
ring was chosen for the dataset of 40 compounds.
Results:
The generated 3D-QSAR model shows that the alignment has a good correlation coefficient
for the training set compounds, which comprise the value of R2 = 0.96, SD = 0.1, and F = 131.3. The
test compounds had Q2 = 0.91, RMSE = 0.25, and Pearson-R = 0.97, which describes the predicted
model was reliable.
Discussion:
External validations were carried out to validate the predicted QSAR model. Further, the
significant compounds were studied using different in silico approaches in order to explore the difference
in the atomic configuration and binding mechanism of the identified compounds.
Conclusion:
The molecular dynamics simulation of the complex was analyzed and confirmed the
stability of the compounds in the protein. The outcome of the result could be useful to improve the
safety and efficacy of DRIs that can be projected to clinical trials.
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2
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Sun X, Wen X, Chen YY, Shi C, Gao C, Wu Y, Wang LJ, Yang XH, Sun H. Discovery of highly potent renin inhibitors potentially interacting with the S3' subsite of renin. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 103:269-88. [PMID: 26363506 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
To exploit the S3' subsite of renin active site for renin inhibitor design, 42 aliskiren derivatives with modified P2' portion were designed, synthesized and biologically evaluated. Some highly potent renin inhibitors (IC₅₀ < 3 nM) were identified, among which compounds 38 (IC₅₀ = 0.9 nM) and 39 (IC₅₀ = 0.7 nM) were over 2.5-fold more potent than aliskiren (IC₅₀ = 2.3 nM). SAR analysis indicated that incorporation of polar hydrophilic moieties into the P2' portion of renin inhibitors generally enhanced the potency. Consistently with this, molecular modeling study revealed that the triazole part of 39 could provide additional interactions to the S3' subsite of renin active site. Moreover, in vivo evaluation in the double transgenic mouse hypertension model demonstrated that 39 produced greater reduction of the mean arterial blood pressure than ariskiren at the doses of 17.0 and 34.0 μmol/kg, respectively. Taken together, the S3' subsite of renin active site merits further consideration for renin inhibitor design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Sun
- Center for Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Xiaoan Wen
- Center for Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Yan-yan Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Hebei United University, 57 Jianshe South Road, Tangshan 063000, PR China
| | - Chen Shi
- Center for Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Chengzhe Gao
- Center for Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Yong Wu
- Center for Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Li-jun Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Hebei United University, 57 Jianshe South Road, Tangshan 063000, PR China
| | - Xiu-hong Yang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Hebei United University, 57 Jianshe South Road, Tangshan 063000, PR China.
| | - Hongbin Sun
- Center for Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
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3
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Piperazine scaffold: A remarkable tool in generation of diverse pharmacological agents. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 102:487-529. [PMID: 26310894 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Piperazine is one of the most sought heterocyclics for the development of new drug candidates. This ring can be traced in a number of well established, commercially available drugs. Wide array of pharmacological activities exhibited by piperazine derivatives have made them indispensable anchors for the development of novel therapeutic agents. The review herein highlights the therapeutic significance of piperazine derivatives. Various therapeutically active piperazine derivatives developed by several chemists are reported here.
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4
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Mori Y, Iwamoto M, Mori K, Yoshida M, Honda T, Nagayama T, Nishi T. An Efficient Synthesis of (3S,5S)-5-[3,3-Dimethyl-1-(o-tolyl)-6-oxo-2H-pyridin-4-yl]piperidine-3-carboxamide as Potent Renin Inhibitor. HETEROCYCLES 2014. [DOI: 10.3987/com-14-12988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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5
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Moorthy NSHN, Brás NF, Ramos MJ, Fernandes PA. Binding mode prediction and identification of new lead compounds from natural products as renin and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra00856a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study a novel renin and ACE inhibitor was developed from natural products using computational techniques. Molecular dynamic simulations showed that the new lead compound has significant binding to the targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natércia F. Brás
- REQUIMTE
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica
- Faculdade de Ciências
- Universidade do Porto
- Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria J. Ramos
- REQUIMTE
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica
- Faculdade de Ciências
- Universidade do Porto
- Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro A. Fernandes
- REQUIMTE
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica
- Faculdade de Ciências
- Universidade do Porto
- Porto, Portugal
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6
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Michida M, Takayanagi Y, Imai M, Furuya Y, Kimura K, Kitawaki T, Tomori H, Kajino H. Convergent Asymmetric Synthesis of a Renin Inhibitor: A Highly Efficient Construction Method of Three Stereogenic Centers. Org Process Res Dev 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/op400219y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Michida
- Process Technology Research
Laboratories (PTRL), Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-12-1 Shinomiya, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa 254-0014, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Takayanagi
- Process Technology Research
Laboratories (PTRL), Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-12-1 Shinomiya, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa 254-0014, Japan
| | - Makoto Imai
- Process Technology Research
Laboratories (PTRL), Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-12-1 Shinomiya, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa 254-0014, Japan
| | - Yukito Furuya
- Process Technology Research
Laboratories (PTRL), Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-12-1 Shinomiya, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa 254-0014, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kimura
- Process Technology Research
Laboratories (PTRL), Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-12-1 Shinomiya, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa 254-0014, Japan
| | - Takafumi Kitawaki
- Process Technology Research
Laboratories (PTRL), Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-12-1 Shinomiya, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa 254-0014, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tomori
- Process Technology Research
Laboratories (PTRL), Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-12-1 Shinomiya, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa 254-0014, Japan
| | - Hisaki Kajino
- Process Technology Research
Laboratories (PTRL), Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-12-1 Shinomiya, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa 254-0014, Japan
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7
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Mori Y, Ogawa Y, Mochizuki A, Nakamura Y, Fujimoto T, Sugita C, Miyazaki S, Tamaki K, Nagayama T, Nagai Y, Inoue SI, Chiba K, Nishi T. Synthesis and optimization of novel (3S,5R)-5-(2,2-dimethyl-5-oxo-4-phenylpiperazin-1-yl)piperidine-3-carboxamides as orally active renin inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:5907-22. [PMID: 23886807 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Revised: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We report synthesis and optimization of a series of (3S,5R)-5-(2,2-dimethyl-5-oxo-4-phenylpiperazin-1-yl)piperidine-3-carboxamides as renin inhibitors. Chemical modification of P1', P2' and P3 portions led to a promising 3,5-disubstituted piperidine 32o showing high renin inhibitory activity and favorable oral exposure in both rats and cynomolgus monkeys with acceptable CYP and hERG current inhibition. Compound 32o exhibited a significant blood pressure lowering effect by oral administration in two hypertensive animal models, double transgenic rats and furosemide pretreated cynomolgus monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Mori
- New Modality Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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8
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Yokokawa F. Recent progress on the discovery of non-peptidic direct renin inhibitors for the clinical management of hypertension. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 8:673-90. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2013.791279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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9
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Nakamura Y, Fujimoto T, Ogawa Y, Namiki H, Suzuki S, Asano M, Sugita C, Mochizuki A, Miyazaki S, Tamaki K, Nagai Y, Inoue SI, Nagayama T, Kato M, Chiba K, Takasuna K, Nishi T. Lead optimization of 5-amino-6-(2,2-dimethyl-5-oxo-4-phenylpiperazin-1-yl)-4-hydroxyhexanamides to reduce a cardiac safety issue: discovery of DS-8108b, an orally active renin inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:3175-96. [PMID: 23598247 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
With the aim to address an undesired cardiac issue observed with our related compound in the recently disclosed novel series of renin inhibitors, further chemical modifications of this series were performed. Extensive structure-activity relationships studies as well as in vivo cardiac studies using the electrophysiology rat model led to the discovery of clinical candidate trans-adamantan-1-ol analogue 56 (DS-8108b) as a potent renin inhibitor with reduced potential cardiac risk. Oral administration of single doses of 3 and 10 mg/kg of 56 in cynomolgus monkeys pre-treated with furosemide led to significant reduction of mean arterial blood pressure for more than 12 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Nakamura
- Lead Discovery & Optimization Research Laboratories I, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan.
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10
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Subramanian G. Computational modeling and design of renin inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:460-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 11/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Mori Y, Ogawa Y, Mochizuki A, Nakamura Y, Sugita C, Miyazaki S, Tamaki K, Matsui Y, Takahashi M, Nagayama T, Nagai Y, Inoue SI, Nishi T. Design and discovery of new (3S,5R)-5-[4-(2-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-5-oxopiperazin-1-yl]piperidine-3-carboxamides as potent renin inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:7677-82. [PMID: 23122821 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.09.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Utilizing X-ray crystal structure analysis, (3S,5R)-5-[4-(2-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-5-oxopiperazin-1-yl]piperidine-3-carboxamides were designed and identified as renin inhibitors. The most potent compound 15 demonstrated favorable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles in rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Mori
- Lead Discovery & Optimization Research Laboratories I, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
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12
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Nakamura Y, Fujimoto T, Ogawa Y, Sugita C, Miyazaki S, Tamaki K, Takahashi M, Matsui Y, Nagayama T, Manabe K, Mizuno M, Masubuchi N, Chiba K, Nishi T. Discovery of DS-8108b, a Novel Orally Bioavailable Renin Inhibitor. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:754-8. [PMID: 24900544 DOI: 10.1021/ml300168e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel orally bioavailable renin inhibitor, DS-8108b (5), showing potent renin inhibitory activity and excellent in vivo efficacy is described. We report herein the synthesis and pharmacological effects of 5 including renin inhibitory activity in vitro, suppressive effects of ex vivo plasma renin activity (PRA) in cynomolgus monkey, pharmacokinetic data, and blood pressure-lowering effects in an animal model. Compound 5 demonstrated inhibitory activities toward human renin (IC50 = 0.9 nM) and human and monkey PRA (IC50 = 1.9 and 6.3 nM, respectively). Oral administration of single doses of 3 and 10 mg/kg of 5 in cynomolgus monkey on pretreatment with furosemide led to dose-dependent significant reductions in ex vivo PRA and sustained lowering of mean arterial blood pressure for more than 12 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Nakamura
- Lead Discovery & Optimization Research Laboratories I, ‡Lead Discovery & Optimization Research Laboratories II, §Cardiovascular-Metabolics Research Laboratories, ∥Biological Research Laboratories, ⊥Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, and #Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Teppei Fujimoto
- Lead Discovery & Optimization Research Laboratories I, ‡Lead Discovery & Optimization Research Laboratories II, §Cardiovascular-Metabolics Research Laboratories, ∥Biological Research Laboratories, ⊥Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, and #Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ogawa
- Lead Discovery & Optimization Research Laboratories I, ‡Lead Discovery & Optimization Research Laboratories II, §Cardiovascular-Metabolics Research Laboratories, ∥Biological Research Laboratories, ⊥Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, and #Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Chie Sugita
- Lead Discovery & Optimization Research Laboratories I, ‡Lead Discovery & Optimization Research Laboratories II, §Cardiovascular-Metabolics Research Laboratories, ∥Biological Research Laboratories, ⊥Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, and #Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Shojiro Miyazaki
- Lead Discovery & Optimization Research Laboratories I, ‡Lead Discovery & Optimization Research Laboratories II, §Cardiovascular-Metabolics Research Laboratories, ∥Biological Research Laboratories, ⊥Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, and #Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Tamaki
- Lead Discovery & Optimization Research Laboratories I, ‡Lead Discovery & Optimization Research Laboratories II, §Cardiovascular-Metabolics Research Laboratories, ∥Biological Research Laboratories, ⊥Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, and #Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Mizuki Takahashi
- Lead Discovery & Optimization Research Laboratories I, ‡Lead Discovery & Optimization Research Laboratories II, §Cardiovascular-Metabolics Research Laboratories, ∥Biological Research Laboratories, ⊥Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, and #Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Yumi Matsui
- Lead Discovery & Optimization Research Laboratories I, ‡Lead Discovery & Optimization Research Laboratories II, §Cardiovascular-Metabolics Research Laboratories, ∥Biological Research Laboratories, ⊥Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, and #Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nagayama
- Lead Discovery & Optimization Research Laboratories I, ‡Lead Discovery & Optimization Research Laboratories II, §Cardiovascular-Metabolics Research Laboratories, ∥Biological Research Laboratories, ⊥Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, and #Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Kenichi Manabe
- Lead Discovery & Optimization Research Laboratories I, ‡Lead Discovery & Optimization Research Laboratories II, §Cardiovascular-Metabolics Research Laboratories, ∥Biological Research Laboratories, ⊥Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, and #Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Makoto Mizuno
- Lead Discovery & Optimization Research Laboratories I, ‡Lead Discovery & Optimization Research Laboratories II, §Cardiovascular-Metabolics Research Laboratories, ∥Biological Research Laboratories, ⊥Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, and #Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Noriko Masubuchi
- Lead Discovery & Optimization Research Laboratories I, ‡Lead Discovery & Optimization Research Laboratories II, §Cardiovascular-Metabolics Research Laboratories, ∥Biological Research Laboratories, ⊥Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, and #Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Katsuyoshi Chiba
- Lead Discovery & Optimization Research Laboratories I, ‡Lead Discovery & Optimization Research Laboratories II, §Cardiovascular-Metabolics Research Laboratories, ∥Biological Research Laboratories, ⊥Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, and #Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Takahide Nishi
- Lead Discovery & Optimization Research Laboratories I, ‡Lead Discovery & Optimization Research Laboratories II, §Cardiovascular-Metabolics Research Laboratories, ∥Biological Research Laboratories, ⊥Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, and #Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
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