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Ghani U. Azole inhibitors of mushroom and human tyrosinases: Current advances and prospects of drug development for melanogenic dermatological disorders. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 239:114525. [PMID: 35717871 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Azoles are a famous and promising class of drugs for treatment of a range of ailments especially fungal infections. A wide variety of azole derivatives are also known to exhibit tyrosinase inhibition, some of which possess promising activity with potential for treatment of dermatological disorders such as post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, nevus, flecks, melasma, and melanoma. Recently, thiazolyl-resorcinol derivatives have demonstrated potent human tyrosinase inhibition with a safe and effective therapeutic profile for treatment of skin hyperpigmentation in humans, which are currently under clinical trials. If approved these derivatives would be the first azole drugs to be used for treatment of skin hyperpigmentation. Although the scientific literature has been witnessing general reviews on tyrosinase inhibitors to date, there is none that specifically and comprehensively discusses azole inhibitors of tyrosinase. Appreciating such potential of azoles, this focused review highlights a wide range of their derivatives with promising mushroom and human tyrosinase inhibitory activities and clinical potential for treatment of melanogenic dermatological disorders. Presently, these disorders have been treated with kojic acid, hydroquinone and other drugs, the design and development of which are based on their ability to inhibit mushroom tyrosinase. The active sites of mushroom and human tyrosinases carry structural differences which affect substrate or inhibitor binding. For this reason, kojic acid and other drugs pose efficacy and safety issues since they were originally developed using mushroom tyrosinase and have been clinically used on human tyrosinase. Design and development of tyrosinase inhibitors should be based on human tyrosinase, however, there are challenges in obtaining the human enzyme and understanding its structure and function. The review discusses these challenges that encompass structural and functional differences between mushroom and human tyrosinases and the manner in which they are inhibited. The review also gauges promising azole derivatives with potential for development of drugs against skin hyperpigmentation by analyzing and comparing their tyrosinase inhibitory activities against mushroom and human tyrosinases, computational data, and clinical profile where available. It aims to lay groundwork for development of new azole drugs for treatment of skin hyperpigmentation, melanoma, and related dermatological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Ghani
- Clinical Biochemistry Unit, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, 12372, Saudi Arabia.
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2
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Cinnamic acid derivatives linked to arylpiperazines as novel potent inhibitors of tyrosinase activity and melanin synthesis. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 231:114147. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Obaid RJ, Mughal EU, Naeem N, Sadiq A, Alsantali RI, Jassas RS, Moussa Z, Ahmed SA. Natural and synthetic flavonoid derivatives as new potential tyrosinase inhibitors: a systematic review. RSC Adv 2021; 11:22159-22198. [PMID: 35480807 PMCID: PMC9034236 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03196a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase is a multifunctional glycosylated and copper-containing oxidase that is highly prevalent in plants and animals and plays a pivotal role in catalyzing the two key steps of melanogenesis: tyrosine's hydroxylation to dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), and oxidation of the latter species to dopaquinone. Melanin guards against the destructive effects of ultraviolet radiation which is known to produce considerable pathological disorders such as skin cancer, among others. Moreover, the overproduction of melanin can create aesthetic problems along with serious disorders linked to hyperpigmented spots or patches on skin. Several skin-whitening products which reduce melanogenesis activity and alleviate hyperpigmentation are commercially available. A few of them, particularly those obtained from natural sources and that incorporate a phenolic scaffold, have been exploited in the cosmetic industry. In this context, synthetic tyrosinase inhibitors (TIs) with elevated efficacy and fewer side effects are direly needed in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries owing to their protective effect against pigmentation and dermatological disorders. Furthermore, the biological significance of the chromone skeleton and its associated medicinal and bioactive properties has drawn immense interest and inspired many researchers to design and develop novel anti-tyrosinase agents based on the flavonoid core (2-arylchromone). This review article is oriented to provide an insight and a deeper understanding of the tyrosinase inhibitory activity of an array of natural and bioinspired phenolic compounds with special emphasis on flavonoids to demonstrate how the position of ring substituents and their interaction with tyrosinase could be correlated with their effectiveness or lack thereof against inhibiting the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami J Obaid
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University Makkah 21955 Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Nafeesa Naeem
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat Gujrat-50700 Pakistan
| | - Amina Sadiq
- Department of Chemistry, Govt. College Women University Sialkot-51300 Pakistan
| | - Reem I Alsantali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmacy College, Taif University 888-Taif Saudi Arabia
| | - Rabab S Jassas
- Department of Chemistry, Jamoum University College, Umm Al-Qura University 21955 Makkah Saudi Arabia
| | - Ziad Moussa
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University P. O. Box 15551, Al Ain Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - Saleh A Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University Makkah 21955 Saudi Arabia
- Research Laboratories Unit, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University 21955 Makkah Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Assiut University 71516 Assiut Egypt
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Capilato JN, Lectka T. Arene Amination Instead of Fluorination: Substitution Pattern Governs the Reactivity of Dialkoxybenzenes with Selectfluor. J Org Chem 2021; 86:5771-5777. [PMID: 33787260 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Arene substitution patterns are well-known to affect the regioselectivity of a given transformation but not necessarily the type of reactivity. Herein, we report that the substitution pattern of alkoxyarenes dictates whether a putative one-electron or two-electron reaction predominates in reactions with Selectfluor. A series of amination products is presented, resulting from the single-electron oxidation of electron-rich arenes followed by direct C-H to C-N bond formation. We demonstrate the ability of this transformation to synthesize medicinally and biologically relevant nitrogen heterocycles. Lastly, this unusual "mechanistic switch" is probed with computational chemistry and competition experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph N Capilato
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Thomas Lectka
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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5
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Gür ZT, Şenol FS, Shekfeh S, Orhan İE, Banoğlu E, Çalişkan B. Novel Piperazine Amides of Cinnamic Acid Derivatives as Tyrosinase Inhibitors. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2018. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180815666180420105652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Background:
A series of novel cinnamic acid piperazine amide derivatives has been
designed and synthesized, and their biological activities were also evaluated as potential tyrosinase
inhibitors.
Methods:
Compounds 9, 11 and 17 showed the most potent biological activity (IC50 = 66.5, 61.1
and 66 µM, respectively). In silico docking simulation was performed to position compound 11 into
the Agaricus bisporus mushroom tyrosinase’s active site to determine the putative binding interactions.
Results and Conclusion:
The results indicated that compound 11 could serve as a promising lead
compound for further development of potent tyrosinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehra Tuğçe Gür
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatma Sezer Şenol
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Suhaib Shekfeh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - İlkay Erdoğan Orhan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Erden Banoğlu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Burcu Çalişkan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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Alaoui S, Driowya M, Demange L, Benhida R, Bougrin K. Ultrasound-assisted facile one-pot sequential synthesis of novel sulfonamide-isoxazoles using cerium (IV) ammonium nitrate (CAN) as an efficient oxidant in aqueous medium. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2018; 40:289-297. [PMID: 28946427 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel 3,5-disubstituted isoxazoles have been synthesized, using a new, green, and versatile "one-pot three-steps" methodology. The key step is an oxidative 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition under ultrasonic irradiation, occurring in aqueous media, and mediated by cerium (IV) ammonium nitrate (CAN). CAN is a one-electron oxidant, highly soluble in water, slightly toxic and inexpensive, that allows the in situ conversion of the intermediate aldoximes into nitrile oxide. The syntheses are highly regioselective, as illustrated by the structures of the final compounds, which have been fully assessed by spectral analyses (1H and 13C NMR, MS). This study illustrates the potency of the ultrasound activation to synthesize a set of highly functionalized heterocycles, with potential applications in biology, in short reaction times and following an eco-friendly process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soukaina Alaoui
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Plantes et de Synthèse Organique et Bioorganique, URAC23, Université Mohammed V, Faculté des Sciences, B.P. 1014 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mohsine Driowya
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Plantes et de Synthèse Organique et Bioorganique, URAC23, Université Mohammed V, Faculté des Sciences, B.P. 1014 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Luc Demange
- Université Côte d'Azur, Institut de Chimie de Nice, ICN, UMR CNRS 7272, 28 avenue de Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France; Département de Chimie, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire & UFR Biomédicale des Saints Pères, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Rachid Benhida
- Université Côte d'Azur, Institut de Chimie de Nice, ICN, UMR CNRS 7272, 28 avenue de Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Khalid Bougrin
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Plantes et de Synthèse Organique et Bioorganique, URAC23, Université Mohammed V, Faculté des Sciences, B.P. 1014 Rabat, Morocco.
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Wu Y, Wu ZR, Chen P, Yang-Li, Deng WR, Wang YQ, Li HY. Effect of the tyrosinase inhibitor (S)-N-trans-feruloyloctopamine from garlic skin on tyrosinase gene expression and melanine accumulation in melanoma cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:1476-8. [PMID: 25726329 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In our searching for novel tyrosinase inhibitors from natural sources, (S)-N-trans-feruloyloctopamine isolated from garlic skin was found to be a potential mushroom tyrosinase inhibitor. Here, we examined the effects of the potential tyrosinase inhibitor in B16F10 cells on intracellular melanin contents, cytotoxicity, and the signaling mechanism involved in the expression of tyrosinase. The results showed the inhibitor displayed little or no cytotoxicity at all concentrations examined and decreased the relative melanin contents in a dose-dependent manner in the α-MSH-stimulated B16F10 cells. Real-time PCR and Western blot analysis showed that it inhibits melanogenesis signaling by down-regulates mRNA and protein expression levels of tyrosinase, which leads to a lower melanin contents. These results suggested that (S)-N-trans-feruloyloctopamine was an ideal tyrosinase inhibitor, and could be used in food and medical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wu
- Gansu College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 35 Dingxi East Road, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Rong Wu
- School of Pharmaceutics, Lanzhou University, 222 Tian Shui South Road, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Chen
- School of Pharmaceutics, Lanzhou University, 222 Tian Shui South Road, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang-Li
- School of Pharmaceutics, Lanzhou University, 222 Tian Shui South Road, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wan-Rong Deng
- Gansu College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 35 Dingxi East Road, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - You-Quan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutics, Lanzhou University, 222 Tian Shui South Road, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Yu Li
- School of Pharmaceutics, Lanzhou University, 222 Tian Shui South Road, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Abstract
Tyrosinase plays a pivotal role in the synthesis of melanin pigment synthesis on skin utilizing tyrosine as a substrate. Melanin is responsible for the protection against harmful ultraviolet irradiation, which can cause significant pathological conditions, such as skin cancers. However, it can also create esthetic problems when accumulated as hyperpigmented spots. Various skin-whitening ingredients which inhibit tyrosinase activity have been identified. Some of them, especially ones with natural product origins, possess phenolic moiety and have been employed in cosmetic products. Semi-synthetic and synthetic inhibitors have also been developed under inspiration of the natural inhibitors yet some of which have no phenolic groups. In this review, tyrosinase inhibitors with natural, semi-synthetic and synthetic origins are listed up with their structures, activities and characteristics. Further, a recent report on the adverse effect of a natural melanin synthesis inhibitor which was included in skin-whitening cosmetics is also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Yeul Lee
- a Department of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology , Hanyang University , Ansan , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
| | - Namhuk Baek
- a Department of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology , Hanyang University , Ansan , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
| | - Tae-gyu Nam
- a Department of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology , Hanyang University , Ansan , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
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Song J, Lee K, Kim D, Kim J, Lee S, Shin JS, Kim DS, Min KH. Synthesis and Bioevaluation of 4,5,6,7-Tetrahydrobenzo[d]isoxazole Derivatives as Melanogenesis Inhibitors. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2014. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2014.35.2.666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Rajaram S, Ramulu U, Ramesh D, Srikanth D, Bhattacharya P, Prabhakar P, Kalivendi SV, Babu KS, Venkateswarlu Y, Navath S. Anti-cancer evaluation of carboxamides of furano-sesquiterpene carboxylic acids from the soft coral Sinularia kavarattiensis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:6234-8. [PMID: 24144848 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.09.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The chemical investigation of soft coral Sinularia kavarattiensis is described. It yielded furano-sesquiterpene carboxylic acids 1 and 2 and their methyl esters 3 and 4. Semi-synthesis of furano-sesquiterpene carboxylic acid 1 gave amide derivatives 5-12. Structures of all the compounds were established by IR, NMR and mass spectral analysis. Interestingly all compounds are selectively potent on leukemia cell line. All these compounds were screened for cytotoxic activity against five human cancer cell lines (leukemia, prostate, lung, breast and cervix). Among these compounds 9 and 10 showed promising activity against leukemia and prostate cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Singanaboina Rajaram
- Division of Natural Products Chemistry, Toxicology Laboratory, CSIR-IICT, Hyderabad 500 007, India
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