1
|
Luo P, Li L, Mao X, Sun Z, Wang Y, Peng F, Shao Z. Chemodivergence in Pd-catalyzed desymmetrization of allenes: enantioselective [4+3] cycloaddition, desymmetric allenylic substitution and enynylation. Chem Sci 2023; 14:10812-10823. [PMID: 37829037 PMCID: PMC10566515 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04581a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A class of prochiral allenylic di-electrophiles have been introduced for the first time as three-atom synthons in cycloadditions, and a new type of [4+3] cycloaddition involving transition metal-catalyzed enantioselective sequential allenylic substitution has been successfully developed, enabling challenging seven-membered exocyclic axially chiral allenes to be accessed in good yields with good enantioselectivity. Through the addition of a catalytic amount of ortho-aminoanilines or ortho-aminophenols, the racemization of the [4+3] cycloaddition products is effectively suppressed. Mechanistic studies reveal that elusive Pd-catalyzed enantioselective intramolecular allenylic substitution rather than intermolecular allenylic substitution is the enantio-determining step in this cycloaddition. By tuning the ligands, a Pd-catalyzed enantioselective desymmetric allenylic substitution leading to linear axially chiral tri-substituted allenes or a Pd-catalyzed tandem desymmetric allenylic substitution/β-vinylic hydrogen elimination (formal enynylation) leading to multi-functionalized 1,3-enynes is achieved chemodivergently.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University Kunming 650091 China
| | - Long Li
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University Kunming 650091 China
| | - Xinfang Mao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University Kunming 650091 China
| | - Zheng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University Kunming 650091 China
| | - Yingcheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University Kunming 650091 China
| | - Fangzhi Peng
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University Kunming 650091 China
| | - Zhihui Shao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University Kunming 650091 China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wei WX, Kong X, Jiao RQ, Li XS, Wang CT, Li Y, Liang YM. Regioselective Synthesis of Spirocyclic Pyrrolines via a Palladium-Catalyzed Narasaka-Heck/C-H Activation/[4+2] Annulation Cascade Reaction. Chem Sci 2022; 13:6348-6354. [PMID: 35733897 PMCID: PMC9159093 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01887j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel palladium-catalyzed spirocyclization through sequential Narasaka-Heck, C-H activation and [4+2] annulation has been developed. In this reaction, cheap and readily available 2-chlorobenzoic acid or ethyl phenylpropiolate was employed as...
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Xu Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Xiangtao Kong
- Henan Key Laboratory of New Optoelectronic Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University Anyang 455000 P. R. China
| | - Rui-Qiang Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Xue-Song Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Cui-Tian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Yuke Li
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Scientific Modeling and Computation, Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Yong-Min Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wei WX, Li Y, Wen YT, Li M, Li XS, Wang CT, Liu HC, Xia Y, Zhang BS, Jiao RQ, Liang YM. Experimental and Computational Studies of Palladium-Catalyzed Spirocyclization via a Narasaka-Heck/C(sp 3 or sp 2)-H Activation Cascade Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:7868-7875. [PMID: 33974798 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The first synthesis of highly strained spirocyclobutane-pyrrolines via a palladium-catalyzed tandem Narasaka-Heck/C(sp3 or sp2)-H activation reaction is reported here. The key step in this transformation is the activation of a δ-C-H bond via an in situ generated σ-alkyl-Pd(II) species to form a five-membered spiro-palladacycle intermediate. The concerted metalation-deprotonation (CMD) process, rate-determining step, and energy barrier of the entire reaction were explored by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Moreover, a series of control experiments was conducted to probe the rate-determining step and reversibility of the C(sp3)-H activation step.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Xu Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yuke Li
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Scientific Modeling and Computation, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ya-Ting Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Ming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xue-Song Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Cui-Tian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hong-Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yu Xia
- Urumqi Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis and Synthesis Technology, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, P.R. China
| | - Bo-Sheng Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, P.R. China
| | - Rui-Qiang Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yong-Min Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yang W, Wang X, Jin X, Sun H, Guo R, Xu W, Cai Q. Copper‐Catalysed Double
O
‐Arylation for Enantioselective Synthesis of
oxa
‐Spirocycles. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201801395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Yang
- College of pharmacyLinyi University Shuangling Road Linyi 276000 People's Republic of China
| | - Xingyuan Wang
- College of pharmacyLinyi University Shuangling Road Linyi 276000 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Jin
- College of pharmacyLinyi University Shuangling Road Linyi 276000 People's Republic of China
| | - Han Sun
- College of pharmacyLinyi University Shuangling Road Linyi 276000 People's Republic of China
| | - Runan Guo
- College of pharmacyLinyi University Shuangling Road Linyi 276000 People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xu
- College of PharmacyJinan University No.601 Huangpu Avenue West Guangzhou 510530 People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Cai
- College of PharmacyJinan University No.601 Huangpu Avenue West Guangzhou 510530 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Imamura K, Tomita N, Kawakita Y, Ito Y, Ono K, Nii N, Miyazaki T, Yonemori K, Tawada M, Sumi H, Satoh Y, Yamamoto Y, Miyahisa I, Sasaki M, Satomi Y, Hirayama M, Nishigaki R, Maezaki H. Discovery of Novel and Potent Stearoyl Coenzyme A Desaturase 1 (SCD1) Inhibitors as Anticancer Agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:3768-3779. [PMID: 28571972 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A lead compound A was identified previously as an stearoyl coenzyme A desaturase (SCD) inhibitor during research on potential treatments for obesity. This compound showed high SCD1 binding affinity, but a poor pharmacokinetic (PK) profile and limited chemical accessibility, making it suboptimal for use in anticancer research. To identify potent SCD1 inhibitors with more promising PK profiles, we newly designed a series of 'non-spiro' 4, 4-disubstituted piperidine derivatives based on molecular modeling studies. As a result, we discovered compound 1a, which retained moderate SCD1 binding affinity. Optimization around 1a was accelerated by analyzing Hansch-Fujita and Hammett constants to obtain 4-phenyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)piperidine derivative 1n. Fine-tuning of the azole moiety of 1n led to compound 1o (T-3764518), which retained nanomolar affinity and exhibited an excellent PK profile. Reflecting the good potency and PK profile, orally administrated compound 1o showed significant pharmacodynamic (PD) marker reduction (at 0.3mg/kg, bid) in HCT116 mouse xenograft model and tumor growth suppression (at 1mg/kg, bid) in 786-O mouse xenograft model. In conclusion, we identified a new series of SCD1 inhibitors, represented by compound 1o, which represents a promising new chemical tool suitable for the study of SCD1 biology as well as the potential development of novel anticancer therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Imamura
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
| | - Naoki Tomita
- Corporate Finance Department, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 12-10, Nihonbashi 2-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-8668, Japan
| | - Youichi Kawakita
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshiteru Ito
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kouji Ono
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Nii
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tohru Miyazaki
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kazuko Yonemori
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Michiko Tawada
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sumi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Satoh
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yukiko Yamamoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Ikuo Miyahisa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masako Sasaki
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Satomi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Megumi Hirayama
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Nishigaki
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hironobu Maezaki
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Silvers WC, Cai H, Öz OK, Sun X. Design, radiosynthesis, and evaluation of radiotracers for positron emission tomography imaging of stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:924-927. [PMID: 26778147 PMCID: PMC4728040 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Design, radiosynthesis, and biological evaluation of two radiotracers (N-(3-[(18)F]fluoropropyl)-6-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl)-piperazin-1-yl)pyridazine-3-carboxamide ((18)F-FPPPT) and (N-(4-[(18)F]fluoroaniline)-6-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl)-piperazin-1-yl)pyridazine-3-carboxamide ((18)F-FAPPT)) are described for noninvasive assessment of stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1). The overexpression of SCD-1 in multiple solid tumors associates with poor survival in cancer patients. The two radiotracers, (18)F-FPPPT and (18)F-FAPPT, were each prepared in three steps in radiochemical yields of 21% and 3%, respectively. The practicality of imaging SCD-1 with (18)F-FPPPT was tested in two mouse models bearing xenograft tumors with different levels of SCD-1 expression, which afforded a 1.8-fold uptake difference correspondingly. Our work indicates that it is possible to develop SCD-1 specific imaging probes from previously reported SCD-1 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William C Silvers
- Department of Radiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Hancheng Cai
- Department of Radiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Advanced Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Orhan K Öz
- Department of Radiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xiankai Sun
- Department of Radiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Advanced Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Siau WY, Bode JW. One-Step Synthesis of Saturated Spirocyclic N-Heterocycles with Stannyl Amine Protocol (SnAP) Reagents and Ketones. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:17726-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja511232b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Woon-Yew Siau
- Laboratorium
für Organische
Chemie, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH-Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey W. Bode
- Laboratorium
für Organische
Chemie, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH-Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chiranjeevi B, Vinayak B, Parsharamulu T, PhaniBabu VS, Jagadeesh B, Sridhar B, Chandrasekharam M. Iron(III)-Catalyzed C-H Functionalization:ortho-Benzoyloxylation ofN,N-Dialkylanilines and Its Application to 1,4-Benzoxazepines. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201402751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
9
|
The use of spirocyclic scaffolds in drug discovery. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:3673-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.06.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 564] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
10
|
Yang SM, Tang Y, Rano T, Lu H, Kuo GH, Gaul MD, Li Y, Ho G, Lang W, Conway JG, Liang Y, Lenhard JM, Demarest KT, Murray WV. 4-Bicyclic heteroaryl-piperidine derivatives as potent, orally bioavailable stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1) inhibitors: Part 2. Pyridazine-based analogs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:1437-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.12.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
11
|
Zhang Z, Dales NA, Winther MD. Opportunities and challenges in developing stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase-1 inhibitors as novel therapeutics for human disease. J Med Chem 2013; 57:5039-56. [PMID: 24295027 DOI: 10.1021/jm401516c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This review provides an overview of stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase-1 (SCD1) as a novel therapeutic target for metabolic disorders and other indications. Target validation is reviewed, and limitations due to incomplete knowledge of the relevant biological systems are described. Assay development, particularly for high throughput screening, and characterization of SCD1 inhibition are summarized. The progress and evolution in medicinal chemistry are discussed, specifically focusing on key attributes of the most advanced SCD1 inhibitors described in the primary literature and in patent applications. This work culminated in numerous companies identifying potent selective inhibitors, some of which progressed to early clinical development. The status of current SCD1 drug discovery programs is reviewed. Challenges are discussed, and potential new directions are indicated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zaihui Zhang
- Signalchem Lifesciences Corp. , 550-5600 Parkwood Way, Richmond, British Columbia, V6V 2M2, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yang SM, Tang Y, Zhang R, Lu H, Kuo GH, Gaul MD, Li Y, Ho G, Conway JG, Liang Y, Lenhard JM, Demarest KT, Murray WV. 4-Bicyclic heteroaryl-piperidine derivatives as potent, orally bioavailable Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1) inhibitors. Part 1: Urea-based analogs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:6773-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.09.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
13
|
Powell DA. An overview of patented small molecule stearoyl coenzyme-A desaturase inhibitors (2009 - 2013). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2013; 24:155-75. [PMID: 24251719 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2014.851669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stearoyl coenzyme-A desaturase (SCD) is a critical lipogenic enzyme that converts a range of unsaturated lipids to their corresponding monounsaturated fatty acids. Genetic and enzyme-knockdown experiments have suggested an important role of SCD1 in the regulation of various metabolic disorders. With the prognostication that SCD-inhibition may serve to remediate various metabolic diseases, several pharmaceutical companies have embarked on the development of small-molecule SCD-inhibitors, with over 100 patent applications by 17 companies being reported to date. AREAS COVERED Recent progress on the development of SCD-inhibitors, including preclinical efficacy and safety are reviewed. Strategies toward overcoming systemic adverse events and the establishment of a suitable therapeutic margin for clinical studies are discussed. EXPERT OPINION Preclinically, SCD-inhibition leads to reductions in body-weight gain, improvements in glucose clearance and improved liver-lipid profile. However, chronic SCD inhibition in skin and eye-lubricating glands results in undesirable adverse events. Several strategies to overcome these findings have been described, including alternative administration routes for acne or oncology applications, use of potent and rapidly cleared compounds and SCD-inhibitors with a liver-targeted tissue distribution profile. The attainment of sufficient therapeutic margin and robust efficacy for therapeutic applications in humans remains a major frontier for SCD-inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Powell
- Inception Sciences Canada , 887 Great Northern Way, Suite 210, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5T 4T5 , Canada +1 858 224 7743 ; +1 858 224 7773 ;
| |
Collapse
|