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Hubrich F, Müller M, Andexer JN. Chorismate- and isochorismate converting enzymes: versatile catalysts acting on an important metabolic node. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:2441-2463. [PMID: 33605953 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc08078k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chorismate and isochorismate represent an important branching point connecting primary and secondary metabolism in bacteria, fungi, archaea and plants. Chorismate- and isochorismate-converting enzymes are potential targets for new bioactive compounds, as well as valuable biocatalysts for the in vivo and in vitro synthesis of fine chemicals. The diversity of the products of chorismate- and isochorismate-converting enzymes is reflected in the enzymatic three-dimensional structures and molecular mechanisms. Due to the high reactivity of chorismate and its derivatives, these enzymes have evolved to be accurately tailored to their respective reaction; at the same time, many of them exhibit a fascinating flexibility regarding side reactions and acceptance of alternative substrates. Here, we give an overview of the different (sub)families of chorismate- and isochorismate-converting enzymes, their molecular mechanisms, and three-dimensional structures. In addition, we highlight important results of mutagenetic approaches that generate a broader understanding of the influence of distinct active site residues for product formation and the conversion of one subfamily into another. Based on this, we discuss to what extent the recent advances in the field might influence the general mechanistic understanding of chorismate- and isochorismate-converting enzymes. Recent discoveries of new chorismate-derived products and pathways, as well as biocatalytic conversions of non-physiological substrates, highlight how this vast field is expected to continue developing in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Hubrich
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Microbiology, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Cheng L, Zhao Y, Tang M, Luo Z, Wang X. Knockdown of ISOC1 suppresses cell proliferation in pancreatic cancer in vitro. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:4263-4270. [PMID: 30944620 PMCID: PMC6444325 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a deadly disease that is frequently associated with mortality at the time of diagnosis due to rapid metastasis, which makes it unsuitable for operative surgery, and resistant to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Isochorismatase domain-containing protein 1 (ISOC1) has putative isochorismatase activity, and is positively regulated by estrogen in human breast cancer. However, its role in pancreatic cancer has yet to be fully elucidated. Analysis from datasets downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Genotype-Tissue Expression databases indicated that the ISOC1 mRNA expression level was increased in pancreatic cancer tissues, compared with normal pancreatic tissues. In the present study, it was determined that the human pancreatic cancer cell lines SW 1990, PANC-1 and AsPC-1 had increased expression levels of ISOC1 mRNA, compared with human pancreatic ductal epithelial cells. Additionally, two of the pancreatic cancer cell lines, SW 1990 and PANC-1, transfected with lentivirus-delivered short hairpin RNA, to knockdown the expression of ISOC1, were established. Cell counting and MTT assays indicated that knockdown of ISOC1 decreased the ability of cell growth and proliferation in pancreatic cancer cells. Furthermore, Annexin V staining and caspase-3/7 activity assays demonstrated that inhibition of ISOC1 promoted cell apoptosis via elevation of the expression of caspase-3/7. Furthermore, inhibition of ISOC1 impaired the cell migration and invasive capability of the cells. In conclusion, ISOC1 exerts a role in pancreatic cancer cell growth and apoptosis, and may have a role in pancreatic cancer tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Maochun Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Zhengsheng Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Xingpeng Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
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Grüninger MJ, Buchholz PCF, Mordhorst S, Strack P, Müller M, Hubrich F, Pleiss J, Andexer JN. Chorismatases – the family is growing. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:2092-2098. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob03038c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A newly discovered subfamily of chorismatases catalyses the same reaction as chorismate lyases (cleavage of chorismate to 4-hydroxybenzoate), but does not suffer from product inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads J. Grüninger
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Freiburg
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
| | - Patrick C. F. Buchholz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry
- University of Stuttgart
- 70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
| | - Silja Mordhorst
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Freiburg
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
| | - Patrick Strack
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Freiburg
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
| | - Michael Müller
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Freiburg
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
| | - Florian Hubrich
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Freiburg
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
| | - Jürgen Pleiss
- Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry
- University of Stuttgart
- 70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
| | - Jennifer N. Andexer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Freiburg
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
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Bai Z, Gao M, Zhang H, Guan Q, Xu J, Li Y, Qi H, Li Z, Zuo D, Zhang W, Wu Y. BZML, a novel colchicine binding site inhibitor, overcomes multidrug resistance in A549/Taxol cells by inhibiting P-gp function and inducing mitotic catastrophe. Cancer Lett 2017; 402:81-92. [PMID: 28576750 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) interferes with the efficiency of chemotherapy. Therefore, developing novel anti-cancer agents that can overcome MDR is necessary. Here, we screened a series of colchicine binding site inhibitors (CBSIs) and found that 5-(3, 4, 5-trimethoxybenzoyl)-4-methyl-2-(p-tolyl) imidazol (BZML) displayed potent cytotoxic activity against both A549 and A549/Taxol cells. We further explored the underlying mechanisms and found that BZML caused mitosis phase arrest by inhibiting tubulin polymerization in A549 and A549/Taxol cells. Importantly, BZML was a poor substrate for P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and inhibited P-gp function by decreasing P-gp expression at the protein and mRNA levels. Cell morphology changes and the expression of cycle- or apoptosis-related proteins indicated that BZML mainly drove A549/Taxol cells to die by mitotic catastrophe (MC), a p53-independent apoptotic-like cell death, whereas induced A549 cells to die by apoptosis. Taken together, our data suggest that BZML is a novel colchicine binding site inhibitor and overcomes MDR in A549/Taxol cells by inhibiting P-gp function and inducing MC. Our study also offers a new strategy to solve the problem of apoptosis-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoshi Bai
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Meiqi Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Qi Guan
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jingwen Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yao Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Huan Qi
- Scientific Research Center for Translational Medicine, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhengqiang Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Daiying Zuo
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Weige Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Yingliang Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China.
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Dong L, Liu Y. Comparative studies of the catalytic mechanisms of two chorismatases: CH-fkbo and CH-Hyg5. Proteins 2017; 85:1146-1158. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.25279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shandong University; Jinan Shandong 250100 China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Qilu Normal University; Jinan Shandong 250013 China
| | - Yongjun Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shandong University; Jinan Shandong 250100 China
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Hubrich F, Juneja P, Müller M, Diederichs K, Welte W, Andexer JN. Chorismatase Mechanisms Reveal Fundamentally Different Types of Reaction in a Single Conserved Protein Fold. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:11032-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b05559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Hubrich
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Albertstr.
25, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Puneet Juneja
- Department
of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Michael Müller
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Albertstr.
25, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kay Diederichs
- Department
of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Wolfram Welte
- Department
of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Jennifer N. Andexer
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Albertstr.
25, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Juneja P, Hubrich F, Diederichs K, Welte W, Andexer JN. Mechanistic Implications for the Chorismatase FkbO Based on the Crystal Structure. J Mol Biol 2014; 426:105-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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