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Gao S, Sun X, Peng S, Zha Z, Sun Q, Wang Z. A copper-catalyzed asymmetric Friedel-Crafts hydroxyalkylation of pyrazole-4,5-diones with 5-aminoisoxazoles. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:3391-3395. [PMID: 38619100 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00322e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
An asymmetric Friedel-Crafts hydroxyalkylation reaction of 5-aminoisoxazoles with pyrazole-4,5-diones was developed under the catalysis of 5% chiral copper complexes. This reaction exhibits functional group tolerance and excellent enantioselectivity. Moreover, the reaction can be scaled up and its mechanism was studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Gao
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Xiang Sun
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Sijie Peng
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Zhenggen Zha
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Qi Sun
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
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Loriamini M, Lewis-Bakker MM, Frias Boligan K, Wang S, Holton MB, Kotra LP, Branch DR. Small Molecule Drugs That Inhibit Phagocytosis. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020757. [PMID: 36677815 PMCID: PMC9867408 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In our initial publication on the in vitro testing of more than 200 compounds, we demonstrated that small molecules can inhibit phagocytosis. We therefore theorized that a small molecule drug discovery-based approach to the treatment of immune cytopenias (ITP, AIHA, HTR, DHTR) is feasible. Those earlier studies showed that small molecules with anti-phagocytic groups, such as the pyrazole core, are good models for producing efficacious phagocytosis inhibitors with low toxicity. We recently screened a chemical library of 80 compounds containing pyrazole/isoxazole/pyrrole core structures and found four hit molecules for further follow-up, all having the pyrazole core structure. Subsequent evaluation via MTT viability, LDH release, and apoptosis, led to the selection of two lead compounds with negligible toxicity and high efficacy. In an in vitro assay for inhibition of phagocytosis, their IC50 values were 2-4 µM. The rational development of these discoveries from hit to lead molecule stage, viz. independent synthesis/scale up of hit molecules, and in vivo activities in mouse models of autoimmune disease, will result in the selection of a lead compound(s) for further pre-clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melika Loriamini
- Centre for Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Toronto, ON M5G 2M1, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | | | | | - Siming Wang
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Mairead B. Holton
- Centre for Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Toronto, ON M5G 2M1, Canada
| | - Lakshmi P. Kotra
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
- Correspondence: (L.P.K.); (D.R.B.); Tel.: +1-416-581-7602 (L.P.K.); +1-416-313-4458 (D.R.B.)
| | - Donald R. Branch
- Centre for Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Toronto, ON M5G 2M1, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre, Canadian Blood Services, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
- Correspondence: (L.P.K.); (D.R.B.); Tel.: +1-416-581-7602 (L.P.K.); +1-416-313-4458 (D.R.B.)
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Lu Y, Li J, Gu W, Li N, Zha Z, Wang Z. Lewis acid-catalyzed enantioselective Friedel-Crafts reaction of pyrazole-4,5-diones with β-naphthol. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Tong TN, Cen S, Branch DR. The Monocyte Monolayer Assay: Past, Present and Future. Transfus Med Rev 2019; 33:24-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Bosques CJ, Manning AM. Fc-gamma receptors: Attractive targets for autoimmune drug discovery searching for intelligent therapeutic designs. Autoimmun Rev 2016; 15:1081-1088. [PMID: 27491569 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2016.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Autoantibody immune complexes (ICs) mediate pathogenesis in multiple autoimmune diseases via direct interference with target function, complement fixation, and interaction with Fc-gamma receptors (FcγRs). Through high avidity interactions, ICs are able to crosslink low affinity FcγRs expressed on a wide variety of effector cells, leading to secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators and inducing cytotoxicity, ultimately resulting in tissue injury. Given their relevance in numerous autoimmune diseases, FcγRs have been considered as attractive therapeutic targets for the last three decades. However, a limited number of investigational drug candidates have been developed targeting FcγRs and only a few approved therapeutics have been associated with impacting FcγRs. This review provides a historical overview of the different therapeutic approaches used to target FcγRs for the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J Bosques
- Momenta Pharmaceuticals, 675 West Kendall Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Anthony M Manning
- Momenta Pharmaceuticals, 675 West Kendall Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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Neschadim A, Kotra LP, Branch DR. Small molecule phagocytosis inhibitors for immune cytopenias. Autoimmun Rev 2016; 15:843-7. [PMID: 27296447 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Immune cytopenias are conditions characterized by low blood cell counts, such as platelets in immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) and red blood cells in autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA). Chronic ITP affects approximately 4 in 100,000 adults annually while AIHA is much less common. Extravascular phagocytosis and massive destruction of autoantibody-opsonized blood cells by macrophages in the spleen and liver are the hallmark of these conditions. Current treatment modalities for ITP and AIHA include the first-line use of corticosteroids; whereas, IVIg shows efficacy in ITP but not AIHA. One main mechanism of action by which IVIg treatment leads to the reduction in platelet destruction rates in ITP is thought to involve Fcγ receptor (FcγR) blockade, ultimately leading to the inhibition of extravascular platelet phagocytosis. IVIg, which is manufactured from the human plasma of thousands of donors, is a limited resource, and alternative treatments, particularly those based on bioavailable small molecules, are needed. In this review, we overview the pathophysiology of ITP, the role of Fcγ receptors, and the mechanisms of action of IVIg in treating ITP, and outline the efforts and progress towards developing novel, first-in-class inhibitors of phagocytosis as synthetic, small molecule substitutes for IVIg in ITP and other conditions where the pathobiology of the disease involves phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Neschadim
- Centre for Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lakshmi P Kotra
- Center for Molecular Design and Preformulations, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; McLaughlin Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Donald R Branch
- Centre for Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Infection and Immunity Group, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Neschadim A, Branch DR. Mouse Models for Immune-Mediated Platelet Destruction or Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 113:15.30.1-15.30.13. [PMID: 27038460 DOI: 10.1002/0471142735.im1530s113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is a debilitating, life-threatening autoimmune disorder affecting more than 4 in every 100,000 adults annually, stemming from the production of antiplatelet antibody resulting in accelerated platelet destruction and thrombocytopenia. Numerous animal models of ITP have been developed that contributed to the basic understanding of the underlying mechanisms of ITP onset, progression, and maintenance. Rodent models that develop ITP spontaneously, or by passive transfer of an antiplatelet sera or antibody, play an instrumental role in the investigation of ITP mechanisms responsible for the breakdown of tolerance in human ITP, in studies of the immunopathology underlying the progression of platelet destruction, and in elucidation of the mechanisms of therapeutic amelioration of ITP by existing and new therapeutic modalities. This unit captures the protocols for the implementation and readout of passive antibody transfer mouse models of ITP, established by the infusion of a commercially-available monoclonal rat anti-mouse CD41 platelet antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Neschadim
- Centre for Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Donald R Branch
- Centre for Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Departments of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Infection and Immunity Group, Toronto General Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Shen T, Fu Z, Che F, Dang H, Lin Y, Song Q. An efficient one-pot four-component synthesis of 5H-spiro[benzo[7,8]chromeno[2,3-c]pyrazole-7,3′-indoline]-2′,5,6(9H)-trione derivatives catalyzed by MgCl2. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Structure–activity relationships of pyrazole derivatives as potential therapeutics for immune thrombocytopenias. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:2739-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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